The Microscope. Its History, Construction, and Application 15th ed. / Being a familiar introduction to the use of the instrument, and the study of microscopical science

Appendix E.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETERS.

INDEX.

• Abbé on microscopical vision, 37
• Abbé’s apertometer, 59
• —— condenser, 176
• —— stereoscopic eye-pieces, 64
• —— test-plate, 164
• Aberration, chromatic, 25
• —— of the eye, chromatic, 33
• —— spherical, 23
• Abraxas grossulariata, 598
• Absolute alcohol as a hardening reagent, 287
• Acaras domesticus, 625
• Accessories of the microscope, 197
• Achromatic condenser, Beck’s, 180
• —— —— Gillett’s, 173
• —— —— method of using, 190
• —— —— Powell’s, 178
• —— —— Ross’s, 176
• —— —— Smith & Beck’s, 173
• —— —— Watson’s, 177
• Achromatic objective, the, 152
• Acineta, 495
• Actiniæ, 527
• Actinophrys-sol, 489
• Adams’s book on the microscope, 8
• Adipose tissue, 644
• Ædogoniaceæ, 409
• Aerobic spores, 399
• Agar-agar, to prepare nutrient, 330
• Air bubbles, 348
• Alcyonella, 534
• Algæ, 399
• —— media for preserving, 343
• —— red, 413
• Alvarez’s discovery of bacillus, 392
• Amici prism, the, 190
• Amœba, 480
• Amphibian changes, 669
• Amphistoma, 570
• Amyot finder, the, 205
• Anacharis alsinastrum, 419
• Anemones, sea, 526
• Angle of vision, 72
• Anguillula, 567
• Animal structures, staining, 292
• Annulosa, 562
• Antennæ of insects, 584
• Antenna of silkworm moth, 605
• Anthrax bacillus, 369
• Anthrozoa, 523
• Apertometer, Abbé’s, 59
• Aperture, definition of, 45
• —— measurement of, 57
• —— numerical, 57
• —— table, 58
• Aphides, 587
• Aphrophora bifasciata, 618
• Apis mellifica, 598
• Aplysiidæ, 549
• —— dipilans, 549
• Apparatus for mounting, 352
• Appendices, 673
• Arachnidæ, 618
• Aragonite, 232
• Arcella, 483
• Arenicola, 577
• Argyroneta aquatica, 621
• Artemiæ, 581
• Arteries, 622
• Artery-needle, 303
• Arthropoda, 583
• Arthrospores, 366
• Ascidian, 669
• Astroides calyculcaris, 529
• Babè’s method of staining bacteria, 334
• Bacillus, anthrax, 369
• —— of plague, 372
• —— —— in rat’s blood, 372
• —— splenic fever, 369
• —— typhoid, 370
• Bacteria, 317
• —— aerobic, 399
• —— classification of, 373
• —— Cohn on multiplication of, 367
• —— cultivation of, 327
• —— —— in tubes, 331
• —— —— on plates, 331
• —— faculties of, 373
• —— in butter, 393
• —— in cheese, 393
• —— in milk, 393
• —— in sections of tissue, 337
• —— invasion of potato-tubers by, 398
• —— microscopical examination of, 333
• —— phosphorescent, 373
• —— reproduction of, 365
• —— size of, 365
• —— staining, 334
• —— Winogradsky’s investigations of, 398
• Bacterial action in tanning skins, 393
• —— fermentations, 391
• Bacteriological investigations, apparatus for, 318
• —— —— mounting media, 320
• —— —— reagents used, 320
• —— microscope, the, 135
• Bacteriology of the dairy, 393
• Baker’s advanced student’s microscope, 123
• —— collecting stick, 350
• —— histological microscope, 125
• —— micro-photographic apparatus, 217
• —— microscope lamp, 191
• —— microscopes, 120
• —— Nelson condenser, 184
• —— —— model microscope, 120
• —— objectives, 168
• —— student’s condenser, 184
• Baird, Dr., on daphnia, 581
• Barnacle, 539
• Bartley’s warm-stage, 281
• Batrachospermæ, 409
• Beck’s binocular dissecting microscope, 101
• —— —— National microscope, 99
• —— complete microscope lamp, 202
• —— compressor, 275
• —— disc-holder, 198
• —— large Continental model microscope, 98
• —— microscopes, 95
• —— objectives, 167
• —— pathological microscope, 95
• —— Star microscope, 101
• Beggiatoa, 400
• Benjamin Martin’s microscope, 5
• Beroidæ, 519
• Biaxial crystals, 228
• Bilharzia hæmatobra, 573
• Binocular microscope, advantage of, 69
• —— —— Carpenter on, 69
• —— —— Nachet’s, 62
• —— —— Pillischer’s, 128
• —— —— Riddell’s, 62
• —— —— Stephenson’s erecting, 71
• —— —— Wenham’s, 65
