The Project Gutenberg eBook of The measurement of intelligence
Title: The measurement of intelligence
an explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Standard revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale
Author: Lewis M. Terman
Editor: Ellwood Patterson Cubberley
Release date: February 25, 2007 [eBook #20662]
Most recently updated: December 10, 2022
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Laura Wisewell and the Online
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RIVERSIDE TEXTBOOKS
IN EDUCATION
EDITED BY ELLWOOD P. CUBBERLEY
PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION
LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY
DIVISION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
UNDER THE EDITORIAL DIRECTION
OF ALEXANDER INGLIS
PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
THE MEASUREMENT
OF INTELLIGENCE
AN EXPLANATION OF AND A
COMPLETE GUIDE FOR THE USE OF THE
STANFORD REVISION AND EXTENSION OF
The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
BY
LEWIS M. TERMAN
PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION
LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO
The Riverside Press Cambridge
COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY LEWIS M. TERMAN
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
The Riverside Press
CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS
PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
To the Memory
OF
ALFRED BINET
PATIENT RESEARCHER, CREATIVE THINKER, UNPRETENTIOUS SCHOLAR;
INSPIRING AND FRUITFUL DEVOTEE
OF
INDUCTIVE AND DYNAMIC
PSYCHOLOGY
EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION
The present volume appeals to the editor of this series as one of the most significant books, viewed from the standpoint of the future of our educational theory and practice, that has been issued in years. Not only does the volume set forth, in language so simple that the layman can easily understand, the large importance for public education of a careful measurement of the intelligence of children, but it also describes the tests which are to be given and the entire procedure of giving them. In a clear and easy style the author sets forth scientific facts of far-reaching educational importance, facts which it has cost him, his students, and many other scientific workers, years of painstaking labor to accumulate.
Only very recently, practically only within the past half-dozen years, have scientific workers begun to appreciate fully the importance of intelligence tests as a guide to educational procedure, and up to the present we have been able to make but little use of such tests in our schools. The conception in itself has been new, and the testing procedure has been more or less unrefined and technical. The following somewhat popular presentation of the idea and of the methods involved, itself based on a scientific monograph which the author is publishing elsewhere, serves for the first time to set forth in simple language the technical details of giving such intelligence tests.
The educational significance of the results to be obtained from careful measurements of the intelligence of children can hardly be overestimated. Questions relating to the choice of studies, vocational guidance, schoolroom procedure, the grading of pupils, promotional schemes, the study of the retardation of children in the schools, juvenile delinquency, and the proper handling of subnormals on the one hand and gifted children on the other,—all alike acquire new meaning and significance when viewed in the light of the measurement of intelligence as outlined in this volume. As a guide to the interpretation of the results of other forms of investigation relating to the work, progress, and needs of children, intelligence tests form a very valuable aid. More than all other forms of data combined, such tests give the necessary information from which a pupil’s possibilities of future mental growth can be foretold, and upon which his further education can be most profitably directed.
The publication of this revision and extension of the original Binet-Simon scale for measuring intelligence, with the closer adaptation of it to American conditions and needs, should mark a distinct step in advance in our educational procedure. It means the perfection of another and a very important measuring stick for evaluating educational practices, and in particular for diagnosing individual possibilities and needs. Just now the method is new, and its use somewhat limited, but it is the confident prediction of many students of the subject that, before long, intelligence tests will become as much a matter of necessary routine in schoolroom procedure as a blood-count now is in physical diagnosis. That our schoolroom methods will in turn become much more intelligent, and that all classes of children, but especially the gifted and the slow, will profit by such intellectual diagnosis, there can be but little question.
That any parent or teacher, without training, can give these tests, the author in no way contends. However, the observations of Dr. Kohs, cited in Chapter VII, as well as the experience of the author and others who have given courses in intelligence testing to teachers, alike indicate that sufficient skill to enable teachers and school principals to give such tests intelligently is not especially difficult to acquire. This being the case it may be hoped that the requisite training to enable them to handle these tests may be included, very soon, as a part of the necessary pedagogical equipment of those who aspire to administrative positions in our public and private schools.
Besides being of special importance to school officers and to students of education in colleges and normal schools, this volume can confidently be recommended to physicians and social workers, and to teachers and parents interested in intelligence measurements, as at once the simplest and the best explanation of the newly-evolved intelligence tests, which has so far appeared in print.
PREFACE
The constant and growing use of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale in public schools, institutions for defectives, reform schools, juvenile courts, and police courts is sufficient evidence of the intrinsic worth of the method. It is generally recognized, however, that the serviceableness of the scale has hitherto been seriously limited, both by the lack of a sufficiently detailed guide and by a number of recognized imperfections in the scale itself. The Stanford revision and extension has been worked out for the purpose of correcting as many as possible of these imperfections, and it is here presented with a rather minute description of the method as a whole and of the individual tests.
