The Pleistocene of North America / and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95°

The rather numerous specimens of elephants here described are those whose specific identity can not at present be determined. Often the discovery of elephant remains, especially of teeth, has been reported without any attempt at description or identification; or they may have been referred to Elephas primigenius at a time when no specific distinctions were recognized among our elephants. In probably most cases the specimens reported have been lost. The great majority of them belonged either to Elephas primigenius or to E. columbi. It has seemed worth while to keep record of these unidentified specimens; for equally with the others they show the presence of Pleistocene deposits.

UNGAVA.

1. Long Island, James Bay.—In 1898 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. IX, p. 371, fig. 1), Robert Bell reported the discovery of an elephant tooth on Long Island, identified by Boyd Dawkins as that of Elephas columbi; by Cope as probably a variety intermediate between E. columbi and E. primigenius. No measurements were given by Bell, and the tooth was figured obliquely, so its proportions can hardly be determined. Cope regarded it as a hindermost molar, but it appears to be a last milk molar or a first true molar. It is remarkable for the great thickness of the cement between the enamel plates.

The tooth was reported found on the naked rock of an island nearly bare of soil. It might be supposed that a tooth thus exposed would soon have been destroyed by weathering. Lucas (Geol. Surv. Maryland, Pleistocene vol., p. 151) expressed the opinion that it had been carried there by water or ice. One might suppose it had been brought to the island by human agency. Of its geological age nothing can be said, except that it is Pleistocene. This locality is not marked on the map of elephants of undetermined species, as it lies somewhat too far north.

ONTARIO.

1. St. Catharines, Lincoln County.—In 1866 (Cat. Casts Foss., p. 37, fig.), Henry A. Ward represented a cast of an elephant tooth which appears to be the lower right hindermost molar. The original is stated to have been found at St. Catharines and to be in a museum at Niagara. It is possible that this is the tooth described on another page as Elephas columbi and now in the Victoria Museum at Toronto; but, while Ward’s figure represents the greater length of the tooth as worn, in the other tooth only 6 plates are worn. It is possible that the figure is incorrectly drawn.

2. Hamilton, Wentworth County.—In 1904 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XV, p. 352), Coleman mentioned the finding of mammoth remains in a tunnel excavated through Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, and in a gravel-pit about a mile farther westward. A tusk and some bones were secured, but nothing by means of which the species may be identified. On page 147 is described the jaw of E. columbi, discovered at Burlington Heights. Logan (Geol. Canada, 1863, pp. 966, 967) illustrated the jaw just mentioned by two figures, 496, 498, of the symphysis of an elephant, found at Hamilton. Possibly this bone belonged to E. primigenius.

3. Toronto, York County.—In 1895 (Jour. Geol., vol. III, p. 641), Coleman reported that in 1894 a tooth of a mammoth had been found on Don River, north of Toronto, at a point where the stream flows over the middle till of the region and cuts away banks showing stratified sand and in some cases the upper till. The tooth may, therefore, belong to the interglacial beds, but possibly to the late glacial. In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, p. 291), the same author indicated the possible occurrence of mammoth or mastodon in the Don Valley beds. This was recorded in 1900 (Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 330). On page 300 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX) it is stated that an ulna of a mammoth or mastodon had been found in interglacial beds in Toronto, possibly in deposits representing the cold-climate Scarboro beds; but as it showed glacial scratches it may have been lying on the surface at the time of the Wisconsin ice advance. Even in the latter case the bone can, it would seem, be referred to an interglacial stage.

In 1899 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 194), Coleman stated that teeth of mammoths had been discovered in a bar, a part of the Iroquois beach at York, east of Toronto.

VERMONT.

1. Richmond, Chittenden County.—Edward Hitchcock (Geol. Surv. Vermont, 1861, p. 176) stated that in 1858 remains of an elephant had been found in Richmond, but no details were furnished. One of the teeth is still preserved in the University of Vermont. The writer regards the species as indeterminable.

NEW YORK.

1. Seneca Lake.—In 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, East. Counties, p. 200), Emmons stated that a tooth belonging to the elephant had been taken from the beach of Seneca Lake. When this happened, exactly where, and what was done with the tooth, the present writer does not know.