• —— vision, 60
• Bismarck-brown for staining protoplasm, 306
• Bivalves, 538
• Bleaching process, 315
• Blood as a test, 263
• —— circulation of, in frog’s foot, 665
• —— —— —— tadpole, 665
• —— corpuscles, 638
• —— —— double staining, 295
• —— —— size of, 640
• —— crystals, 641
• —— spectrum, 252
• Bombay plague, 371
• Bone, 658
• —— of fish, 661
• —— of reptilia, 660
• —— structure of, 659
• Borax, 231
• Boring sponges, 513
• Botterill’s live-trough, 276
• Brachiopoda, 538
• Branchipodidæ, 580
• Brewster’s microscope, 11
• Brittleworts, 427
• Browning-Huggins micro-spectroscope, 245
• Browning’s pocket lens, 76
• Bryophyta, 444
• Bryozoa, 531
• Buchner’s experiments on yeast, 389
• Bull’s-eye condensing-lens, 199
• Butter, bacteria in, 393
• Butterfly’s tongue, 605
• —— wings, 610
• Calc-spar, 231
• Cambridge rocking microtome, 290
• Camera lucida, the, 207
• —— —— the Abbé, 208
• —— —— the Wollaston, 207
• —— Swift’s horizontal, 213
• Canada balsam, 293
• Carbonate of lead, 232
• Carmine as a nuclear stain, 312
• Cartilage, 655
• Catheart’s freezing microtome, 291
• Cedar oil, use of, 171
• Cell, definition of, 358
• Cell-making turn-table, Walmsley’s 340
• Cells, epithelial, 636
• —— for living objects, 276
• —— for mounting, 340
• —— live, 277
• Cellulose, 357
• —— staining, 314
• Cements, 347
• —— list of, 676
• Centipedes, 578
• Cercariæ, 571
• Cereal parasites, 381
• Chætophoraceæ, 409
• Chara, fructification of, 417
• —— mounting, 347
• —— vulgaris, 415
• Characeæ, 415
• Cheese, bacteria in, 393
• —— mite, 625
• Chilinidæ, 551
• Chitonidæ, 545
• Chloride of gold as stain, 297
• —— of palladium as stain, 298
• Chromatic aberration, 25
• —— —— of the eye, 33
• Chromic acid as hardening reagent, 288
• Ciliata, 498
• Circulation of the blood, 665
• Cistula catenata, 558
• Cladocera, 580
• Clavatella prolifera, 521
• Clearing agents, list of, 676
• Clepsinidæ, 576
• Clionæ, 513
• Closterium, 424
• —— lunula, 425
• Cnidaria, 519
• Cockchafer’s eye, 590
• Coddington lens, the, 76
• Codosiga, 497
• Cœlenterata, 515
• Cohn on multiplication of bacteria, 367
• Cole’s direction for section cutting, 285
• —— section-cutting microtome, 289
• Collecting stick, Baker’s, 350
• Collection of objects, 349
• Compound microscope, 78
• Compressor, Beck’s, 275
• Compressorium, 274
• —— Ross’s, 275
• —— Rousselet’s, 275
• Concave lenses, 23
• —— surfaces, 17
• Condenser, Abbé’s, 176
• —— Baker’s Nelson, 184
• —— —— student’s, 184
• —— Beck’s achromatic, 180
• —— Gillett’s achromatic, 173
• —— method of using, 190
• —— Powell’s achromatic, 178
• —— Ross’s achromatic, 176
• —— Smith & Beck’s achromatic, 173
• —— —— substage, 193
• Condenser, Swift’s, 183
• —— Watson’s achromatic, 177
• —— —— parachromatic, 182
• —— Webster-Collins, 186
• —— Wenham’s immersion, 189
• —— —— parabolic, 186
• Confervaceæ, 408
• Conjugate foci, 17
• —— real and virtual, 21
• Continental microscopes, 130
• Contrast stains, 313
• Convex lens, 18
• Copepoda, 580
• Corals, 515, 525
• —— true, 528
• —— typical forms of, 533
• Correction collar, Lister’s, 155
• Coryne stauridia, 534
• Cotton fibres, 474
• Cover glass gauge, Zeiss’s, 165
• Crinoids, 542
• Critical angle, 14
• Crookshank’s incubator, 324
• —— method of staining bacteria, 335
• Crustaceæ, 578
• Crystals, formation and polarisation of, 239
• Ctenophora, 518
• Cuckoo-spit, 618
• Culex pipiens, 596
• Cultivation of bacteria, 327
• —— of micro-organisms, 327
• Cutleria dichotoma, 413
• Cutting sections of hard woods, 316
• Cuttle-fish, 556
• Cyclops, 580
• Cyclosis, phenomenon of, 359
• Cyclostomata, 537
• Cyclotus translucidus, 558
• Cydippidæ, 518
• Cymba olla, 557
• Cymothordæ, 580
• Dairy, bacteriology of, 393
• Daphnia, enemies of, 581
• —— ephippial eggs of, 580
• Daphnia pulex, 580
• De Bary’s investigations in parasitism, 395
• Decalcifying and bleaching agents, list of, 677
