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The Heavens Above: A Popular Handbook of Astronomy

Chapter 77: Index
By J. A. Gillet
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Science - Physics

About This Book

A concise, accessible survey of observational and theoretical astronomy for general readers, explaining the celestial sphere, models of the solar system, and methods used by astronomers. It describes Earth's motions, tides, seasons, the Moon's properties and surface, and the planets with their groups, moons, rings, and known physical characteristics. The Sun's structure, spectra, sunspots, chromosphere, prominences, corona, and eclipses are examined alongside instruments such as telescopes and spectroscopes. Comets, meteors, zodiacal light, stars, nebulae, clustering, variable and multiple stars, distances, and the nebular hypothesis conclude with discussion of the large-scale stellar structure.

INDEX

  • A.
  • Aberration of light, 38.
  • Aerolites, 304.
  • Aldebaran, star in Taurus, 340, 342.
  • Algol, a variable star, 343, 358.
  • Almanac, perpetual, 82.
  • Alps, lunar mountains, 126.
  • Altair, star in Aquila, 336.
  • Alt-azimuth instrument, 13.
  • Altitude, 12.
  • Andromeda (constellation), 343, 346.
    • nebula in, 376.
  • Angström's map of spectrum, 164.
  • Antares, star in Scorpio, 347.
  • Apennines, lunar mountains, 122, 124.
  • Aphelion, 47.
  • Apogee, 44.
  • Aquarius, or the Water-Bearer, 350.
    • cluster in, 354.
  • Aquila, or the Eagle, 336.
  • Arcturus, star in Boötes, 335, 365, 370.
  • Argo, or the Ship, 360.
    • nebula in, 383.
    • variable star in, 360.
  • Aries, or the Ram, 350.
  • Asteroids, 223, 241.
  • Astræa, an asteroid, 241.
  • Auriga, or the Wagoner, 342.
  • Azimuth, 13.
  • B.
  • Betelgeuse, star in Orion, 340, 370.
  • Berenice's Hair (constellation), 334.
  • Bode's law, 241.
    • disproved, 273.
  • Boötes (constellation), 334, 335.
  • C.
  • Calendar, the, 80.
  • Callisto, moon of Jupiter, 250.
  • Cancer, or the Crab, 350.
    • tropic of, 61.
  • Canes Venatici, or the Hunting-Dogs, 334.
  • Canes Venatici, nebula in, 384.
  • Canis Major, or the Great Dog, 342.
  • Canis Minor, or the Little Dog, 340.
  • Capella, star in Auriga, 340, 343.
  • Capricorn, tropic of, 61.
  • Capricornus, or the Goat, 350.
  • Cassiopeia (constellation), 332.
    • new star in, 362.
  • Castor, star in Gemini, 340, 370.
  • Caucasus, a lunar range, 124.
  • Centaurus, star-cluster in, 355.
  • Cepheus (constellation), 334.
    • nebula in, 387.
  • Ceres, the planet, 241.
  • Cetus, or the Whale, 346.
    • variable star in, 359.
  • Charles's Wain, 330.
  • Circles, great, 4.
    • diurnal, 8.
    • hour, 16.
    • small, 4.
    • vertical, 12.
  • Clock, astronomical, 18.
    • time, 78.
  • Coma Berenices, or Berenice's Hair, 334.
  • Comet, Biela's, 293.
    • and earth, collision of, 316.
    • Coggia's, 297.
    • Donati's, 296.
    • Encke's, 293.
    • Halley's, 291.
    • of 1680, 290.
    • of 1811, 290.
    • of 1843, 295.
    • of 1861, 297.
    • of June, 1881, 300.
  • Comets, appearance of, 274.
    • and meteors, 313.
    • bright, 274.
    • chemical constitution of, 318.
    • development of, 277.
    • number of, 288.
    • orbits of, 282.
    • origin of, 287.
    • periodic, 286.
    • physical constitution of, 314.
    • tails of, 279.
    • telescopic, 275, 281.
    • visibility of, 281.
  • Conic sections, 48.
  • Conjunction, 91.
  • Constellations, 325.
    • zodiacal, 32.
  • Copernican system, the, 44, 53.
  • Copernicus, a lunar crater, 120, 129.
  • Corona Borealis, or the Northern Crown, 336.
  • Corona Borealis, new star in, 363.
  • Corvus, or the Crow, 339.