2. Wellsburg, Chemung County.—In 1793 (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. II, pt. 1, p. 164), Timothy Edwards reported a horn or bone of some animal had been found in Chemung, or Tyoga, River, about 12 miles from Tyoga Point. Mr. F. W. Ashley, of the Library of Congress, informed the writer that Tyoga Point was a former name of the present town of Athens, Pennsylvania. Whether the tusk was really found in Pennsylvania or in New York is uncertain, nor is it any more certain that the tusk was that of an elephant and not of a mastodon. The fragment was 6 feet 9 inches long, with a circumference of 21 inches at the base and 15 inches at the other extremity. It was estimated to have formed an arc 10 or 12 feet long of a semicircle.

Mather, in 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., pp. 233, 636), stated that bones of both the mastodon and the elephant had been found in Orange County. On page 44 of the same volume he stated that bones supposed to belong to an elephant had been found 2 miles west of Greenville, in Greene County. Hall regarded them as belonging to a mastodon. The case is doubtful.

PENNSYLVANIA.

1. Chambersburg, Franklin County.—In 1806 (Phila. Med. and Phys. Jour., vol. II, pt. 1, p. 157), Dr. B. S. Barton reported remains of a mammoth found at Chambersburg.

2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny County.—In 1875 (Proc. Acad. Natural Sci., Phila., p. 121), Leidy exhibited drawings of an elephant tooth, dredged up at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburgh. The tooth was nearly entire and weighed slightly less than 16 pounds. Leidy referred the tooth to Elephas americanus, but whether it was E. primigenius or E. columbi can not be determined.

3. Meadville, Crawford County.—In the Geologist, of London, volume V, 1862, on page 431, it was stated that Mr. A. B. Ruhmond, of Meadville, had reported to the Scientific American the discovery of mammoth remains in the excavation of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad at French Creek. No further information was furnished. In this case the remains might have been those of a mastodon.

4. Girard, Erie County.—In the Erie Public Museum are three tusks, said to have been found near Girard; one is about 4 feet long; another somewhat longer. They are slender and probably belonged to Elephas primigenius, but there is no certainty about this.

OHIO.

1. Little Salt Creek, Jackson County.—Somewhere along this creek was discovered the lower jaw and its teeth, to which was first given the name Elephas jacksoni. The creek, with its branches, gathers up the waters of the central part of the county and leaves the county at its northwest corner.

The first notice of this jaw appears to have been given in 1838 (First Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, pp. 96, 97) by C. Briggs, assistant geologist of the survey. He stated that with some other bones it had been found, by unnamed persons, about 1835, in the bank of a branch of Salt Creek, in the northwest part of the county. A second search, made by Briggs and Foster, brought to light fragments of the skull, two teeth, and some other parts of the skeleton. Parts of the tusk in a frail condition were secured. It is interesting to learn that the tusk measured on the outer curve 10 feet 9 inches. The writer has been unable to learn what has become of these bones; none is in the collection of the State University at Columbus. The report made by Briggs on this specimen was reprinted in the American Journal of Science, volume XXXIV, 1838, page 358, in a review of Mathers’ First Annual Report. The author of the review was almost certainly J. W. Foster. An unsigned letter, apparently also by Foster, follows, in which are poor figures of the jaw and one of the teeth. In this letter the name Elephas jacksoni is applied to the remains. In 1839 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVI, p. 190), Foster contributed a figure of one of the teeth, probably a hindermost molar, but it is uncertain whether it represents the whole tooth or the remaining part of a worn one; nor is the amount of reduction indicated. The present writer finds it impossible to decide whether the tooth belongs to Elephas primigenius or E. columbi.

2. Beverly, Washington County.—In 1874 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, pt. 1, p. 471), Mr. E. B. Andrews reported that, several years before he wrote, parts of the skeleton of a huge mammoth had been dug up in Beverly. Among other parts were several large teeth in good preservation, one of which was deposited in the cabinet of Marietta College; but the writer has not been able to learn anything about it. A Dr. Bowen, of Waterford Township, was said to have found, somewhere farther up Muskingum River, a shoulder-blade of a mammoth; but this locality must have been in Morgan County. The identification of the species is also questionable.