• Decalcifying solution as hardening reagent, 288
• Demodex folliculorum, 627
• Dental structure, 652
• Dermestes lardarius, 627
• Dermis, the human, 647
• Desmidiaceæ, 420
• —— reproduction of, 423
• Diamond microscope, Pritchard’s, 9
• Diaphragm, the, 194
• —— the iris, 176
• Diatomaceæ, 420, 427
• —— fossilised, 437
• —— Max Schultze’s researches, 430
• —— where found, 428
• Diatoms, mounting medium, 343
• —— movements of, 431
• Didymoprium grevelli, 420
• Difflugia, 482
• Digestive system of insects, 587
• Dipping-tubes, 279
• Disc-holder, Beck’s, 198
• Dissecting-knives, 284
• Dog-tick, 624
• Double convex lens, 19
• Draparnaldia glomerata, 409
• Draw-tube, Swift’s, 116
• —— Watson’s, 104
• Drone fly, 594
• Dytiscus marginalis, 607
• Echinococcus, 565
• Echinodermata, 539
• Eggs of insects, 612
• Elementary optics, 12
• Embedding fluids, list of, 678
• —— in paraffin wax, 285
• Entomological specimens, mounting, 341
• Entozoa, 562
• Eosin stain, 315
• Eozoon, 492
• Epeira diadema, 619
• Epidermis of plants, 455
• Epithelial cells, 636
• Epithelium, mounting, 295
• Equisetaceæ, 449
• Ergot of rye, 382
• Eristalis tenax, 594
• Erysiphe Tuckeri, 380
• Eudorina, 406
• Euglypta, 482
• Eurotium repens, 383
• Exposure table for photo-micrography, 213
• Eye, chromatic aberration of the, 33
• —— of cockchafer, 590
• —— of fly, 588
• —— of whirligig beetle, 608
• —— the human, 30
• Eye-piece, Abbé’s stereoscopic, 64
• —— compensating, 147
• —— —— Zeiss’s, 147
• —— Huyghenian, 139
• —— Jackson’s micrometer, 143
• —— Ramsden, 142
• —— —— micrometer, 145
• —— Ross’s, 68
• —— Wenham’s double, 63
• —— Zeiss’s, 147
• Eye-pieces, 139
• —— achromatic, 149
• —— magnifying powers of, 169
• —— projections, 150
• —— to clean, 259
• Eyes of insects, 584
• Favellidium, 415
• Feet of insects, observation of, 604
• Felices, 446
• Fermentation experiments, 361
• Fermentations, bacterial, 391
• Ferns, 446
• —— development of, 446
• Fibro-cartilage, 657
• Fibrous tissue, 642
• —— —— mounting, 296
• Filaria sanguinis hominis, 568
• Finder, the, 204
• —— the Amyot, 205
• —— the Maltwood, 204
• —— the Okeden, 205
• —— Pantacsek’s, 205
• Fission formation, 365
• Fixing solutions, list of, 678
• Flabellum, 528
• Flagella, staining of, 336
• Flagellate infusoria, 495
• Flatness of field, 262
• Flax, fibres of, 474
• Flea, 629
• Florideæ, 413
• Flowering plants, 451
• Fluke, the, 569
• Flustra, 532
• Fly, eye of, 588
• —— foot of, 602
• Focal length of lenses, 22
• Focus, method of finding, 271
• Foot of fly, 602
• Foraminifera, 483
• Forceps, 283
• —— for mounting, 294
• —— stage, 198
• Formation and polarisation of crystals, 239
• Fossil plants, 475
• Fossilised diatomaceæ, 438
• Freezing agents, list of, 678
• —— microtome, Cathcart’s, 291
• —— —— directions for using, 291
• Frog-bit, 418
• —— plate, 277
• Froth-fly, 618
• Fungi, industrial uses of, 391
• Fungoid diseases, 374
• Fungus on plants, 376
• —— root, benefit to trees from, 396
• —— sewage, 400
• —— where found, 379
• Gall-fly, 596
• Gapeworm, 572
• Gelatine, to prepare nutrient, 328
• German yeast, 388
• Gillett’s achromatic condenser, 173
• Globigerina, 486
• Glycerine agar-agar, 330
• —— jelly, to make, 297
• Gnat, 596
• Gnathia, 579
• Goniometer, Dr. Leeson’s, 150
• Gorgoniidæ, 530
• Gosse on noctiluca, 496
• Gram’s method of staining bacteria, 335, 338
• Grant’s researches on sponges, 507
• Gregarinæ, 482, 563
• Gromia, 484
• Grove’s recommendations for mounting, 299
• Gyrinus, eye of, 608
• —— leg of, 608
• Hæmatoxylin stain, 312
• Hairs, structure of, 648
• Haliotis splendens, 559
• —— tuberculatus, 557
• Hansen’s investigations of yeast, 387
• Hard structures, mounting, 307
• —— woods, cutting sections of, 316
• Hardening agents, list of, 677
• —— —— absolute alcohol, 287
• —— —— chromic acid as, 288