  • Crystalline spheres, 41.
  • Cycles and epicycles, 42.
  • Cygnus, or the Swan, 338.
  • D.
  • Day and night, 57.
    • civil, 77.
    • lunar, 108.
    • sidereal, 74.
    • solar, 74.
  • Declination, 16.
  • Deimos, satellite of Mars, 239.
  • Delphinus, or the Dolphin, 338.
  • Deneb, star in Cygnus, 338, 370.
  • Dione, satellite of Saturn, 259.
  • Dipper, the Great, 330, 366, 369, 370.
    • the Little, 331.
    • the Milk, 347.
  • Dissociation, 163.
  • Dominical Letter, the, 81.
  • Draco, or the Dragon, 331.
  • E.
  • Earth, density of, 85.
    • flattened at poles, 55.
    • form of, 53.
    • in space, 56.
    • seen from moon, 109.
    • size of, 55.
    • weight of, 83.
  • Eccentric, the 43.
  • Eccentricity, 46.
  • Eclipses, 210.
  • Ecliptic, the, 27.
    • obliquity of, 28.
  • Ellipse, the, 45, 49.
  • Elongation, of planet, 130.
  • Enceladus, moon of Saturn, 259.
  • Epicycles, 42.
  • Epicycloid, 107.
  • Epsilon Lyræ, a double star, 356.
  • Equator, the celestial, 7.
  • Equinoctial, the, 7.
    • colure, 16.
    • elevation of, 9.
  • Equinox, autumnal, 29.
  • Equinoxes, precession of, 31, 85.
  • Eta Argus, a variable star, 360, 383.
  • Europa, moon of Jupiter, 250.
  • F.
  • Faculæ, solar, 177.
  • Fomalhaut, star in Southern Fish, 350.
  • Fraunhofer's lines, 164, 371.
  • G.
  • Galaxy, the, 326.
  • Ganymede, moon of Jupiter, 250.
  • Gemini, or the Twins, 340.
  • Georgium Sidus, 271.
  • H.
  • Hercules (constellation), 336.
    • cluster in, 353.
    • orbit of double star in, 357.
    • solar system moving towards, 367.
  • Herschel, the planet (see Uranus).
  • Herschel's hypothesis, 392, 396.
  • Horizon, the, 5.
  • Hyades, the, 342, 350.
  • Hydra, or the Water-Snake, 340.
  • Hyperbola, the, 49.
  • Hyperion, moon of Saturn, 259.
  • I.
  • Io, moon of Jupiter, 250.
  • Irradiation, 90, 113.
  • J.
  • Japetus, moon of Saturn, 259.
  • Job's Coffin (asterism), 338.
  • Juno, the planet, 241.
  • Jupiter, apparent size of, 245.
    • distance of, 245.
    • great red spot of, 249.
    • orbit of, 244.
    • periods of, 246.
    • physical constitution of, 246.
    • rotation of, 248.
    • satellites of, 250.
      • eclipses of, 252.
      • transits of, 254.
    • volume of, 245.
    • without satellites, 255.
  • K.
  • Kant's hypothesis, 391.
  • Kepler, a lunar crater, 129.
  • Kepler's system, 44.
  • Kirchhoff's map of spectrum, 164.
  • L.
  • Laplace's hypothesis, 392.
  • Latitude, celestial, 30.
  • Leap year, 81.
  • Leo, or the Lion, 334.
  • Leonids (meteors), 312.
  • Libra, or the Balances, 347.
  • Libration, 102.
  • Longitude, celestial, 30.
  • Lyra, or the Lyre, 338.
    • double star in, 356.
  • M.
  • Magellanic clouds, the, 389.
  • Magnetic storms, 190.
  • Magnetism and sun-spots, 190.
  • Mars, apparent size of, 236.
    • brilliancy of, 237.
    • distance of, 235.
    • orbit of, 235.
    • periods of, 237.
    • rotation of, 239.
    • satellites of, 239.
    • volume of, 236.
  • Mercury, apparent size of, 226.
    • atmosphere of, 228.
    • distance of, 225.
    • elongation of, 227.
    • orbit of, 225.
    • periods of, 227.
    • volume of, 226.
  • Meridian, the, 12.
  • Meridian circle, 17.
  • Meridians, celestial, 31.
  • Meteoric iron, 305, 307.
  • Meteors, 300.
  • Meteoroids, 308.
  • Micrometers, 20, 153.
