27. Penn Township, Jay County.—Mr. David McCaslin (12th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 169) stated that various remains of mastodon had been found in Jay County. He mentioned in particular fragments found in Penn Township (township 24 north, range 8 east) and which seemed to indicate the presence of an entire skeleton. It is, however, possible that this skeleton was that of an elephant. The Salamonie moraine passes diagonally through this township.
28. Fort Wayne, Allen County.—Richard Lydekker (Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. IV, p. 17) stated that there is in the British Museum of Natural History a cast of the left half of the brain of an immature specimen of mastodon which had been found at Fort Wayne. The cast had been sent to that museum by the Chicago Academy of Science.
Professor C. R. Dryer (16th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 129) reported five skeletons of mastodons found in Allen County. No particulars were given. A note from Professor Dryer to the present writer states that he had been unable to obtain additional information. It is not unlikely that some of these remains belonged to elephants, but doubtless some were those of mastodons. It is to be regretted that so little of value is secured from such discoveries.
29. DeKalb County, 5 miles west of Waterloo.—In the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh there is a quite complete skeleton of a mastodon which was found in 1897, in a peat-bog about 5 miles west of Waterloo. Dr. W. J. Holland gave a brief account of this skeleton in 1905 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. III, p. 464). The exact location of the place has not been ascertained by the writer. According to Leverett’s map (Monograph LIII, U. S. Geological Survey) this mastodon was buried on the eastern border of the Salamonie moraine, and it could not have lived there until well along in the latter part of the Wisconsin stage.
55. DeKalb County, 5 miles northeast of Waterloo.—Dr. W. J. Holland (Popular Science, New York, vol. XXXIII, 1899, p. 233) described the finding and disinterment of three mastodons and had a figure of one skeleton. One of the nearly complete skeletons was found resting on “hardpan,” partly embedded in a thin layer of shell marl and muck under the peat, at points not more than 3 feet below the surface.
56. Noble County.—Under this number may be mentioned the following discovery of mastodon remains: In the American Naturalist, volume II, 1868, page 56, was reported a communication made to the Chicago Academy of Science by Dr. Meyers, of Fort Wayne. He announced that he and Dr. Stimpson, of Chicago, had unearthed the skeletons of three mastodons somewhere in Noble County, in a basin-shaped depression in the middle of a corn-field, formerly a willow swamp. One of the animals was a young one. Some of the bones had been found by Mr. Thrush, in digging a ditch through his land.
The skeletons lay at a depth of 4 or 5 feet, in a stratum of peat which overlay blue clay containing lacustrine shells. In the peat were found fragments of boughs and branches of several kinds of wood in a good state of preservation, and some fragments had been gnawed by beavers.
30. Ashley, Steuben County.—The American Museum of Natural History, New York, contains the fine skull of a mastodon, found in Steuben Township not far from Ashley. The finder of the skull, Mr. Walter F. Deller, of Ashley, informed the writer that it was discovered in a swamp which was being drained, about 5 feet from the surface. He states that the bones lay in a marl, itself overlain by muck, and on top of all some soil which had been washed in. So far as can be determined, the animal was buried between the Mississinawa and the Salamonie moraines. With the skull were found other parts of the skeleton, which shows that the remains were in their original place of burial.
31. Beaver Lake, Newton County.—In 1870 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 229), Frank H. Bradley reported that in draining Beaver Lake, in Newton County, mastodon remains had been found, in company with Boötherium. No details were furnished, and it is not known what was done with the specimens. It is probable that the musk-ox belonged to the species Symbos cavifrons. It occurs over the country much more abundantly than any other musk-ox.
Beaver Lake has disappeared from the maps, but it is shown on the geological map of Indiana, published in the Eighteenth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana. The lake occupied a part of the present township of McClellan (township 30 north, range 9 west). Doubtless this lake existed ever since the retirement of the ice from that region. The mastodon was probably found in making the ditch from the lake in a northwesterly direction into the Kankakee River.
32. Jasper County.—John Collett, at that time State geologist, reported in 1882 (12th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 73) that remains of a mastodon had been found in this county, but no particulars were furnished. He stated that remains of this species, as well as those of the mammoth, were buried in deposits of peat. A portion of the county is occupied by the Marseilles morainic system, the remainder by the Kankakee marsh, perhaps largely a lake during the latter part of the Wisconsin stage. On the maps the number 32 is placed arbitrarily.