• —— —— decalcifying solution as, 288
• —— —— methylated spirit as, 288
• —— —— Muller’s fluid as, 288
• —— —— potassium bichromate, 288
• Hardening reagents, 287
• —— tissue, 283
• Hartea elegans, 535
• Heliozoa, 489
• Helix absoluta, 558
• —— pomatia, 558
• Hepaticæ, 442
• Hexactinia, 526
• Hirudina medicinalis, 576
• Hirudinidæ, 575
• His’s method of staining bacteria, 334
• Holland’s simple microscope, 75
• Holman’s life slide, 277
• —— moist chamber, 277
• —— syphon slide, 278
• Holothurioidea, 543
• Honey bee, 598
• Horse-tails, 449
• House fly, eye of, 588
• —— proboscis of, 591
• —— tongue of, 592
• Human eye, the, 30
• —— hair as a test, 269
• Huyghenian eye-piece, 139
• Hydra, 516
• —— fasca, 516
• —— stinging, 519
• —— viridis, 516
• Hydractinia echinata, 523
• Hydroid polyps, colony of, 537
• Hydrozoa, 515
• Ianthinidæ, 550
• Iceland spar, 221
• Illumination arrangements of the microscope, 673
• —— Mercer on, 673
• Incubation, apparatus for, 322
• —— test for, 263
• Incubator, Crookshank’s, 324
• Incubators, 324
• Indigo plant, 392
• Infusoria, 493
• Infusorial life, 349
• Injecting, directions for, 304
• —— insects, 306
• —— lower animals, 305
• —— mollusca, 305
• —— small animal bodies, 302
• —— —— —— —— syringe for, 302
• —— with different colours, 304
• Injections, to prepare, 303
• —— —— subjects for, 303
• Injurious insects, 632
• Insects, 578, 583
• —— antennæ of, 584
• —— digestive systems, 586
• —— distinctive character of, 583
• —— eggs of, 612
• —— eyes of, 584
• —— injecting, 306
• —— injurious, 632
• —— mouths of, 584
• —— muscles of, 585
• —— reproduction of, 587
• —— respiratory system of, 607
• —— thorax of, 585
• —— wings of, 609
• Interpretation, errors of, 263
• Iris diaphragm, 176
• Isthmia enervis, 436
• Ixodidæ, 622
• Ixodes ricinus, 624
• Jackson’s micrometer eye-piece, 143
• Jelly-fish, 519, 523
• Jungermannia, 442
• Koch’s method of staining flagella, 336
• Lamp, Baker’s microscope, 191
• —— Beck’s complete microscope, 202
• —— shells, 539
• —— the microscope, 201
• —— Watson’s microscope, 203
• Lard, embedding in, 285
• Larvæ of sea-anemones, 529
• Lathe for cutting sections of teeth, 308
• Laticiferous tissues, 466
• Leaf tissue, 466
• Leeson’s goniometer, 150
• Leeuwenhoek’s microscope, 4
• Leitz’s dissecting microscope, 132
• —— microscopes, 132
• Lens, bull’s-eye condensing, 199
• —— Steinheil’s aplanatic, 77
• —— the Coddington, 76
• Lenses, concave, 23
• —— convex, 18
• —— double convex, 19
• —— focal length of, 22
• —— forms of, 18
• —— meniscus form of, 24
• —— optical centre of, 20
• —— plano-convex, 19
• Lepas, 539
• Lepisma saccharina, 612
• —— scales of, as test, 264
• Leptothrix buccalis, 400
• Lichenaceæ, 439
• Lichens, 439
• —— erratic, 441
• Lieberkühn’s microscope, 4
• Lieberkühn, the, 198
• Light, polarisation of, 219
• Limax maximus, 558
• —— rufus, 558
• Limnæan, teeth of, 554
• Limnæidæ, 551
• Limnæus stagnalis, 551
• Lingula pyramidata, 538
• Lingulidæ, 538
• List of salts, 240
• Lister’s correction collar, 155
• —— flasks, 322
• —— microscope, 81
• —— object glass, 154
• Live-cages, 274
• Live-cells, 277
• Live-trough, Botterill’s, 276
• Liverworts, 442
• Lobosa, 482
• Löffler’s method of staining flagella, 336
• Logwood, staining by, 293
• Lophopus crystallinus, 535
• Lyda campestris, 598
• Lymph corpuscles, 638
• Maddox growing stage, the, 280
• Magnifying powers of eye-pieces and objectives, 169
• Maltwood finder, the, 204
• Maple aphis, 617
• Mapping spectra, 253
• Marchantia polymorphia, 442
• Martin’s microscope, 5
• Marzoni’s objective, 152
• Mayall’s illuminator, 184
• —— mechanical stage, 124
• Medusæ, 515, 521
• —— a colony of budding, 537
• Melicerta ringens, 505
• Melolontha vulgans, eye of, 590
• Meniscus form of lens, 24
• Mercer on illumination, 673
• Mesoglæa, 525
• Mesoglia vermicularis, 410
• Methylated spirit as hardening reagent, 288