3. Nashport, Muskingum County.—J. W. Foster (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, 1838, p. 80) reported a molar and a tusk of an elephant had been dug up at Nashport, in excavating a canal. With these had been found remains of a mastodon, of Castoroides, and of a supposed sheep. More probably the latter was an intrusion of a domestic sheep. These remains had been preserved in the Zanesville Athenæum, but the writer can get no trace of them.

4. Ross County.—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 15), Charles Whittlesey reported he had seen remains of elephant in alluvial muck in Ross County, at an elevation of about 50 feet above the bottom land of the Scioto Valley. The locality was no more exactly defined and one can not determine whether it is within the Wisconsin area, that of the Illinoian, or that not glaciated. According to Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. XLI, p. 259), what appears to be an Illinoian terrace along Scioto River opposite Chillicothe stands 120 feet above the river, while the Wisconsin terrace is 60 feet lower. The elephant remains were probably on the Wisconsin terrace.

5. Cincinnati, Hamilton County.—In 1843 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. XII, p. 127), Lyell wrote that both elephant and mastodon teeth had been found in the gravelly beds of the higher terraces on the right bank of the river at Cincinnati. In his “Travels in North America” (vol. II, 1845, p. 59), Lyell was more definite in his statement. He stated that near the edge of the higher terrace, in digging a gravel-pit, which he saw open at the end of Sixth street, a tooth of Elephas primigenius had been discovered not long before. Dr. E. O. Ulrich informs the writer that this was probably at the eastern end of the street. Inasmuch as all the elephant remains of our country were at that time referred to E. primigenius, it is doubtful whether the specimen belonged to this species or to E. columbi. Professor N. M. Fenneman writes that the “higher terrace” here mentioned can be nothing more than the terrace on which the lower city stands, namely, the Wisconsin outwash. He knows of no fragments of Illinoian terrace there.

6. Fort Jefferson, Darke County.—In 1878 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. III, pt. 1, p. 508), Mr. A. C. Lindemuth wrote that Dr. G. Miesse had in his collection an almost perfect skeleton of a mammoth, as well as portions of a mastodon, both of which were found in the peat deposits of Mud Creek “prairie.” This mastodon is doubtless the one described on page 73 and preserved in the Greenville Public Library. Where the elephant remains are the writer does not know. The locality appears to be in Neave Township (township 11 north, range 2 east).

7. Circleville, Pickaway County.—In 1834 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXV, p. 256), in an unsigned article, the geologist S. P. Hildreth told of having a tooth of an elephant which had been found in gravelly diluvium back of Circleville. This meant probably somewhere east of the town.

8. South Bloomfield, Pickaway County.—In the article just cited, Hildreth told of securing, near South Bloomfield, teeth of the “American elephant,” in association with those of the mastodon. They were found in excavating for a culvert over a small branch near the town. Hildreth described the teeth, so that it is certain that they belonged to an elephant; but the species can not be determined. A tooth is described as being 7 inches broad, 6 inches long, and 3 inches thick.

9. Cleveland, Cuyahoga County.—In 1886 (Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 308), Dr. E. Sterling reported the finding of an elephant in a small swamp 3 miles from Cleveland and 2 miles from the lake. The swamp had originally occupied about 2 acres of surface. A well-preserved tusk, two vertebræ, three ribs, part of the sacrum, and a molar were secured. In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, p. 183), J. S. Newberry stated that the delta sand deposits, the gravel and sand, which form the surface of the Cleveland plateau, had yielded numerous parts of the skeletons of mastodon and elephant.

10. Montville, Geauga County.—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, p. 526), M. C. Read recorded the discovery of remains of an elephant at this place. Two tusks were secured, also all the bones of the pelvis, seven or eight vertebræ, some ribs, fragments of the skull, and a part of one tooth; the latter was not described. The remains were found in a small marsh; at the surface was a deposit which had resulted from the growth of swamp vegetation; at the bottom was clay; and in this clay the bones were buried. They were supposed to have belonged to a young animal.

