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The Nile in 1904

Chapter 93: Appendix H
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About This Book

A technical survey of the Nile and its basin that maps the river's course, slopes, velocities, tributaries, and catchment areas, and analyzes seasonal discharges and climate. It reviews major lakes and channels—Victoria, Albert, the White, Blue and Atbara systems—and the Sudd and branch streams, with measured sections, gauge data, and maps. Practical chapters discuss soil, basin and perennial irrigation, flood behavior and protection, and proposals for dams, reservoirs and inter‑basin works to secure perennial supply and flood control. A final contribution treats Egypt's oases and regional geology, detailing rock formations, stratigraphy, and economically useful materials.

[11] Blue Nile water flowing up the White Nile and decreasing the normal discharge.


Appendix H

Table XXV.Minimum and Maximum Discharges of the Nile and its tributaries in 1902 and 1903.

1902
Name of
River.
Locality. Minimum
Summer
Discharge
m³ per
second
Maximum
Flood
Discharge
m³ per
second
Date. Discharge. Date. Discharge.
Victoria Nile Ripon Falls December 480 May 580
Albert Nile Wadelaï April 5th 530 Dec. 10th 760
Gondokoro April 15th 540 Aug. 24th 1360
Above Sobat .. .. .. ..
Sobat Mouth .. .. .. ..
White Nile Tewfikieh April app: 340 .. ..
Duem May, 11th 340 Dec. 29th 1500
Blue Nile Khartoum April 15th 180 Aug. 29th 7200
Atbara Mouth .. .. Sept. 8th 2020
Nile Wadi Haifa June 2nd 490 .. ..
  Assuân .. .. Sept. 17th 7000
1903
Victoria Nile Ripon Falls January 490 July 830
Albert Nile Wadelaï April 5th 630 December 1070
Gondokoro April 10th 680 Sept. 23rd 2600
Above Sobat April 430 .. 430
Sobat Mouth April 15th 40 Sept. 15th 1040
White Nile Tewfikieh April 380 Dec. 15th 1470
Duem May 9th 400 Nov. 15th 1670
Blue Nile Khartoum May 5th 100 Aug. 28th 9600
Atbara Mouth .. .. Aug. 30th 3100
Nile Wadi Haifa May 21st 420 .. ..
  Assuân .. .. Sept. 12th 9000

Appendix I.

Table XXVI.Table of mean monthly Discharges at Khartoum, Assuân and Cairo, for the maximum, minimum and mean years.

Month 1877-78
Minimum Year
1878-79
Maximum Year
Mean of
20 Years
Blue
Nile at
Khar-
toum.
Assuân. Cairo. Blue
Nile at
Khar-
toum.
Assuân. Cairo. Blue
Nile at
Khar-
toum.
Assuân. Cairo.
June 1000 800 600 1000 500 250 1000 750 500
July 2800 2400 1100 3500 2000 900 2800 2200 1100
August 5300 5600 3900 8200 7900 5200 7000 7900 5300
September 4700 5900 4400 12500 12100 8600 8500 9200 7200
October 2500 4000 3900 8000 9300 10300 4500 6000 6900
November .. 2400 2550 .. 4700 6500 .. 3300 3700
December .. 1500 1600 .. 3200 3600 .. 2200 2300
January .. 1200 1300 .. 2400 2600 .. 1600 1600
February .. 800 800 .. 2100 2100 .. 1200 1200
March .. 600 550 .. 1900 1900 .. 850 800
April .. 500 400 .. 1600 1600 .. 700 620
May .. 400 300 .. 1500 1500 .. 600 520
Mean .. 2175 1783 .. 4100 3754 .. 3041 2645

Note.—The very high discharges at Assuân and Cairo in April and May 1879; the minimum discharge of that year was about 1500 cubic metres per second. There has never been any discharge like that since.


Appendix J.
DISCHARGE TABLES OF THE DIFFERENT GAUGES OF THE NILE AND ITS TRIBUTAIRIES.

Table XXVII.Discharges table of the Victoria Nile at the Ripon Falls.