• Metric system of weights and measures, 687
• Micrometer, Ramsden’s, 145, 206
• —— the stage, 206
• Micrometers, 205
• Micro-organisms, 373
• —— cultivation of, 327
• Micro-photography, 210, 674
• —— Baker’s apparatus for, 217
• —— exposure table, 213
• —— Pringle’s apparatus, 217
• —— rules for, 214
• —— Stringer-Watson’s apparatus for, 674
• —— Swift’s apparatus for, 213
• Microscope, accessories of the, 197
• —— Baker’s advanced student’s, 123
• —— —— histological, 125
• —— —— Nelson model, 120
• —— Beck’s binocular dissecting, 101
• —— —— —— National, 99
• —— —— large Continental model, 98
• —— —— pathological, 95
• —— —— Star, 101
• —— binocular, Pillischer’s, 128
• —— —— Wenham’s, 65
• —— Carpenter on binocular, 69
• —— compound, 78
• —— early history of, 1
• —— Holland’s simple, 75
• —— Hooke’s water, 2
• —— illumination arrangements of the, 673
• —— invention of, 2
• —— lamp, the, 201
• —— —— Baker’s, 191
• —— —— Beck’s, 202
• —— —— Watson’s, 203
• —— Leitz’s dissecting, 132
• —— Leeuwenhoek’s, 4
• —— Lieberkühn’s, 4
• —— Lister’s, 81
• —— manipulation and mode of using the, 258
• —— Martin’s, 5
• —— Nachet’s, 133
• —— —— binocular, 62
• —— Pillischer’s binocular, 128
• —— —— International, 126
• —— Pillischer’s “Kosmos,” 128
• —— Powell & Lealand’s, 85
• —— —— student’s, 88
• —— Pritchard’s diamond, 9
• —— Riddell’s binocular, 62
• —— Ross’s “Eclipse,” 89
• —— —— New Industrial, 90
• —— Ross-Jackson, 82
• —— Ross-Jackson-Zentmayer, 83
• —— Ross-Zentmayer, 91
• —— Rousselet’s tank, 126
• —— simple, 30, 72, 77
• —— simple pocket, 73
• —— Sir David Brewster’s, 11
• —— Stephenson’s erecting binocular, 71
• —— Swift’s advanced student’s, 118
• —— —— bacteriological, 116
• —— —— four-legged, 114
• —— —— histological student’s, 116
• —— the bacteriological, 135
• —— Watson’s bacteriological, 108
• —— —— Edinburgh student’s, 102
• —— —— histological, 107
• —— —— petrological, 111
• —— —— portable, 110
• —— —— Van Heurck’s, 108
• —— Wenham’s binocular, 65
• —— —— radial, 90
• —— Wollaston’s simple, 74
• —— Zeiss’s, 130
• Microscopes, Baker’s, 120
• —— Beck’s, 95
• —— Continental, 130
• —— Leitz’s, 132
• —— Pillischer’s, 126
• —— Ross’s, 88
• —— Swift’s, 113
• —— Watson’s, 102
• Microscopic forms of life, 353
• —— vision, principles of, 45
• —— —— theory of, 37
• Micro-spectroscope, the, 243
• Micro-spectroscopic eye-piece, the Sorby-Browning, 247
• —— method of using, 250
• —— the Browning-Huggins, 245
• Microtome, Cambridge rocking, 290
• —— Cathcart’s freezing, 291
• —— Cole’s section-cutting, 289
• —— method of using, 289
• Milk, bacteria in, 393
• Millipedes, 578
• Mineral and geological kingdoms, 670
• Mirror, manipulation of, 260
• —— the, 195
• Mite, cheese, 625
• Mites and ticks, 622
• Moist stage, 280
• Molecular rotation, 238
• Mollusca, 545
• —— injecting, 305
• —— shell of, 558
• Monads in rat’s blood, 372
• Monoxenia, 523
• Moss-animals, 531
• Mosses, 443
• Moulds, 380, 381
• Mounting apparatus, 352
• —— cells for, 340
• —— chara, 347
• —— entomological specimens, 341
• —— epithelium, 295
• —— fibrous tissue, 296
• —— forceps, 294
• —— hard structures, 307
• —— media, list of, 678
• —— nerve tissue, 296
• —— non-striated muscle, 296
• —— objects, materials required, 339
• —— rock sections, 309
• —— spring clip for, 296, 342
• —— teeth sections, 308
• —— vegetable tissues, 310
• Mouse, hair of, 650
• Mouth, leptothrix, 400
• Mouths of insects, 584
• Müller’s fluid, a hardening reagent, 288
• Musca domestica, 588
• Musci, 443
• Muscidæ, 588
• Muscles of insects, 585
• Muscular fibre, 644
• —— —— mounting, 296
• Mycetoma, 378
• Mycetozoa, 482
• Mycorhiza, 396
• Nachet’s binocular microscope, 62
• Nails, structure of, 648
• Navicula, 427
• Neckera antiphyretica, 445
• Needles for teasing out sections, 286
• Nematoid worms, 556
• Nerve tissue, mounting, 296