11. Canton, Stark County.—In Mount Union-Scio College the writer has examined a right tibia of a proboscidean reported to have been found 3 miles northeast of Canton. It is believed to have belonged to one of the elephants and not to a mastodon. The following measurements were taken.

1. East Saginaw, Saginaw County.—In 1902 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252), Dr. A. C. Lane reported the tooth of a mammoth found in ditching close to the Père Marquette shaft No. 2, in East Saginaw, and that this had been identified by the taxidermist William Richter. The size given, 11 by 5 inches, indicates that it belonged to one of the elephants. It was found at a depth of 3 feet or less, and at an elevation of about 25 feet above the lake. The writer has been unable to get any additional information about this tooth. The locality is within the beach-line of the glacial Lake Algonquin, which appears, according to Leverett and Taylor (Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 397), to have stood at a lower level than our present Lake Erie.

2. Macomb County.—Alexander Winchell (1st Bienn. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1861, p. 132), in speaking of an elephant molar found in the northern part of Jackson County, added that other remains had been found in Macomb County. A. C. Lane (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252, footnote) takes this to refer to the remains of the mammoth. Here again a discovery is made of little value, through the neglect to collect accurate information and to preserve the specimen. Macomb County, situated on Lake St. Clair, is nearly wholly occupied by deposits laid down by the falling glacial lakes from Lake Maumee to Lake Erie.

3. Grand Ledge, Eaton County.—Former State Geologist A. C. Lane (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252) made the following statement:

“Mr. E. R. Grinold, of Grand Ledge, noticed in ditching north of that town that they had cut through a tusk; and through Mr. C. V. Fuller my attention was called. I went there and found the remains barely a foot from the surface, in a little low swale which Mr. Frank Tabor, the owner, said was a duck pond 40 years ago; in other words, a good place for a large, heavy animal to get mired. We exposed three teeth which were plainly those of a mammoth, and were lying just exposed. The teeth were, two of them, 8 inches long, the third 6. The tusk had flattened into an ellipse about 9 by 5 inches near the butt, and 6 or 7 feet long.”

Grand Ledge is on the south bank of Grand River, in the northern edge of the county; likewise on the Lansing moraine, one of the concentric moraines laid down by the retreating Saginaw lobe of the Wisconsin ice.

4. Buchanan, Berrien County.—Mr. W. Hillis Smith, of Niles, Michigan, informed the writer that in 1899 a drainage ditch was being made through the Bakerstown marsh, south and west from Buchanan, and in the course of the work many mastodon bones were thrown out; also that one tooth of a mammoth was found. This came into the possession of Mr. E. H. Crane, of Kalamazoo.

INDIANA.

In Driftless Area.

1. Vanderburg County.—John Collett (7th Ann. Report Indiana Geol. Surv., pp. 245, 246) stated that mammoth remains had been found in Vanderburg County. Nothing more is known about these.

2. Shoals, Martin County.—Mr. M. F. Mathers, of Orleans, Indiana, informed the writer that in 1880, while at Shoals fishing, a part of the upper jaw of an elephant, with two large teeth in it, was found, in White River below the shoals. Mr. Mathers assures the writer that the teeth were of a kind very different from those of a mastodon found on his place. He did not know what became of the specimen.

E. T. Cox (2d Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1871, p. 103) stated that remains of the mammoth and of the mastodon had been found in Martin County embedded in marsh clay resting on the drift. The only drift in the county is the Illinoian. These animals must have lived after the Illinoian stage; but not necessarily immediately after.

On Area Covered by Illinoian Drift.

3. Vigo County.—John Collett, in 1881 (2d Ann. Rep. Bur. Statist. and Geol., 1880, p. 385), stated that elephant remains had been found in Vigo County.

4. Gosport, Owen County.—In 1859, Professor T. A. Wylie (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVIII, p. 283) gave an account of the discovery of parts of the skeleton of an elephant in the bank of White River, about a mile southeast of Gosport. Two tusks, four teeth, and some fragmentary parts of the skeleton were exhumed, from a bed of sand, overlain by 8 feet of stiff bluish clay. The sand appeared to rest on bed-rock. One tusk had a length of about 9 feet and a diameter of 8 inches, and this diameter was maintained to near the tip. The teeth were evidently the second and third molars, probably of the upper jaw. The largest molar measured 11 inches on the longest diagonal and had 20 plates. “The distance between the plates and the interval between the pairs is about one-fourth inch.”