  • Milky-Way, the, 326.
  • Mimas, moon of Saturn, 259.
  • Mira, a variable star, 359.
  • Moon, apparent size of, 87, 89.
    • aspects of, 91.
    • atmosphere of, 109.
    • chasms in, 123.
    • craters in, 119.
    • day of, 108.
    • distance of, 86.
    • eclipses of, 210.
    • form of orbit, 97.
    • harvest, 101.
    • hunter's, 102.
    • inclination of orbit, 97.
    • kept in her path by gravity, 51.
    • librations of, 102.
    • mass of, 90.
    • meridian altitude of, 98.
    • mountains of, 116.
    • orbital motion of, 91.
    • phases of, 93.
    • real size of, 88.
    • rising of, 99.
    • rotation of, 102.
    • sidereal period of, 92.
    • surface of, 115.
    • synodical period of, 92.
    • terminator of, 115.
    • wet and dry, 98.
  • N.
  • Nadir, the, 6.
  • Neap-tides, 72.
  • Nebula, in Andromeda, 376.
    • crab, 376.
    • dumb-bell, 383.
    • in Argus, 383.
    • in Canes Venatici, 384.
    • in Cepheus, 387.
    • in Orion, 378.
    • in the Triangle, 387.
    • in Ursa Major, 386.
  • Nebulæ, 281, 330, 373.
  • Nebular hypothesis, the, 391.
  • Neptune, discovery of, 271.
    • orbit of, 271.
    • satellite of, 274.
  • New style, 80.
  • Newcomb's theory of the stellar universe, 398.
  • Newton's system, 48.
  • Nodes, 97.
  • Nubecula, Major, 389.
  • Nutation, 34.
  • O.
  • Olbers's hypothesis, 241.
  • Old style, 80.
  • Ophiuchus (constellation), 347.
    • new star in, 362.
  • Opposition, 91, 136.
  • Orion, 341.
    • nebula in, 378.
    • the trapezium of, 356.
  • P.
  • Pallas, the planet, 241.
  • Parabola, the, 49.
  • Parallax, 37.
  • Pegasus (constellation), 343, 346.
    • triple star in, 356.
  • Perigee, 44.
  • Perihelion, 47.
  • Perseids (meteors), 311.
  • Perseus (constellation), 346.
    • cluster in, 353.
  • Phobos, satellite of Mars, 239.
  • Pico, a lunar mountain, 127.
  • Pisces, or the Fishes, 350.
  • Piscis Australis, or the Southern Fish, 350.
  • Planets, 39.
    • inferior, 130.
      • periods of, 132.
      • phases of, 132.
    • inner group of, 221.
    • intra-Mercurial, 230.
    • minor, 223.
    • outer group of, 222, 244.
    • superior, 134.
      • motion of, 134.
      • periods of, 137.
      • phases of, 137.
    • three groups of, 221.
  • Pleiades, the, 328, 342, 351.
  • Pointers, the, 330.
  • Polar distance, 16.
  • Pole Star, the, 7, 330, 365.
  • Poles, celestial, 7, 9.
  • Pollux, star in Gemini, 340, 370.
  • Præsepe, or the Beehive, 350.
  • Precession of equinoxes, 31, 85.
  • Prime vertical, the, 12.
  • Proctor's theory of the stellar universe, 398.
  • Procyon, star in Canis Minor, 340.
  • Ptolemaic system, the, 41.
  • Q.
  • Quadrature, 91, 137.
  • R.
  • Radiant point (meteors), 310.
  • Radius vector, 47.
  • Refraction, 35.
  • Regulus, star in Leo, 334, 370.
  • Rhea, moon of Saturn, 259.
  • Rigel, star in Orion, 340, 370.
  • Right ascension, 16.
  • S.
  • Sagittarius, or the Archer, 347.
  • Saturn, apparent size of, 256.
    • distance of, 256.
    • orbit of, 255.
    • periods of, 256.
    • physical constitution of, 257.
    • ring of, 261.
      • changes in, 268.
      • constitution of, 269.
      • phases of, 263.
    • rotation of, 258.
    • satellites of, 259.
    • volume of, 256.
  • Scorpio, or the Scorpion, 347.
    • cluster in, 355.
  • Seasons, the, 64.
  • Sirius, the Dog-Star, 340, 342, 365, 370, 371.
  • Solar system, the, 41.
  • Solstices, 29, 59, 60.