• Nicol prism, 220
• Nitella, 418
• Nitrate of silver as stain, 297, 298
• Noctiluca, 496
• Non-striated muscle, mounting, 296
• Nose-pieces, 203
• Nuclear stains, 311
• —— —— carmine, 312
• —— —— hæmatoxylin, 312
• Nudibranchiata, 547
• Nutrient agar-agar, to prepare, 330
• —— gelatine, to prepare, 328
• —— jelly, to inoculate with bacteria, 331
• Object glass, Lister’s, 154
• —— to clean, 260
• Objective, achromatic, 152
• —— changers, 203
• —— Powell & Lealand’s oil immersion, 166
• Objectives, Baker’s, 168
• —— Beck’s, 167
• —— English and German, 159
• —— high power, 171
• —— magnifying powers of, 169
• —— Pillischer’s, 169
• —— Ross’s, 166
• —— Swift’s, 168
• —— Watson’s, 167
• Objects, collection of, 349
• Oblique illumination, 186
• Oidium albicans, 384
• Okeden finder, the, 205
• Onion, raphides of, 472
• Opisthobranchiata, 548
• Optical centre of lenses, 20
• Optics, elementary, 12
• Oscillariaceæ, 407
• Osmic acid as stain, 298
• Palates of gastrapods, 556
• Palmellaceæ, 407
• Palmoglæa macrococca, 401
• Pandorina morum, 406
• Parabolic reflector, 188
• Paraffin wax, embedding in, 285
• Parasites, cereal, 381
• —— sponge, 512
• —— vine, 380
• Parasitic diseases of plants, 372
• —— fungi of men and animals, 383
• Parasitism, De Bary’s investigations in, 395
• Patella radiata, 556
• Pearls, structure of, 559
• Pectinibranchs, 550
• Pediastreæ, 422
• Pedicellanæ, 543
• Peltogaster curvatus, 539
• Penetration in objective, 261
• Pennatulidæ, 530
• Pentacrinoids, 540
• Pepperworts, 451
• Peronospora viticola, 381
• Petiole, 466
• Phanerogamiæ, 451
• Phanerogams, structure of, 453
• Phloem of plants, 454
• Pholadidæ, 545
• Phomauvicola, 381
• Photo-micrography, 210
• —— apparatus for, 213
• —— Baker’s apparatus for, 217
• —— exposure table, 213
• —— rules for, 214
• —— Swift’s apparatus for, 213
• Phylactolæmata, 533
• Phylloxera vastatrix, 381
• Physalia, 521
• Physidæ, 551
• Picro-carmine as stain, 299
• Pigment cells, 446
• Pillischer’s binocular microscope, 128
• —— International microscope, 126
• —— “Kosmos” microscope, 128
• —— objectives, 169
• Pinna ingens, 559
• Pinnulariæ, 434
• Pipette, 319
• —— Pasteur’s bulb, 322
• Plague, bacillus of, 370
• —— the Bombay, 371
• Planariæ, 575
• Plano-convex lens, 19
• Plants, epidermis of, 455
• —— fibro-vascular system of, 460
• —— flowering, 451
• —— fossil, 475
• —— ground tissue, system of, 458
• —— hairs, 457, 473
• —— parasitic diseases of, 374
• —— raphides in, 472
• —— reproductive organs of, 467
• —— spores of parasitic fungus on, 376
• —— structure of, 453
• —— tissue systems of, 454
• —— vascular system of, 464
• Plasmodia, 482
• Pleurobranchus aurantiacus, 548
• —— plumula, 557
• Pleurosigma angulatum, 429
• —— as a test, 267
• —— attenuatum, 429
• Plumularia, 521
• Pocket lens, Browning’s, 76
• —— Coddington’s, 76
• Podura-scale test, 268
• —— villosa, 611
• Polarisation apparatus, 223
• —— of light, 219
• —— prism, 220
• —— —— method of employing, 224
• —— rotation of plane of, 231
• Polarised crystal of quinidine, 235
• Polarising apparatus, Watson’s, 224
• Pollen grains, 467
• —— —— method of mounting, 467
• Polycystina, 489
• Polymorphina, 486
• Polypomedusæ, 519
• Polytrichum undulatum, 445
• Polyzoa collecting, 350
• Pond-snails, 551
• Porifera, 506
• Portable microscope, Watson’s, 110
• Potassium bichromate as hardening reagent, 288
• —— nitrate, crystal of, 232
• Powell & Lealand’s microscope, 85
• —— oil immersion objective, 166
• —— student’s microscope, 88
• —— formula for objective, 166
• Preparing tissue, 283
• Primordial cell, 357
• Principal focus, 18
• Pringle’s micro-photography apparatus, 217
• Prism, 15
• —— Nicol’s, 220
• Pritchard’s diamond microscope, 9
• Proboscis of house fly, 591
• Proteolepas, 539
• Protococcus invalis, 380
• —— pluvialis, 401
• Protoplasm, 356
• —— staining living, 306