This specimen was probably taken to the University of Indiana and destroyed in a fire. It seems most likely that the remains belonged to E. primigenius. They were apparently buried in outwash materials from the Wisconsin ice-sheet.

17. Wailesboro, Bartholomew County.—In 1902 (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1901, p. 247), J. J. Edwards, a physician, reported a tooth of Elephas primigenius found in a gravel-pit 0.5 mile south of Wailesboro at a depth of 7 feet. The tooth weighed 9 pounds. It was afterwards destroyed in a fire. Although this was quite certainly the tooth of an elephant, the identification of the species may be doubted.

5. Brookville, Franklin County.—Dr. R. Haymond (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XLVI, p. 294), under the name Megatherium, described a tooth, evidently of an elephant. In 1869 (1st Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 200) Haymond stated that he had the tooth in his possession; but the family does not now (1910) know what became of it. It measured 13 inches in length, 6 inches in height, and 4 inches in thickness. It probably belonged to E. columbi. No statement was made as to the exact place of discovery.

John T. Plummer, in 1843 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XIV, p. 302), described a tusk found in digging a ditch near Brookville, 15 feet from the surface. It was nearly 6 feet long, had a diameter of 4 inches, and was strongly curved. This might have belonged to a mastodon.

On Area Between the Shelbyville and the Bloomington Moraines.

6. Parke, Vermillion, and Putnam Counties.—John Collett, State geologist in 1881 (2d Ann. Rep. Bur. Statist. and Geol., p. 385) made the bare statement that mammoth remains had been found in these counties. The southern portions of Parke and Putnam Counties are occupied by Illinoian drift; the northern portion of each by Wisconsin. Collett’s statement is not of great value for us. Some remains might have been buried on the area covered by the Illinoian drift.

In Area North of the Bloomington Moraine and South of the Wabash River and the Mississinawa Moraine.

7. Montgomery County.—W. H. Thompson, in 1886 (15th Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 159), reported the lower jaw of a mammoth found in the bed of Black Creek, on the land of Milton N. Waugh, who was not willing to part with it. Thompson thought that a lake had formerly occupied parts of Sugar Creek and Madison Townships. The jaw contained two teeth; besides this jaw, there were two tusks nearly 11 feet long.

The writer was informed by the late Professor Donaldson Bodine that the locality was on section 12, township 20 north, range 3 west. The teeth and bones were unearthed by a Mr. Parish and afterwards sold by him; but it has been found impossible to trace their history. The locality is on or very near a portion of the Bloomington morainic system, so that it is evident that the animal lived during the latter portion of the Wisconsin stage.

16. Connersville, Fayette County.—M. G. Mock has shown the writer a sketch of an elephant tooth found some years ago 3 miles southwest of Connersville. The tooth was 9 inches long, 7 inches high, and weighed 8 pounds. Whether it belonged to E. primigenius or to E. columbi is not known.

8. Wayne County.—John Collett, as mentioned under No. 6, stated that mammoth remains had been found in this county, but he did not enter into details.

9. Noblesville, Hamilton County.—John Collett, in the report cited in the last paragraph, on page 385, gave a detailed account of the finding of some remains of a mammoth 4 miles southeast of Noblesville, on the farm of John H. Caylor. The locality is given as on the east half of the northeast quarter of section 16, township 18, range 9 west; but evidently the range is 5 east. In the summer of 1880 a large ditch was being made for the drainage of a swamp, situated, according to Collett, in a valley 20 rods wide and extending several miles from southeast to nearly northwest. The higher land on each side is glacial drift and contains gravel and large boulders. The ditch was 4 feet deep, 3 feet of which was in recent peat or bog, and the bottom extended down 1 foot into fine blue clay. In this clay were found two well-preserved teeth of a mammoth, a hip bone, a thigh bone, and the tips of two vertebræ. These bones and teeth were scattered along the line of the ditch a distance of 80 feet and in a width of less than 2 feet. What became of these bones we are not informed. According to Leverett’s map, this region is covered by Wisconsin ground moraine. I am informed by Professor Leverett that the valley mentioned by Collett was probably originally a subglacial drainage channel.