The aim has been to present the explanations and instructions so clearly and in such an untechnical form as to make the book of use, not only to the psychologist, but also to the rank and file of teachers, physicians, and social workers. More particularly, it is designed as a text for use in normal schools, colleges, and teachers’ reading-circles.
While the use of the intelligence scale for research purposes and for accurate diagnosis will of necessity always be restricted to those who have had extensive training in experimental psychology, the author believes that the time has come when its wider use for more general purposes should be encouraged.
However, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that no one, whatever his previous training may have been, can make proper use of the scale unless he is willing to learn the method of procedure and scoring down to the minutest detail. A general acquaintance with the nature of the individual tests is by no means sufficient.
Perhaps the best way to learn the method will be to begin by studying the book through, in order to gain a general acquaintance with the tests; then, if possible, to observe a few examinations; and finally to take up the procedure for detailed study in connection with practice testing. Twenty or thirty tests, made with constant reference to the procedure as described in Part II, should be sufficient to prepare the teacher or physician to make profitable use of the scale.
The Stanford revision of the scale is the result of a number of investigations, made possible by the coöperation of the author’s graduate students. Grateful acknowledgment is especially due to Professor H. G. Childs, Miss Grace Lyman, Dr. George Ordahl, Dr. Louise Ellison Ordahl, Miss Neva Galbreath, Mr. Wilford Talbert, Mr. J. Harold Williams, and Mr. Herbert E. Knollin. Without their assistance this book could not have been written.
Stanford University,
April, 1916.
CONTENTS
PART I. PROBLEMS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER I
The Uses of Intelligence Tests 3
- Intelligence tests of retarded school children.
- Intelligence tests of the feeble-minded.
- Intelligence tests of delinquents.
- Intelligence tests of superior children.
- Intelligence tests as a basis for grading.
- Intelligence tests for vocational fitness.
- Other uses of intelligence tests.
CHAPTER II
Sources of Error in Judging Intelligence 22
- Are intelligence tests superfluous?
- The necessity of standards.
- The intelligence of retarded children usually overestimated.
- The intelligence of superior children usually underestimated.
- Other fallacies in the estimation of intelligence.
- Binet’s questionnaire on teachers’ methods of judging intelligence.
- Binet’s experiment on how teachers test intelligence.
CHAPTER III
Description of the Binet-Simon Method 36
- Essential nature of the scale.
- How the scale was derived.
- List of tests.
- How the scale is used.
- Special characteristics of the Binet-Simon method.
- Binet’s conception of general intelligence.
- Other conceptions of intelligence.
- Guiding principles in choice and arrangement of tests.
- Some avowed limitations of the Binet tests.
CHAPTER IV
Nature of the Stanford Revision and Extension 51
- Sources of data.
- Method of arriving at a revision.
- List of tests in the Stanford revision and extension.
- Summary of changes.
- Effects of the revision on the mental ages secured.
CHAPTER V
Analysis of one Thousand Intelligence Quotients 65
- The distribution of intelligence.
- The validity of the intelligence quotient.
- Sex differences.
- Intelligence of the different social classes.
- The relation of the I Q to the quality of the child’s school work.
- The relation between I Q and grade progress.
- Correlation between I Q and the teachers’ estimates of the children’s intelligence.
- The validity of the individual tests.
CHAPTER VI
The Significance of Various Intelligence Quotients 78
- Frequency of different degrees of intelligence.
- Classification of intelligence quotients.
- Feeble-mindedness.
- Border-line cases.
- Dull normals.
- Average intelligence.
- Superior intelligence.
- Very superior intelligence.
- Genius and “near” genius.
- Is the I Q often misleading?
CHAPTER VII
Reliability of the Binet-Simon Method 105
- General value of the method.
- Dependence of the scale’s reliability on the training of the examiner.
- Influence of the subject’s attitude.
- The influence of coaching.
- Reliability of repeated tests.
- Influence of social and educational advantages.
PART II
GUIDE FOR THE USE OF THE STANFORD
REVISION AND EXTENSION
CHAPTER VIII
- Necessity of securing attention and effort.
- Quiet and seclusion.
- Presence of others.
- Getting into rapport.
- Keeping the child encouraged.
- The importance of tact.
- Personality of the examiner.
- The avoidance of fatigue.
- Duration of the examination.
- Desirable range of testing.
- Order of giving the tests.
- Coaxing to be avoided.
- Adhering to formula.
- Scoring.
- Recording responses.
- Scattering of successes.
- Supplementary considerations.
- Alternative tests.
- Finding mental age.
- The use of the intelligence quotient.
- How to find the I Q of adult subjects.
- Material for use in testing.