  • Sound, effect of motion on, 168.
  • Spectra, bright-lined, 158.
    • comparison of, 154.
    • continuous, 158.
    • displacement of lines in, 171.
    • of comets, 318.
    • reversed, 161.
    • sun-spot, 193.
    • types of stellar, 371.
  • Spectroscope, the, 152.
    • diffraction, 157.
    • direct-vision, 155.
    • dispersion, 152.
  • Spectrum analysis, 159.
  • Sphere, defined, 3.
    • the celestial, 5.
      • rotation of, 7.
  • Spring-tides, 72.
  • Stars, circumpolar, 7.
    • clusters of, 328, 350.
    • color of, 357.
    • constellations of, 325.
    • constitution of, 371.
    • distance of, 364.
    • double, 355.
    • drift of, 368.
    • four sets of, 10.
    • magnitude of, 322.
    • motion of, in line of sight, 369.
    • multiple, 356.
    • names of, 325.
    • nebulous, 373.
    • new, 361.
    • number of, 323.
    • parallax of, 364.
    • proper motion of, 365.
    • secular displacement of, 366.
    • temporary, 361.
    • variable, 358.
  • Sun, atmosphere of, 149.
    • brightness of, 151.
    • chemical constitution of, 164.
    • chromosphere of, 149, 196.
    • corona of, 149, 196, 204.
    • distance of, 142.
    • faculæ of, 177.
    • heat radiated by, 150.
    • inclination of axis of, 187.
    • mass of, 140.
    • motion of, among the stars, 26.
      • at surface of, 168.
      • in atmosphere of, 172.
      • secular, 366.
    • photosphere of, 149, 175.
    • prominences of, 149, 197.
    • rotation of, 186.
    • spectrum of, 164, 171.
    • temperature of, 149.
    • volume of, 140.
    • winds on, 174.
  • Sun-spots, 179.
    • and magnetism, 190.
    • birth and decay of, 185.
    • cause of, 194.
    • cyclonic motion in, 182.
    • distribution of, 188.
    • duration of, 181.
    • groups of, 181.
    • periodicity of, 189.
    • proper motion of, 187.
    • size of, 181.
    • spectrum of, 193.
  • T.
  • Taurus, or the Bull, 342.
    • quadruple star in, 356.
  • Telescope, Cassegrainian, 23.
    • equatorial, 19.
    • front-view, 22.
    • Gregorian, 23.
    • Herschelian, 22.
    • Lord Rosse's, 25.
    • Melbourne, 25.
    • Newall, 20.
    • Newtonian, 22.
    • Paris, 26.
    • reflecting, 21.
    • Washington, 20.
    • Vienna, 20.
  • Telespectroscope, the, 155.
  • Telluric lines of spectrum, 165.
  • Tethys, moon of Saturn, 259.
  • Tides, 67.
  • Time, clock, 78.
    • sun, 78.
  • Titan, moon of Saturn, 259, 261.
  • Toucan, star cluster in, 354, 389.
  • Transit instrument, 17.
  • Transits of Venus, 145.
  • Triesneker, lunar formation, 123.
  • Tropics, 61.
  • Twilight, 62.
  • Tycho Brahe's star, 361.
    • system, 44.
  • Tycho, a lunar crater, 129.
  • U.
  • Universe, structure of the stellar, 396.
  • Uranus, discovery of, 271.
    • name of, 270.
    • orbit of, 269.
    • satellites of, 271.
  • Ursa Major, or the Great Bear, 330.
    • nebula in, 386.
  • Ursa Minor, or the Little Bear, 330.
  • V.
  • Vega, star in Lyra, 336, 365, 370.
  • Venus, apparent size of, 231.
    • atmosphere of, 234.
    • brilliancy of, 232.
    • distance of, 231.
    • elongation of, 231.
    • orbit of, 230.
    • periods of, 232.
    • volume of, 231.
    • transits of, 145, 234.
  • Vernier, the, 15.
  • Virgo, or the Virgin, 338.
  • Vesta, the planet, 241.
  • Vulcan, the planet, 230.
  • Y.
  • Year, the, 78.
    • anomalistic, 79.
    • Julian, 80.
    • sidereal, 79.
    • tropical, 79.
  • Z.
  • Zenith, the, 6.
    • distance, 12.
  • Zodiac, the, 32.
  • Zodiacal constellations, 32.
  • Zones, 61.