• Protozoa, 478
• Puccinia graminis, 375
• Pyrocystis, 496
• Quartz, 231
• Quekett on Martin’s microscope, 6
• Quinidine, crystals of, 235
• Radiolaria, 490
• Ramsden eye-piece, 142
• —— micrometer eye-piece, 145
• Raphides in plants, 472
• Rayleigh’s theory of formation of optical images, 44
• Reflection, 16
• Reflector, Sorby’s, 199
• Refraction, 13
• —— through prism, 15
• Reproductive organs of plants, 467
• Resolving power, 262
• Retiform tissue, 644
• Rezner’s mechanical finger, 343
• Rhizocarpeæ, 451
• Rhizopoda, 482
• Riddell’s binocular microscope, 62
• Rochelle salt, 232
• Rock limpet, 556
• —— sections, mounting, 309
• Ross’s achromatic condenser, 176
• —— compressorium, 275
• —— Eclipse microscope, 89
• —— eye-pieces, 68
• —— microscopes, 88
• —— object glass, 154
• —— objectives, 166
• Ross-Hepworth arc lamp, 218
• Ross-Jackson microscope, 82
• Ross-Jackson-Zentmayer microscope, 83
• Ross-Zentmayer microscope, 91
• Rotatoria, mounting, 345
• Rotifera, 502
• Rousselet’s compressorium, 275
• —— method of mounting rotatoria, 345
• —— tank microscope, 126
• Rye, ergot of, 382
• Saccharomyces cerevisiæ, 384
• —— ellipsoideus, 385
• —— mycoderma, 384
• Saccharomycetes, industrial uses of, 391
• Salts, list of, 240
• Saprolegnia ferox, 411
• Sarcode, 357
• Saw-fly, 598
• Scalariidæ, 550
• Scales of butterfly’s wings, 610
• Scapander ligniarius, 557
• Schäfer’s warm-stage, 282
• Scyphomedusæ, 523
• Sea-anemone, larvæ of, 529
• Sea-anemones, 526
• Sea-cucumber, 540, 543
• Sea-hares, 549
• Sea-mats, 532
• Sea-urchin, 540
• Sea-weeds, 409
• Section cutting, 283
• —— —— Cole’s directions for, 285
• Section-cutting microtome, Cole’s, 289
• —— lifters, 319
• —— scissors, 283
• Sections of hard wood, cutting, 316
• Selenite, 225
• Sepia officinalis, 556
• Sertularia, 521
• Shadbolt’s turn-table, 295
• Sheep-tick, 624
• Shell, structure of, 558
• —— formation in limnæa, 552
• Sieve-tubes, 465
• Silk filaments, 474
• Silk-worm, 605
• Silk-worms, disease of, 363
• Silver-side reflector, 198
• Simple microscopes, 30, 72, 77
• Siphonophora, 521
• Sirax gigas, 597
• Skin, 646
• Smith & Beck’s achromatic condenser, 173
• Snow crystals, 237
• Sorby-Browning micro-spectroscopic eye-piece, 247
• Sorby’s reflector, 199
• Spectroscope, cells for use with, 251
• —— the, 244
• Spectrum of chromule, 255
• Sphæroplea annulina, 409
• Sphærosira volvex, 406
• Sphagnaceæ, 446
• Spherical aberration, 23
• Spiders, 619
• Spirilla, 368
• Spiro-bacteria, 368
• Splenic fever bacillus, 369
• Sponges, 506
• —— boring, 513
• —— Geodia Barretti, 510
• —— Grant’s researches on, 507
• —— hyalonema, 512
• —— parasite on, 512
• —— reproduction of, 510
• Spongia coalita, 507
• Spongiadæ, 506
• Spore of parasitic fungus on plants, 576
• Spores, 366
• Spores, aerobic, 399
• —— endogenous, 366
• —— staining of, 336
• Spring clip for mounting, 296, 342
• Stage, Bartley’s warm, 281
• —— forceps, 198
• —— Maddox growing, 280
• —— Mayall’s mechanical, 124
• —— moist and warm, 280
• —— Schäfer’s, 282
• —— Stricker’s, 282
• —— Watson’s semi-mechanical, 107
• Stain, eosin, 315
• Staining animal structures, 292
• —— bacteria, 334, 338
• —— by logwood, 293
• —— cellulose, 314
• —— double, 293
• —— double and treble, 300
• —— living protoplasm, 306
• —— of flagella, 336
• —— of spores, 336
• —— tissue, 283
• Stains and staining methods, list of, 679
• Stains, chloride of gold, 297
• —— chloride of palladium, 298
• —— contrast, 313
• —— double and treble, 300
• —— nitrate of silver, 297, 298
• —— osmic acid, 298
• —— picro-carmine, 299
• —— single, 298
• Starch, 238
• —— granules, 469
• —— —— of arrowroot, 470
• —— —— of potato, 470
• —— —— of wheat, 470
• Star-fish, 540
• Steinheil’s aplanatic lens, 77
• Stentors, 501
• Stephanoceros, 504
• Stephanosphæra pluvialis, 403
• Stephenson’s erecting binocular microscope, 71
• Stereoscope, the, 60
