FOOTNOTES
1 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 46.
2 Speech in Foreign Office Debate, July 10, 1914. The whole question of Germany’s relations to Turkey is discussed with his usual knowledge by Mr. H. N. Brailsford in A League of Nations, chap. v.
3 Sir Edward Grey, in the House of Commons, October 14, 1915; Foreign Office Statement, November 1, 1914. On the authority of the Kaiser, in conversation with M. Theotokis, Greek Minister in Berlin, it now appears that Germany had already concluded an alliance with Turkey on August 4, 1914. (See Greek White Book, published August 24, 1917.)
4 See Turkey, Greece, and the Great Powers, by G. F. Abbott (1917), pp. 167–200.
5 Changing their religion with their sky, the Goeben and Breslau became the Jawuz Sultan Selim and the Midilli in the Turkish Navy. See Two War Years in Constantinople, by Dr. Harry Stürmer, p. 113. In an action at the entrance to the Dardanelles, January 20, 1918, the Breslau was sunk, and the Goeben had to be beached at Nagara Point. We lost the monitor Lord Raglan.
6 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 45 (omitted in first publication, but inserted shortly afterwards).
7 The subject was fully discussed with the present writer by M. Skouloudis, at that time Premier in Athens (November 9, 1915). That veteran statesman was apparently honest in his belief both in the King’s military genius and in the King’s good faith towards the Allies—a belief unfounded in both cases.
8 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, pars. 47, 48.
9 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, pars. 50–52.
10 Speech in the House of Commons upon the Dardanelles Commission’s First Report, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1743).
11 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 9.
12 Speech in the House of Commons, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1746).
13 Ibid.
14 Mr. Asquith, Speech in the House of Commons, March 20, 1917. Cf. Sir James Wolfe Murray: “Lord Kitchener acted very much as his own Chief of the Staff.” Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 18.
15 “I suppose that upon no man in our history has a heavier burden fallen than fell upon him, and nothing in connection with this Report—it may be no imputation upon anybody connected with the Report itself—has filled me with more indignation and disgust than that the publication of the criticisms made in it of Lord Kitchener’s conduct and capacity should have been taken advantage of by those who only two years ago were in a posture of almost slavish adulation to belittle his character, and, so far as they can, to defile his memory. Lord Kitchener’s memory is in no danger. It lives, and will live, in the gratitude and admiration of the British people and of the whole Empire.”—Mr. Asquith, Speech in the House of Commons, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1748).
16 See his speech in the House of Commons on Woman Suffrage, March 28, 1917.
17 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 16.
18 Speech at Dundee, June 5, 1915.
19 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 53.
20 Ibid., pars. 54, 55.
21 This War Staff Group took the place of the Board of Admiralty in strategical matters, the Second, Third, and Fourth Sea Lords being thus released for their special functions of manning, shipbuilding, and transport. Its other members were the First Lord, the Chief of the Staff (Sir Henry Oliver), the Secretary of the Board (Sir Graham Greene), and the Naval Secretary (Commodore de Bartolomé).—See “The Dardanelles Report,” by Mr. Archibald Hurd (Fortnightly Review, April 1917), where the whole subject is discussed with the writer’s well-known knowledge of naval affairs.
22 Ἐχθίστη δὲ ὀδύνη ἐστὶ τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποισι αὕτη, πολλὰ φρονέοντα μηδενὸς κρατέειν.—Herodotus, ix. 16.
23 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, pars. 19, 87; minutes 1 and 2.
24 Ibid., par. 20.
25 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 26.
26 Ibid., par. 22.
27 Speech of March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1744).
28 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 16.
29 Ibid., Majority Report, par. 68.
30 Ibid., Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 11. The reference is to the brief bombardment of November 3.
31 Ibid., pars. 7–12.
32 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 56.