Gauge. Discharge
m³ per
second.
Remarks.
0·0 380 This discharge table is the mean of two alternative tables; one assuming that the width of the sill of the Ripon Falls was 127 metres as stated by Sir William Garstin, the other assuming that only half this width was the working sill, the rest being more or less shallow water. The constant has been taken as ·57. Sir William Garstin makes the width of the sill 70 + 40 + 13 = 127 metres, while Chavanne gives it as 82 + 14 + 55 + 22 = 173 metres.
The wider the sill, the quicker is the rise of discharge from the measured discharge at the gauge of ·51.
·1 410
·2 450
·3 480
·4 520
·5 550
·6 580
·7 620
·8 660
·9 700
1·0 740
·1 780
·2 820
·3 860
·4 900
·5 950
·6 990
·7 1040
·8 1090
·9 1140
2·0 1190

Table XXVIII.Discharge table of the Albert Nile at Wadelaï.

Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
0·0 520 1·0 780 2·0 1090
·1 544 ·1 810 ·1 1104
·2 568 ·2 840 ·2 1118
·3 592 ·3 870 ·3 1132
·4 616 ·4 900 ·4 1146
·5 640 ·5 930 ·5 1160
·6 668 ·6 962 .. ..
·7 696 ·7 994 .. ..
·8 724 ·8 1026 .. ..
·9 752 ·9 1058 .. ..

Table XXIX.Discharge Table of the Albert Nile at the Gondokoro gauge.

Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
Remarks.
0·0 550 There is a scour of a metre and upwards at this gauge site during a high flood. The pit is apparently filled with sand during a low flood.
·2 600
·4 660
·6 740
·8 820
1·0 900
·2 1060
·4 1220
·6 1380
·8 1540
2·0 1700
·2 1900
·4 2100
·6 2300
·8 2500
3·0 2700

Table XXX.Discharge table of the Albert Nile at the Mongalla gauge, 32 kilometres north of Gondokoro.

Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
Remarks.
0·0 500 2·0 1100 This is a better site than Gondokoro.
·2 540 ·2 1300
·4 580 ·4 1500
·6 620 ·6 1700
·8 660 ·8 1900
1·0 700 3·0 2100
·2 780 ·2 2300
·4 860 ·4 2500
·6 940 ·6 2700
·8 1020 .. ..

Table XXXI.Discharge table of the Sobat river at Dulaib Hilla.

Gauge. Discharge
in m³
per
second.
0·0 30
·2 58
·4 86
·6 112
·8 142
1·0 170
·2 218
·4 266
·6 314
·8 362
2·0 410
·2 500
·4 590
·6 680
·8 790
3·0 860
·2 950
·4 1040
·6 1130
·8 1220
4·0 1310

This gauge is in backwater when the north
end of the Sudd region is flooded.

Table XXXII.Discharge Table of the White Nile at Tewfikieh downstream of Sobat junction referred to Tewfikia Gauge.

Gauge. Discharge
in m³
per
second.
-1·0 150
0·0 330
·2 376
·4 422
·6 468
·8 514
1·0 560
·2 616
·4 672
·6 728
·8 784
2·0 840
·2 906
·4 972
·6 1038
·8 1104
3·0 1170
·2 1270
·4 1370
·6 1470
·8 1570
4·0 1670
·2 1770
·4 1870
·6 1970
·8 2070
5·0 2170

Table XXXIII.Discharge Table of the White Nile at Duem in Winter and Summer when the Blue Nile is low.

Gauge. Discharge
in m³
per
second.
Remarks.
0·0 330 This gauge is in backwater when the Blue Nile is high.
·1 354
·2 370
·3 402
·4 426
·5 450
·6 480
·7 515
·8 555
·9 600
1·0 650

This table is only very approximative.

Table XXXIV.Discharge table of the Blue Nile at Wad Medani.

Gauge. Discharge
in m³
per second
River
rising.
River
Falling
and
Stationary.
0·0 50 50
·2 80 64
·4 110 78
·6 140 92
·8 170 106
1·0 200 120
·2 240 146
·4 280 172
·6 320 198
·8 360 224
2·0 400 250
·2 450 284
·4 500 318
·6 550 352
·8 600 380
3·0 650 420
·2 720 406
·4 790 512
·6 860 558
·8 930 604
4·0 1000 650
·2 1100 720
·4 1200 790
·6 1300 860
·8 1400 930
5·0 1500 1000
·2 1630 1100
·4 1760 1200
·6 1890 1300
·8 2020 1400
6·0 2150 1500
·2 2320 1620
·4 2490 1740
·6 2600 1800
·8 2830 1980
7·0 3000 2100
·2 3200 2340
·4 3400 2580
·6 3600 2820
·8 3800 3060
8·0 4000 3300
·2 4300 3540
·4 4600 3780
·6 4900 4020
·8 5200 4200
9·0 5500 4500
·2 5900 4840
·4 6300 5180
·6 6700 5520
·8 7100 5860
10·0 7500 6200
·2 8000 6580
·4 8500 6960
·6 9000 7340
·8 9500 7720
11·0 10000 8100
·2 10600 8540
·4 11200 8980
·6 11800 9420
·8 12400 9800
12·0 13000 10300

(1) These discharges include the Rahad river. They represent the discharges below the Rahad river junction referred to the Wad Medani gauge.