15. Muncie, Delaware County.—M. G. Mock, of Houston, Texas, formerly of Muncie, Indiana, showed the writer a sketch of an elephant tooth, a lower hindermost molar, with considerable parts of the skeleton, found on the farm of S. N. Priddy, July 1, 1895. The tooth was 12 inches long and 5 inches across. This belonged probably to Elephas columbi, but of this there is no certainty.

10. Dora, Wabash County.—Elrod and Benedict, in 1892 (17th Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 241), reported two large teeth of a mammoth found on the farm of John H. Peffley, in the east half of the southwest quarter of section 18, township 27, range 8 east. The writers of the report saw one of the teeth and identified it as Elephas primigenius; but probably they did not consider the differences between this species and E. columbi.

In Area North of Wabash River.

11. Jasper County.—John Collett (12th Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 73) reported that mammoth remains had been found in Jasper County. Nothing was added.

12. Pleasant Township, Wabash County.—Elrod and Benedict, as noted above, state on their page 240 that some years previously mammoth bones had been discovered while throwing up an embankment for a bridge across Silver Creek. The bones were found under 5 feet of muck. We have no assurance that these bones were not those of a mastodon. It was reported to Elrod and Benedict that some were in Wabash College, at Crawfordsville. On this same creek, near Laketon, were found some mastodon remains, for which see page 98. This township, in the northwestern corner of Wabash County, lies on the great moraine which runs along the north side of Eel River.

13. St. John’s, Lake County.—Professor W. S. Blatchley, in 1898 (22d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 90), stated that an almost complete skeleton of a mammoth had been found in a marsh at the headwaters of Deep River, in the north half of section 35, township 35 north, range 9 west. This would be very close to St. John’s and on the Valparaiso moraine.

It is not probable that Professor Blatchley saw this skeleton, and we can not, therefore, be certain that it was not that of a mastodon. If it did belong to one of the elephants it is to be regretted that such rare materials have not been preserved.

14. Allen County.—Professor C. R. Dryer (16th Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 129) recorded the finding of a single mammoth tooth in Allen County. Nothing more is known about this.

Within the Area of the Illinoian Drift.

1. Equality, Gallatin County.—In 1875, E. T. Cox (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VI, pp. 213–214), in his report on Gallatin County, Illinois, stated he had picked up numerous plates of elephant teeth at what was called “Half-moon,” located near Equality, in section 19, township 9, range 8 east. It is an excavation made many years ago to obtain salt-brine, near the Saline River, as the region thereabout furnishes salt springs. It is implied in Cox’s account that other remains of elephants had been found there, but usually in a bad condition. It is impossible to determine to which species of elephant the fragments belonged.

According to Leverett’s glacial map of the region (Monogr. XXXVIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate VI), the locality is occupied by alluvial terraces older than the Wisconsin drift. Not far away is the border of the Illinoian drift. Most probably the elephants there represented lived after the Illinoian stage, but they may have lived at any time thereafter up to the Late Wisconsin.

2. Chester, Randolph County.—Professor A. W. Worthen, former State geologist of Illinois, made (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 8) the statement that Hon. William McAdams had found at Chester and Alton remains of mammoth, Megalonyx, Bos (=Bison), Castoroides ohioensis, and other extinct animals. He did not, however, say what species had been found at each place.

A newspaper statement was published in 1911 to the effect that William Rade, of Belleville, had a large tooth, found in the lowlands along Mississippi River south of Chester. It was described as a molar a foot in length, 6 inches in diameter (in height probably), weighing over 5 pounds, and having several parallel ridges across the face. It was doubtless the tooth of a species of elephant. A letter addressed to William Rade brought no response. It is probable that the tooth had been washed down from higher ground at some time. Its geological age is indeterminable.

3. Calhoun County.—William McAdams reported in 1883 (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. LXXIX) that he had recovered from the clay in a ravine in Calhoun County, Illinois, “the jaw of an elephant beside which Jumbo would seem small.” One of the teeth from this fossil jaw, and which McAdams presented before the Academy for inspection, weighed nearly 18 pounds. It is not known what became of this jaw and the teeth; nor can we determine the geological age of the animal. Such discoveries lose most of their value through lack of exact statements regarding the origin of the objects.