33 Ibid., Majority Report, par. 57; Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 14. Admiral Jackson’s view as to the unenviable position of a fleet bottled up off Constantinople without commanding the line of retreat was probably influenced by the record of Admiral Duckworth’s risk when in a similar position (1807), and Admiral Hornby’s hesitation about entering the Straits in 1877.—See Nelson’s History of the War, by John Buchan, vol. vi. pp. 130–36.
34 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 43.
35 Speech in House of Commons, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1780).
36 Dardanelles Commission; Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 16.
37 Ibid., par. 20; Majority Report, pars. 60–62.
38 Lord Fisher had himself suggested the use of the Queen Elizabeth to Admiral Oliver the day before. Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 17.
39 Majority Report, par. 69. Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 18.
40 Majority Report, par. 94.
41 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 68.
42 Ibid., par. 83.
43 Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 22.
44 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 88.
45 M. Augagneur, Minister of Marine, had visited London after the decision of January 13. He approved the subsequent plan, pronouncing it “prudent et prévoyant.” Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 29.
46 Majority Report, pars. 86, 87; Mr. Roch’s Minute, pars. 25, 26.
47 Mr. Roch’s Minute, pars. 11 and 22.
48 Speech in House of Commons, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1783, 1784).
49 Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 28.
50 Majority Report, pars. 89–93; Mr. Roch’s Minute, pars. 28, 29.
51 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 92.
52 Speech in the House of Commons, March 20, 1917.
53 Mr. Archibald Hurd (“The Dardanelles Report,” Fortnightly Review, April 1917, pp. 587, 591) considers that a military force “was apparently a part of the original scheme.” But the whole evidence of the Report and of Mr. Churchill’s speech of March 20, 1917, appears to be against him.
54 Speech in House of Commons, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1789). Cf. Majority Report, par. 94, and Mr. Roch’s Minute, pars. 29, 32.
55 Majority Report, par. 95.
56 Majority Report, par. 96; Mr. Roch’s Minute, pars. 32, 33.
57 Mr. Asquith in the House of Commons, March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1752).
58 Majority Report, pars. 100–103; Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 38.
60 With the Fleet in the Dardanelles, by William Harold Price, sometime Chaplain of the Triumph.
61 “Manchester Guardian” History of the War.
62 The Immortal Gamble, by A. T. Stewart and C. J. E. Peshall of the Cornwallis, p. 10.
63 Dardanelles Commission; Majority Report, par. 97.
64 Ibid., pars. 78–82.
65 With the Fleet in the Dardanelles, pp. 38–40.
66 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 97.
67 With the Fleet in the Dardanelles, p. 66; the Triumph was one of ships detailed for this operation.
68 Dardanelles Commission; Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 43.
69 It appears to have been on this occasion that the King, yielding to the representations of M. Venizelos in favour of actively sharing in the Dardanelles enterprise, exclaimed, “So be it then, for the love of God!” See M. Venizelos’ speech to the Chamber in Athens, August 26, 1917 (The Times, August 31).
70 Mr. Roch’s Minute, par. 43; Mr. Churchill’s speech on March 20, 1917 (Hansard, 1793). Unhappily, M. Venizelos resigned on March 6, 1915, owing to Constantine’s renewed opposition to a combination with the Allies.
71 Dardanelles Commission; Majority Report, par. 109.
72 Dardanelles Commission; Majority Report, par. 111.
73 In What of the Dardanelles? Mr. Martin Fortescue, an American correspondent, gives a brief but interesting criticism of this unfortunate action from the Turkish-German point of view (pp. 27–47). As seen from the Cornwallis the action is described in The Immortal Gamble, pp. 45–53.
74 The total British casualties during the whole naval enterprise were 350; on March 18 they were 61.
75 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, par. 119. Speaking of this naval attack, Dr. Stürmer writes: “To their great astonishment the gallant defenders of the coast forts found that the attack had suddenly ceased. Dozens of the German naval gunners who were manning the batteries of Chanak on that memorable day told me later that they had quite made up their minds the fleet would ultimately win, and that they themselves could not have held out much longer.”—Two War Years in Constantinople, p. 84.