(2) During a high flood the river scours, and it silts during a low flood; consequently for exact discharges below 5 metres, the section of the river should be taken annually in December.

Table XXXV.Discharge Table of the Blue Nile at the Khartoum Gauge.

Gauge. River
rising
River
falling
and
Stationary
Discharge
in m³
per
second.
Discharge
in m³
per
second.
- ·2 100 100
+0·0 175 120
·2 260 145
·4 360 170
·6 470 195
·8 580 220
1·0 700 250
·2 860 340
·4 1020 430
·6 1180 520
·8 1340 610
2·0 1500 700
·2 1720 880
·4 1940 1060
·6 2160 1240
·8 2380 1420
3·0 2600 1600
·2 2980 1840
·4 3360 2080
·6 3740 2320
·8 4120 2560
4·0 4500 2800
·2 4980 3180
·4 5460 3560
·6 5940 3940
·8 6420 4320
5·0 6900 4700
·2 7560 5220
·4 8220 5740
·6 8880 6260
·8 9540 6780
6·0 10200 7300
·2 11000 7940
·4 11800 8580
·6 12600 9220
·8 13400 9860
7·0 14200 10500
·2 ... 11140
·4 ... 11780
·6 ... 12420

This gauge is in backwater when the White Nile is discharging more than the Blue Nile.

Table XXXVI.Discharge Table of the Atbara river referred to the Khasm el Girba Gauge.

Gauge. Discharge.
0·0 0·0
·2 20  
·4 40  
·6 60  
·8 80  
1·0 100  
·2 150  
·4 200  
·6 250  
·8 300  
2·0 350  
·2 444  
·4 538  
·6 632  
·8 726  
3·0 820  
·2 1012  
·4 1204  
·6 1396  
·8 1588  
4·0 1780  
·2 2078  
·4 2376  
·6 2674  
·8 2972  
5·0 3270  
·2 3596  
·4 3922  
·6 4248  
·8 4574  
6·0 4900  

Table XXXVII.Discharge table for the Assuân, Assiut and Cairo Gauges.

The gauges are in metres and are referred to mean low-water level as zero.

The zero is:
  at Assuân R. L. 85·00
at Assiut 45·55
at Cairo 12·25

N.B.—At Assiut R. L. 45·55, according to the reservoir levels, is R. L. 45·05 according to the 4th Circle levels.

(The discharges are in cubic metres per second.)

This discharge table may be used approximately for any gauge on the Nile north of Assuân with its zero at mean low-water level; adding ·5 to the gauge in Kena Province, and deducting ·5 from the gauge in Minieh and Beni-Suef.

If the river is rising, take the discharge corresponding to the higher gauge; if falling or stationary to the lower one.

Gauge. Discharge.
-1·0 360
- ·8 406
- ·6 452
- ·4 498
- ·2 544
0·0 590
·2 668
·4 746
·6 824
·8 902
1·0 980
·2 1086
·4 1192
·6 1298
·8 1404
2·0 1510
·2 1652
·4 1794
·6 1936
·8 2078
3·0 2220
·2 2408
·4 2596
·6 2784
·8 2972
4·0 3160
·2 3404
·4 3648
·6 3892
·8 4136
5·0 4380
·2 4674
·4 4968
·6 5262
·8 5556
6·0 5850
·2 6150
·4 6450
·6 6800
·8 7200
7·0 7600
·2 8000
·4 8400
·6 8800
·8 9300
8·0 9800
·2 10300
·4 10900
·6 11500
·8 12100
9·0 12800
·2 13600

Table XXXVIII.

Discharge Table of the Wady Halfa Gauge, for use at Assuân when the Assuân Dam is being regulated on, and consequently the Assuân Gauge no longer represents the normal discharge of the Nile. At this stage of the river it may be assumed that the water travels normally between Wady Halfa and Assuân in 3 or 4 days.