CHAPTER IX
- Pointing to parts of the body 142
- Naming familiar objects 143
- Enumeration of objects in pictures 145
- Giving sex 146
- Giving the family name 147
- Repeating six to seven syllables 149
- Alternative test: Repeating three digits 150
CHAPTER X
- Comparison of lines 151
- Discrimination of forms 152
- Counting four pennies 154
- Copying a square 155
- Comprehension, first degree 157
- Repeating four digits 159
- Alternative test: Repeating twelve to thirteen syllables 160
CHAPTER XI
- Comparison of weights 161
- Naming colors 163
- Æsthetic comparison 165
- Giving definitions in terms of use 167
- The game of patience 169
- Three commissions 172
- Alternative test: Giving age 173
CHAPTER XII
- Distinguishing right and left 175
- Finding omissions in pictures 178
- Counting thirteen pennies 180
- Comprehension, second degree 181
- Naming four coins 184
- Repeating sixteen to eighteen syllables 185
- Alternative test: Forenoon and afternoon 187
CHAPTER XIII
- Giving the number of fingers 189
- Description of pictures 190
- Repeating five digits 193
- Tying a bow-knot 196
- Giving differences from memory 199
- Copying a diamond 204
- Alternative test 1: Naming the days of the week 205
- Alternative test 2: Repeating three digits reversed 207
CHAPTER XIV
- The ball-and-field test 210
- Counting backwards from 20 to 1 213
- Comprehension, third degree 215
- Giving similarities, two things 217
- Giving definitions superior to use 221
- Vocabulary (20 definitions, 3600 words) 224
- Alternative test 1: Naming six coins 231
- Alternative test 2: Writing from dictation 231
CHAPTER XV
- Giving the date 234
- Arranging five weights 236
- Making change 240
- Repeating four digits reversed 242
- Using three words in a sentence 242
- Finding rhymes 248
- Alternative test 1: Naming the months 251
- Alternative test 2: Counting the value of stamps 252
CHAPTER XVI
- Vocabulary (30 definitions, 5400 words) 255
- Detecting absurdities 255
- Drawing designs from memory 260
- Reading for eight memories 262
- Comprehension, fourth degree 268
- Naming sixty words 272
- Alternative test 1: Repeating six digits 277
- Alternative test 2: Repeating twenty to twenty-two syllables 277
- Alternative test 3: Healy’s Construction Puzzle A 278
CHAPTER XVII
- Vocabulary (40 definitions, 7200 words) 281
- Defining abstract words 281
- The ball-and-field test (superior plan) 286
- Dissected sentences 286
- Interpretation of fables (score 4) 290
- Repeating five digits reversed 301
- Interpretation of pictures 302
- Giving similarities, three things 306
CHAPTER XVIII
- Vocabulary (50 definitions, 9000 words) 310
- Induction test: finding a rule 310
- Giving differences between a president and a king 313
- Problem questions 315
- Arithmetical reasoning 319
- Reversing hands of a clock 321
- Alternative test: Repeating seven digits 322
CHAPTER XIX
Instructions for “Average Adult”
- Vocabulary (65 definitions, 11,700 words) 324
- Interpretation of fables (score 8) 324
- Differences between abstract terms 324
- Problem of the enclosed boxes 327
- Repeating six digits reversed 329
- Using a code 330
- Alternative test 1: Repeating twenty-eight syllables 332
- Alternative test 2: Comprehension of physical relations 333
CHAPTER XX
Instructions for “Superior Adult”
- Vocabulary (75 definitions, 13,500 words) 338
- Binet’s paper-cutting test 338
- Repeating eight digits 340
- Repeating thought of passage 340
- Repeating seven digits reversed 345
- Ingenuity test 345
FIGURES AND DIAGRAMS
- Distribution of Mental Ages of 62 Normal Adults 55
- Distribution of I Q’s of 905 Unselected Children, 5–14 Years of Age 66
- Median I Q of 457 Boys and 448 Girls, for the Ages 5–14 Years 69
- Diamond drawn by R. W.; Age 13-10; Mental Age 7-6 82
- Writing from Dictation. R. M., Age 15; Mental Age 9 83
- Ball and Field Test. I. M., Age 14-2; Mental Age 9 84
- Diamond drawn by A. W. 85
- Drawing Designs from Memory. H. S., Age 11; Mental Age 8-3 86
- Ball and Field Test. S. F., Age 17; Mental Age 11-6 88
- Writing from Dictation. C. P., Age 10-2; Mental Age 7-11 90
- Ball and Field Test. M. P., Age 14; Mental Age 10-8 91
- Ball and Field Test. R. G., Age 13-5; Mental Age 10-6 93
- Ball and Field Test. E. B., Age 7-9; I Q 130 98
- Ball and Field Test. F. McA., Age 10-3; Mental Age 14-6 100
- Drawing Designs from Memory. E. M., Age 6-11; Mental Age 10, I Q 145 101
- Ball and Field Test. B. F., Age 7-8; Mental Age 12-4; I Q 160 102
- Healy and Fernald Construction Puzzle 279