76 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, pars. 115, 119.
77 With the Twenty-ninth Division in Gallipoli, by Chaplain D. Creighton, p. 23.
78 Dardanelles Commission; First Report, pars. 107, 108.
79 See Sir Ian Hamilton’s first dispatch.
80 The formation and subsequent exploits of this peculiar body are described by Colonel Patterson himself in With the Zionists in Gallipoli.
81 For the history of the Australians in Egypt and Gallipoli, see Australia in Arms, by Phillip Schuler, the fine young correspondent of The Age, Melbourne. To the deep regret of all who knew him, he was afterwards killed by a chance shell while teaching cookery to some men in France. Everything written by Captain Bean and Mr. Malcolm Ross, the authorised correspondents for Australia and New Zealand respectively, is also invaluable for history.
82 One of these transports, the Manitou, had a narrow escape upon the voyage from Egypt. She was attacked by a Turkish destroyer, whose captain courteously gave an opportunity for removing the men in their boats. In the hurry two of the boats were overturned and fifty-one men drowned. The enemy destroyer, apprehending the approach of British ships, then drew in close, and fired three torpedoes, all of which passed under the transport, the range being too short to allow a torpedo to rise after its plunge. The destroyer was afterwards driven ashore in Asia by two of our destroyers and broken up.—See The Immortal Gamble, p. 67.
83 See also Charles Lister, by Lord Ribblesdale, p. 164. Charles Lister himself was one of the young men of brilliant promise whose death was due to the Gallipoli campaign. After gallant service in the Hood Battalion of the Royal Naval Division at Helles, he died of his third wound, August 28, 1915.
84 Thucydides, vi. 32; Diodorus, xiii. 3. From Athens herself only about 3000 of the troops for the Sicilian expedition started. It is curious to remember that Plato was a boy in Ægina at the time, and probably watched the race.
85 The Immortal Gamble, pp. 72–82 and 98–104 (account by Captain Davidson, who went ashore himself).
86 Besides the names here mentioned, Vice-Admiral de Robeck in his dispatch especially noticed Able Seaman William Williams (killed), Seaman George M‘Kenzie Samson (dangerously wounded), Lieutenant John A. V. Morse, R.N., and Surgeon P. B. Kelly, R.N., as rendering great and perilous service at this landing.
87 For this incident and others at V Beach, see The Immortal Gamble, pp. 81–92, besides Sir Ian Hamilton’s and Admiral de Robeck’s dispatches.
88 Sir Ian Hamilton’s first dispatch, “The Gallipoli Landing.”
89 See Mr. Ashmead Bartlett’s dispatches, “Seddel Bahr Landing,” p. 92. Mr. Bartlett was not present, being at the Anzac landing, and Sir Ian’s dispatch mentions only the company at the foot of Cape Tekke on the left.
90 Excellent personal accounts of W Beach landing by three 1st Lancashire officers are given in With the Twenty-ninth Division, pp. 57–63. It is hard to choose between the three; but I give some sentences from Major Adams, who had been twenty-five years in the regiment, and was killed a few days later, as were the other two: “As the boats touched the shore a very heavy and brisk fire was poured into us, several officers and men being killed and wounded in the entanglements, through which we were trying to cut a way. Several of my company were with me under the wire, one of my subalterns was killed next to me, and also the wire-cutter who was lying the other side of me. I seized his cutter and cut a small lane myself, through which a few of us broke and lined up under the only available cover procurable—a small sand ridge covered with bluffs of grass. I then ordered fire to be opened on the crests; but owing to submersion in the water and dragging rifles through the sand, the breech mechanism was clogged, thereby rendering the rifles ineffective. The only thing left to do was to fix bayonets and charge up the crests, which was done in a very gallant manner, though we suffered greatly in doing so. However, this had the effect of driving the enemy from his trenches, which we immediately occupied.... In my company alone I had 95 casualties out of 205 men.”