Gauge. Discharge
cubic
metres
per
second.
0·8 370
1·0 440
·2 516
·4 592
·6 688
·8 804
2·0 920
·2 1048
·4 1176
·6 1314
·8 1462
3·0 1610
·2 1800
·4 1990
·6 2180
·8 2370
4·0 2560
·2 2802
·4 3044
·6 3286
·8 3528
5·0 3770

Table XXXIX.Discharge of the Rosetta Branch of the Nile referred to the Delta Barrage north of Cairo.

1890
Gauge. Discharge
m³ per
second.
0·00 0
·25 50
·50 100
·75 150
1·00 200
·25 287
·50 375
·75 463
2·00 550
·25 700
·50 850
·75 1000
3·00 1150
·25 1312
·50 1475
·75 1638
4·00 1800
·25 1975
·50 2150
·75 2325
5·00 2500
·25 2700
·50 2900
·75 3100
6·00 3300
·25 3525
·50 3750
·75 3975
7·00 4200
·25 4450
·50 4700
·75 4950
8·00 5200
·25 5475
·50 5750
·75 6025
9·00 6300

Zero of the gauge R. L. 10·00 metres above mean sea.

Table XL.Discharge of the Damietta Branch of the Nile referred to the Delta Barrage north of Cairo.

1890
Gauge. Discharge
m³ per
second.
0·00 0
·25 20
·50 40
·75 60
1·00 80
·25 110
·50 140
·75 170
2·00 200
·25 262
·50 325
·75 388
3·00 450
·25 537
·50 625
·75 712
4·00 800
·25 925
·50 1050
·75 1175
5·00 1300
·25 1450
·50 1600
·75 1750
6·00 1900
·25 2075
·50 2250
·75 2425
7·00 2600
·25 2800
·50 3000
·75 3200
8·00 3400
·25 3625
·50 3850
·75 4075
9·00 4300

Note.—Zero of the gauge R. L. 10·00 metres above mean sea.


Appendix K.
TABLES GIVING DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE NILE BETWEEN ASSUÂN AND CAIRO.

Table XLI.Date of Heights of Minimum gauges in summer and Maximum gauges in flood at Assuan.

Year. Minimum
summer
Maximum
flood
Date. Gauge. Date. Gauge.
1873  5 June -0·37  1 September 7·66
1874 30 May -0·64  6 September 8·97
1875 23 May -0·17 11 September 8·36
1876 15 June +0·13  7 September 8·68
1877 27 May +0·10 20 August 6·40
1878 23 June -0·71  1 October 9·15
1879 23 May +1·88 13 September 8·59
1880  9 June +0·82  4 September 7·82
1881 14 May +0·00  4 September 8·14
1882 23 June -0·55 28 August 8·00
1883 22 June +0·04 17 September 8·18
1884 27 May +0·37  1 September 7·73
1885 21 June -0·44 28 August 8·05
1886  3 June -0·06 22 September 8·04
1887  8 May -0·03  1 September 8·81
1888  8 June -0·08 24 August 7·08
1889 24 June -0·60  2 September 8·36
1890  8 June -0·60  2 September 8·72
1891 19 May -0·21 27 September 7·84
1892 18 June -0·64 20 September 8·88
1893 18 June +0·35 14 September 7·75
1894 16 June +0·06 18 September 8·61
1895 23 June +0·78 10 September 8·68
1896 13 June +0·49  3 September 8·63
1897 31 May +0·62  1 September 7·80
1898 23 June -0·25 29 August 8·63
1899  1 June +0·15  4 September 6·67
1900 15 May -0·93 19 August 7·91
1901 10 May -0·46  6 September 7·82
1902 12 May -0·48 17 September 6·72
1903 16 April -0·68 27 August 7·93
1904  5 June -0·20 13 August 6·97

Zero is R. L. 85·00 metres or mean low water level.

Table XLII.Table giving areas of cross sections of the Nile, from Assuân to Cairo.

Locality. Length
in
kilo-
metres.
MEAN AREA IN SQUARE METRES
Below
zero.
Below
6
metres.
Below
7
metres.
Below
8
metres.
Below
8.5
metres.
Below
9
metres.
Assuân to Ramâdi 81 1024 4930 5808 6754 7337 7993
Ramâdi to Esna 76 674 4554 5461 6398 6966 7695
Esna to Kena 115 852 4476 5336 6221 6726 7363
Kena to Sohâg 158 973 4718 5600 6535 7121 7873
Sohâg to Assiout 98 1037 5220 6305 7705 8683 9749
Assiout to Minia 138 899 5149 6205 7783 8845 9937
Minia to Beni-Suêf 117 915 5035 6007 7315 8196 9140
Beni-Suêf to Koshesha 34 665 5040 6080 7532 8379 9247
Koshesha to Cairo 81 1031 5364 6388 7813 8648 9495
Cairo to the Barrage 24 1402 5414 6628 8346 9258 10184
Assuân to Assiout 528 920 4760 5680 6690 7310 8080
Assiout to Koshesha 289 870 5080 6100 7550 8510 9520
Koshesha to Cairo 81 1030 5360 6380 7810 8640 9490
Assuân to Cairo 898 910 4930 5890 7080 7830 8690

Table XLIII.Table of the cubic contents of the trough of the Nile from Assuân to Cairo in millions of cubic metres.