15. Christian County.—In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 39), Worthen stated that a tooth of a mammoth had been found by David Miller in a sand drift near the South Fork of Sangamon River, in Christian County. It was presented to the State cabinet. The tooth is said to have been of a chalky whiteness. The drift which covers this county belongs to the Illinoian. It is not probable that the animal in question lived before the Illinoian stage.

4. Sangamon County.—In 1873, Worthen (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308) stated that the tooth of a mammoth had been found some years before in the bluffs of the Sangamon River and near the surface. He concluded that it had not come from beds older than the loess. While the probability is that the tooth was found in the Sangamon loess, there can be no certainty about it. The animal might have lived there while the Wisconsin ice was nearby.

5. Fulton County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list of 1905 (Augustana Library Pubs. No. 5, p. 10), Professor Albert Hurd, of Knox College, reported that there was in the museum of that college a poorly preserved tooth of some species of elephant, found in Fulton County. All that can be said about the geological age of this find is that the county is covered by Illinoian drift and that the tooth is probably not older. Nevertheless, it might have been found in some excavation or along some ravine which had reached the Yarmouth.

6. Galesburg, Knox County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list referred to, page 14, Professor Albert Hurd reported there was in the cabinet of Knox College a much decayed elephant tooth, found near Galesburg in the making of a ditch. The presumption is that the ditch had not passed through the Illinoian drift and that the animal had lived after the Illinoian stage; it may be during the Sangamon stage.

14. Pekin, Tazewell County.—In 1909 (Bull. 506, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 61), Dr. J. A. Udden reported remains of a proboscidean found in Adam Saal’s gravel-pit, between Illinois River and Dead Lake, a mile south of Pekin, at a depth of 18 feet. There were two tusks, two teeth, a part of a jaw, and a few other bones. One tooth is reported to have weighed 18 pounds, the other 8 pounds. These were doubtless weighed while wet. Only the teeth of an elephant would weigh so much. It is impossible to determine the species. Udden stated that the gravel probably belongs to the latest Wisconsin terrace. The locality is on the border of the Shelbyville moraine.

9. Peoria, Peoria County.—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 237), A. H. Worthen reported two molar teeth, with a portion of the jaw, found in a gravel-bed in the bluff in the city of Peoria. A part of one of these teeth was then in the State Cabinet at Springfield. According to Worthen, these remains were found at a depth between 12 and 48 feet. According to Udden’s map (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 506, plate I) the locality would probably be on the early Wisconsin terrace. The animal must have lived during the formation of this terrace. It would seem that this must have been after the Wisconsin ice had begun to retire and while the region was yet much depressed. Baker (Univ. Ill. Bull. XVII, p. 299) stated that this animal was a mastodon.

7. Rock Island, Rock Island County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list of mastodons and elephants it is stated that in laying the overflow pipe from the basins of the Rock Island waterworks on the bluff south of the city, a cut was made in the loess to a depth of about 22 feet near the edge of the bluff. In the lower part of this cut were found a part of a tooth of an elephant and a piece of a leg-bone. These were given to the museum of Augustana College. The loess at this point is said to be about 35 feet thick and the lower part is somewhat peaty in cuts in the streets further west. Probably this loess belongs to the Iowan stage and that beneath it was an old soil deposited in peat-swamps. The fossil seems to belong to the Iowan glacial stage, possibly to the Peorian interglacial.

Elephants Found Within the Area of the Wisconsin Drift.

8. Atwood, Piatt County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 17, it is stated that in the museum of Northwestern University there is a tooth of a mammoth found near Atwood in 1879. It was dug up from about 6 feet from the surface. Atwood is in the extreme southeastern corner of Piatt County; the region round about is occupied by what Leverett (Monogr. XXXVIII, plate VI) calls the Shelbyville till sheet, belonging to the early Wisconsin stage. The animal may have lived at any time since that till was deposited up to Late Wisconsin. The tooth was probably buried in some old peat-swamp and unearthed during tilling operations.