A still more detailed account of the Lancashire landing, specially describing the services of Major Frankland (killed while trying to take assistance to V Beach about 8.30 a.m.) and of Captains Willis, Shaw, Cunliffe, and Haworth, is given in an additional chapter by Major Farmar (Lancashire Fusiliers) at the end of the same book, pp. 175–191.
91 Beside Sir Ian’s dispatch, see Colonel Newenham’s own account in With the Twenty-ninth Division, pp. 55–57.
92 Authorities differ widely as to the number of boats to each tow, but four appears to be right, though six was more usual.
93 During the Anzac landing, Mr. Ashmead Bartlett was in the London, and his account was unusually brilliant, even for that brilliant writer. Besides that and Sir Ian’s dispatch, the best published account is in Australia in Arms, pp. 94–114. Mr. Schuler was not present, but he had the advantage of going over the ground and discussing the action thoroughly. I had the same advantages, especially owing to the generous assistance of the Anzac correspondents, Captain Bean and Mr. Malcolm Ross.
94 Uncensored Letter from the Dardanelles, by a French Medical Officer, pp. 44–74.
95 The Immortal Gamble, p. 147.
96 Australia in Arms, p. 122.
97 Having held it with skill and resolution for a month, Major Quinn was himself killed there in a furious attempt which the Turks made to mine and break through the position (May 29).
98 From an account privately written by a friend who knew Doughty-Wylie intimately, I may quote the following sentences: “As the result of many wounds, he had suffered in health and had transferred from the army to the Consular Service, and had spent some years in Asia Minor. I arrived in Adana after the massacres in 1909, just before he left for Abyssinia, and stayed at the Consulate, learning much from him about those terrible days of the preceding April. My memories are permeated with a sense of his oneness with all the warring sects in that fanatical province. He was the emblem of what they needed: unity—greatness of heart and mind—an entire absence of self-seeking or pride.... An Armenian girl described the scene to me: ‘We were all in a church, hundreds of us huddled together, and the Turks set light to it. But he came, the Consul Anglais. He forced his way through the mob, and we saw his face. “Come, my children,” he called to us, and we followed him out. Like frightened sheep we were, but he calmed us and led us to safety.’ ... ‘The oppressor is often in the right, and the oppressed always,’ he used playfully to quote to me.” A permanent monument to Doughty-Wylie and Walford was erected in Seddel Bahr.
99 With the Twenty-ninth Division, p. 191.
100 The battalions in the brigades were: 125th Brigade, the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Lancashire Fusiliers; 126th Brigade, the 4th and 5th East Lancashire, and the 9th and 10th Manchester; the 127th Brigade, the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Manchester.
101 In Australia in Arms, pp. 136–139, Phillip Schuler gives a detailed account, obviously derived from officers who were present.
102 Sir Ian’s dispatch; and Australia in Arms, pp. 139–142.
103 With the Twenty-ninth Division, p. 189. The one surviving officer of the Dublin Fusiliers was Lieutenant O’Hara, afterwards mortally wounded at Suvla Bay.
104 The Immortal Gamble, p. 145.
105 Abdul Hamid died at last in Constantinople, February 1918.
106 The submarine campaign began with E2, 11, 14, and 15; four or five were subsequently added. Some were lost. On May 25 the E11 also torpedoed the transport Stamboul inside the Golden Horn, causing great panic. On April 30 the Australian AE2 had been lost at the entrance of Marmora. Her crew were taken prisoner.
107 For the state of Constantinople at this time, see Inside Constantinople, by Lewis Einstein, special agent at the American Embassy, and Two War Years in Constantinople, by Dr. Harry Stürmer, correspondent of the Kölnische Zeitung, but a writer of decidedly pro-Entente sympathies.
108 In this attack Mr. Asquith’s son Arthur (Hood Battalion), and Lieutenant-Commander Josiah Wedgwood, M.P., who had come out with the machine-gun section, were wounded.