Locality. Length
in
kilo-
metres.
CONTENTS IN
MILLIONS
OF CUBIC METRES
CONTENTS IN
MILLIONS
OF CUBIC METRES
Below
zero.
From
zero
to
6.0
From
6.0
to 7.0
7.0
to
8.0
8.0
to
8.5
8.5
to
9.0
Below
zero.
Below
6.0
Below
7.0
Below
8.0
Below
8.5
Below
9.0
Assuân to Ramadi 81 83 316 711 77 47 53 83 399 470 547 594 647
Ramadi to Esna 76 51 295 69 71 43 56 51 346 415 486 529 585
Esna to Kena 115 98 417 99 102 58 73 98 514 614 715 773 847
Kena to Sohag 128 154 592 139 148 83 119 154 745 885 1032 1125 1244
Sohag to Assiout 98 102 410 106 137 96 104 102 512 618 755 851 955
Assiout to Minieh 138 124 586 146 218 147 151 124 710 856 1074 1220 1371
Minieh to Beni Suêf 117 107 482 114 153 103 110 107 589 703 856 859 1069
Beni Suêf to Kushesha 34 23 149 35 49 29 29 23 171 207 256 285 314
Kushesha to Cairo 81 84 351 83 115 68 69 84 434 517 633 700 769
Cairo to the Barrage 28 34 96 29 41 22 22 34 130 159 200 222 244
Assuân to Assiout 528 487 2030 484 534 327 405 487 2517 3001 3535 3862 4267
Assiout to Kushesha 289 254 1217 295 420 278 291 254 1471 1766 2186 2464 2755
Kushesha to Cairo 81 84 351 83 115 68 69 84 435 518 633 701 770
Assuân to Cairo 898 825 3598 862 1069 673 765 825 4423 5285 6354 7027 7792

Table XLIV.Widths of water surface from Assuân to Cairo.

From. To. Mean width of water surface
0 6·0 7·0 8·0 8·5 9·0
Assuân Ramadi 400 840 880 1030 1270 1400
Ramadi Esna 340 850 890 1030 1260 1620
Esna Kena 350 820 850 940 1120 1400
Kena Sohag 380 870 890 1000 1300 1560
Sohag Assiout 400 1000 1170 1720 2080 2170
Assiout Minieh 390 970 1180 1890 2060 2080
Minieh Beni Suêf 490 960 1300 1550 1800 1840
Beni Suêf Kushesha 500 1000 1390 1690 1720 1730
Kushesha Cairo 450 960 1100 1570 1700 1700
Cairo Barrage 440 940 1460 1840 1860 1890
Assuân Assiout 370 880 940 1140 1410 1630
Assiout Kushesha 460 980 1290 1710 1860 1880
Kushesha Cairo 450 960 1100 1570 1700 1700
Assuân Cairo 430 940 1110 1470 1660 1740
Area of water surface in millions of square metres.
Assuân Assiout 200 470 500 600 740 860
Assiout Cairo 130 280 370 490 540 540
Assuân Cairo 400 840 1000 1320 1490 1560

Table XLV.Slope of water surface in the Nile. Assuân to Cairo.

From. To. Distance
in kilo-
metres
down the
centre line
of the
flood.
Distance
in kilo-
metres
down the
summer
channel.
Slope
in
flood.
Slope
in
summer.
Assuân Silsila 70 72 111500 112600
Silsila Kasr-es-Saad 250 258 114800 114800
Kasr-es-Saad Khazindaria 150 159 112300 113400
Khazindaria Assiout 60 63 111800 114500
Assiout Beni Mazâr 180 196 111000 111800
Beni Mazâr Ashmant 90 94 111000 111400
Ashmant Cairo 100 106 111600 112300
Cairo Barrage 23 25 110800 120000
Assuân Cairo 900 948 112200 113000