13. Wheaton, Du Page County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 10, it was reported on the authority of Charles A. Blanchard, president of Wheaton College, that about 1890 the remains of a mammoth were found in ditches on the Jewell farm, near Wheaton. The remains consisted of about a dozen ribs, as many vertebræ, a femur, and other parts of legs. It appears to the writer that the remains may have belonged to a mastodon.

Wheaton is situated on that part of the Valparaiso moraine which runs parallel with the western shore of Lake Michigan. Whatever the animal was it must be regarded as belonging to the Late Wisconsin stage.

13. Oak Park, Cook County.—Under this number 13 must be recorded a mammoth tooth found in a gravel-pit at Oak Park, at a depth of several feet. Only parts of it were secured and the species is unknown. The pit was in the Glenville beach, laid down during the waning of the Wisconsin glacial sheet (Baker, F. C., Univ. Ill. Bull. XVII, p. 70).

10. Evanston, Cook County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 9, Professor U. S. Grant, of Northwestern University, reported that the museum contains the tooth of a mammoth, taken from a gravel-pit near Evanston. The animal must have lived after the Wisconsin glacier had withdrawn into the basin of Lake Michigan.

11. Rochelle, Ogle County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, pages 15, 16, Professor Frank Leverett reported that in July 1886 he had seen a collection of mammoth fossils at the house of F. G. Rossman, a farmer living near Rochelle, which he had obtained in a bog in the northwestern part of section 33, Lynnville Township. The materials consisted of a tusk, two teeth, a piece of the jawbone, a few ribs, and some fragments of bones. The fragment of tusk was about 5 feet long, 20 inches in circumference at one end, about 18 inches at the other. The tooth was from 12 to 13 inches long and 4 inches wide.

Rochelle is on the border between the Wisconsin drift-sheet and the earlier one lying west of it. On Leverett’s map this is put down as being Iowan; but no Iowan is now recognized in Illinois. Mr. F. N. Rice, county surveyor, reported that Lynnville Township is number 41 north, range 2 west.

In the Unglaciated Region in the Northwest Corner of the State.

12. Galena, Jo Daviess County.—The geologist J. D. Whitney reported in 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 162) that a few teeth of the elephant had been found near Galena, on the surface. These are said to be preserved in a collection in Galena. Whitney stated that these were all that he had met with in the lead region. In his Geology of the Lead Region (Wisconsin Geol. Surv., vol. I, pp. 129–133) the same author said that, so far as he knew, elephant remains never were found in the lead crevices. The teeth mentioned above had been found within the limits of the city of Galena.

Galena is situated in the driftless region and no conclusion is reached about the geological age of those teeth.

WISCONSIN.

1. Stockholm, Pepin County.—All that is known regarding the occurrence of an elephant at this place was published by Professor N. H. Winchell in 1910 (Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 417), as follows: “Capt. Jos. Buisson stated that a mammoth tooth was found opposite Lake City, near Stockholm, on the shore of Lake Pepin.” The tooth may have been that of a mastodon.

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

1. Upper Marlboro, Prince George’s County.—In B. L. Miller’s geological report on this county (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1911, pp. 125, 126) it is stated that a right humerus of a mammoth, as determined by J. W. Gidley, had been found at the road crossing of Cabin Branch, near the western branch of Patuxent River. The bone was sent to Georgetown University, Washington, D. C.

2. Washington.—In the Prince George’s County volume of the Maryland Geological Survey, 1911, page 123, Dr. B. L. Miller stated that a tooth of Elephas americanus (E. primigenius probably) had been found in Wicomico materials in the pits of a Washington brick company, at a depth of 35 feet. The brickyard was bounded by Florida and Trinidad avenues and the Bladensburg turnpike. What has become of this tooth is not known, nor can one be certain that the tooth was not that of E. columbi. It may with safety be referred to an early stage of the Pleistocene.

VIRGINIA.

1. Warrenton, Fauquier County.—In 1831, Richard Harlan (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 58–67), in a letter to the editor, stated that a “Dr. W.” of the village presented him with a fossil molar tooth of an elephant found in that vicinity. Nothing more is known of this specimen.