109 Compare Ashmead Bartlett’s Dispatches from the Dardanelles, p. 118.
110 John Masefield’s account of the soldier’s mind in this battle is a fine instance of imaginative sympathy. Gallipoli, pp. 72–81.
111 This 2nd French Division was composed as follows: 3rd Brigade Metropolitaine (C.O. Colonel Ruef), comprising the 176ème Régiment d’Infanterie (Commandant Costemalle), and the 2ème Régiment de Marche d’Afrique (Lieut.-Colonel Hautville); Brigade Coloniale (C.O. Général de Brigade Simonin, who afterwards commanded the division), comprising the 7ème Régiment Colonial (Lieut.-Colonel Bordeaux), partly Senegalese, and the 8ème Régiment Colonial (Lieut.-Colonel d’Adhémar), also partly Senegalese. The Division had six batteries of “75’s” and two of mountain guns. The Corps of the two Divisions had two regiments of Chasseurs d’Afrique, four 120 mm. guns, four 155 mm. guns (long), six 155 mm. guns (short), besides detachments of engineers, supply, army service, and ambulance.
112 The brigade consisted of the Wellington Battalion (Lieut.-Colonel W. G. Malone, a splendid soldier and man, afterwards killed at Anzac), the Auckland (Lieut.-Colonel A. Plugge), the Canterbury (Lieut.-Colonel D. M. Stewart), and the Otago (Lieut.-Colonel T. W. M‘Donald).
113 The 2nd Australian Brigade consisted of the 5th Victoria Battalion (Lieut.-Colonel Wanliss), the 6th (Lieut.-Colonel M‘Nicol), the 7th (Lieut.-Colonel Garside), and the 8th (Lieut.-Colonel Bolton).
114 See Australia in Arms, pp. 143–156.
115 With the Twenty-ninth Division, p. 94.
116 Ibid., p. 112.
117 Australia in Arms, p. 158.
118 Australia in Arms, p. 166.
119 The Immortal Gamble, pp. 167–174. Lieutenant Cather, R.N., went down with the Goliath, but was kept afloat by a safety waistcoat. This he gave to a sailor much exhausted. Ultimately he was himself rescued, and for some months commanded on the River Clyde. It is impossible to mention all such heroic actions, but hard to omit the deeds of personal friends. One midshipman, also protected by a safety waistcoat, was found floating about two days and nights after the disaster, but was too exhausted to live.
120 Our casualties by the end of May were 38,600.
121 “We went on board the Implacable on the way back, where I met Ashmead Bartlett, the official newspaper correspondent, who was most pessimistic. ‘The best thing we could do was to evacuate the place. This was developing into a major operation, and we had not the troops for it. Achi Baba was untakable, except after months of siege warfare’” (Diary for May 13, by the Rev. O. Creighton, With the Twenty-ninth Division in Gallipoli, p. 90). After his fortunate escape from the Majestic as she sank, Mr. Ashmead Bartlett returned to London for a short time, and a memorandum by him, strongly criticising Sir Ian’s positions, and advising an attack on Bulair, was considered by the “Dardanelles Committee” (Second Dardanelles Report, p. 26).
122 Such as Col. Crauford Stewart of the Hood (wounded) and Col. Roberts, R.A. (Egyptian Army), of the Anson (killed).
123 The original Collingwood, with the Hawke and Benbow Battalions, crossed the Dutch frontier in retiring from Antwerp, and were interned. The new battalions were left to complete their training in England, when the R.N.D. sailed. Thus the Collingwood (Commander Spearman, R.N.) was now for the first time under fire. The brother of Lieut.-Commander Freyberg (see p. 120) was killed on this occasion. The Collingwood relics and the Benbow were incorporated soon after this battle with the Hood, Howe, and Anson Battalions as the 2nd Naval Brigade—an arrangement resented on both sides, but inevitable owing to reduction of men.
124 Notes of the battle from hour to hour were taken by a French medical officer (Uncensored Letters from the Dardanelles, pp. 121–125).
125 This fine officer was killed in the battle of July 13.