• Stereoscopic binocular vision, 60
• Sterilised instruments, 321
• Sterilisers, 324
• —— Hearson’s, 325
• —— steam, 325
• —— —— Dr. Koch’s, 325
• Sting of bee, 596
• —— of wasp, 596
• Stock-bottle, 279
• Stomata of iris, 456
• —— water pores, 457
• Stone-lilies, 542
• Stonewort, 415
• Stricker’s warm stage, 282
• Stringer’s apparatus for micro-photography, 674
• Stylonychia mytilus, 500
• Stylopidæ, 628
• Substage condenser, 193
• Subterranean fungi, 397
• Sun-animalcules, 489
• Swift’s advanced student’s microscope, 118
• —— bacteriological microscope, 116
• —— draw-tube, 116
• —— four-legged microscope, 114
• —— histological student’s microscope, 116
• —— horizontal camera, 213
• —— illuminating apparatus, 183
• —— microscopes, 113
• — objectives, 168
• Tables, aperture, 58
• Tænia, 564
• Tanning skins, 393
• Tardigrada, 631
• Teasing out sections, needles for, 286
• —— —— —— under condensed light, 287
• Teeth, 652
• —— lathe for cutting sections of, 308
• —— method of cutting sections of, 308
• —— mounting, 308
• Tenent-hairs, 603
• Terebella littoralis, 577
• Terebratulata rubicuna, 559
• Testacella maugei, 556
• Test for illumination, 263
• Test object, blood as a, 263
• Test object, human hair as, 269
• —— —— lepisma as, 264
• —— —— pleurosigma, 267
• —— —— podura-scale, 268
• Test-plate, Abbé’s, 164
• Threadworm, 566
• Thorax of insects, 585
• Thuricola valvata, 500
• Tick, dog, 624
• —— sheep, 624
• Ticks, 622
• Tissue, adipose, 644
• —— bacteria in sections of, 337
• —— fibrous, 642
• —— hardening, 283
• —— preparing, 283
• —— retiform, 644
• —— staining, 283
• —— systems of plants, 454
• Tongue of butterfly, 605
• —— of house fly, 592
• —— of wasp, 595
• Tooth substance, 654
• Topaz, 231
• Tourmaline, 225
• Trematode worms, 569
• Trichina spiralis, 567
• Trichomes of plants, 457
• Troughs, 274
• Truffle, 397
• Tuber cibarium, 397
• Tubicola, 576
• Tubipora, 530
• Tubularia dumortierii, 537
• Tunicata, 549
• Turbo marmoratus, 557
• Turn-table, Shadbolt’s, 295
• Typhoid bacillus, 370
• Ulvaceæ, the, 411
• Ulva lactuca, 411
• —— thermalis, 411
• Urinary salts, 236
• Vallisneria, 418
• Varley’s live-box, 274
• Varnishes, 339
• Vascular system of plants, 464
• Vaucheria, 410
• Vegetable tissues, staining and mounting, 310
• Veins, 662
• Velutina lævigata, 557
• Vertebrata, 633
• Vine parasites, 380
• Violet sea-snail, 550
• Visual angle, 72
• —— judgment, 37
• Volvocineæ, 404
• Vorticellidæ, 499
• Walmsley’s turn-table, 340
• Warm chamber, Pfeiffer’s, 323
• —— stage, 280
• —— —— Bartley’s, 281
• —— —— Schäfer’s, 282
• —— —— Stricker’s, 282
• Wasp, sting of, 596
• —— tongue of, 595
• Water thyme, 419
• Watson’s achromatic condenser, 177
• —— bacteriological Van Heurck’s microscope, 108
• —— Edinburgh student’s microscope, 102
• —— histological microscope, 107
• —— mechanical draw-tube, 104
• —— microscope lamp, 203
• —— microscopes, 102
• —— parachromatic condenser, 182
• —— petrological microscope, 111
• —— portable microscope, 110
• —— semi-mechanical stage, 107
• Webster-Collins condenser, 186
• Weights and measures, metric system of, 687
• Wenham’s binocular microscope, 65
• —— double eye-piece, 189
• —— immersion condenser, 189
• —— parabolic condenser, 186
• —— —— reflector, 187
• —— radial microscope, 90
• Wheat rust, 374
• —— starch, 470
• Wheel animalcules, 502
• Whirligig-beetle, eyes of, 608
• —— —— leg of, 608
• Wings of butterfly, 610
• —— of insects, 609
• —— of moth, 610
• Winogradsky’s investigations of bacteria, 398
• Wollaston’s simple microscope, 74
• Wood, formation of, 462
• Wool, 474
• Worms, 562
• Wort-gelatine, 330
• Xylem of plants, 462
• Yeast cells, 384
• —— German, 388
• —— Hansen’s investigations of, 387
• Zeiss’s compensating eye-piece, 147
• —— cover-glass gauge, 165
• —— microscope, 130
• Zentmayer’s Holman syphon slide, 278
• Zoophytes, 515