33. Denham, Pulaski County.—In 1915 the U. S. National Museum secured a large part of the skeleton of a mastodon found about 2 miles west of Denham. The locality is described to the writer by Mr. W. D. Pattison, of Winamac, as being on the half-section line between the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter and the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 9, township 31 north, range 3 west. This would be not far west from the center of the section. The skeleton was thrown out by the shovel of the ditching machine, but most of the bones, including the skull, were obtained in quite good condition. They were found at a depth of about 9 feet, in a marly deposit, itself overlain by sandy materials.
On consulting Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana it is seen that this skeleton was found in a marshy tract, in which Monon River rises. It is represented by Leverett as a ground moraine plain, surrounded by plains covered by sand and displaying sand dunes. It forms a part of what has been called Kankakee Lake, but which, as Leverett says, may have been in late Pleistocene times not greatly unlike what it has been within Recent times. It must have been well along in the afternoon of the Wisconsin stage when this mastodon tempted the insecure footing of these swamps.
This skeleton has been mounted and is now on exhibition at the U. S. National Museum.
34. Rich Grove Township, Pulaski County.—Mr. J. W. Gidley, of the National Museum, and Mr. F. M. Williams, of Winamac, Indiana, in 1915, saw some mastodon bones which had been found here. No details have been reported.
49. Indian Creek Township, Pulaski County.—From Dr. E. S. Riggs, of Field Museum of Natural History, it has been learned that in June 1914, about half of the skeleton of a mastodon was found on the farm of Mr. William Battie, 5 miles west of Oak, Pulaski County. This would be in township 29 north, range 2 west. The skeleton was encountered by ditchers at a depth of 3 feet, in black loam. It was not secured for the Field Museum of Natural History.
35. Royal Center, Cass County.—Mr. Gidley and Mr. Williams, as mentioned under No. 34, saw also some mastodon remains which were from about 2 miles west of Royal Center.
48. Fulton, Fulton County.—The American Museum of Natural History, New York, contains several mastodon bones secured by Mr. Barnum Brown in 1915, but which had been found by Mr. Arthur Fry, in July 1913. These remains were met with in excavating for abutments for a bridge and had been thrown out of a drainage ditch. The bones were disassociated and scattered over a considerable area. They were all in black muck overlying compact quicksand and about 4 feet below the black loam surface soil. From Mr. Fry it is learned that the locality is 2 miles southeast of Fulton. This is in township 29 north, range 2 east, and quite certainly in section 36. Mr. Fry wrote that in digging up these bones logs were found that had been gnawed by beavers.
Dr. W. D. Matthew informs the writer that on cleaning up the materials there proved to be present at least four individuals. One was represented by a very complete skull with portions of the tusks. There was another skull; also two lower jaws which appeared not to belong to either of the skulls. From the shortness and the diameter of the tusks it is believed that all the individuals were females. Besides the skulls there were many bones belonging to the trunk and the limbs.
36. Macy, Miami County.—Near this place was found the fine skeleton of a mastodon which is mounted and on exhibition in the Public Museum at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A figure of this has been published by the writer (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 659).
This skeleton was found, according to Mr. H. L. Ward, director of the museum mentioned, in 1907, in the northwest quarter of section 29, township 29, range 4 east, between Macy and Deedsville. This locality is on the great moraine which lies north of Eel River and was produced by the ice fronts of the Michigan, the Saginaw, and the Lake Erie lobes. According to a sketch and some notes furnished to Mr. Ward by Mr. C. F. Fite, who secured the skeleton, it was lying at the lower end of an 8–shaped area of low muck land surrounded by rather high sandy land. The skeleton was buried at a depth of 4 or 5 feet, and the surface was miry and covered with water. Mr. Fite concluded from the position of the bones that the animal had become mired. He says in a letter to the present writer that the contents of the stomach had been preserved, but on exposure to the air became powdery like ashes.
Mr. Fite writes that he took up portions of another mastodon in the southwest quarter of section 26, township 29 north, range 5 east (Perry Township), and that he has the lower jaw and teeth. This animal was found in an old pond which had a growth of buttonwood. The bones were in a blue clay, itself overlain by a rich black soil.
Still another mastodon is reported by Mr. Fite from this region. This was found in the fall of 1915, in the northwest quarter of section 12, township 29 north, range 3 east. The remains were found at a depth of 4 feet and were in a pretty fair state of preservation, except the skull. The animal had been a large one.
37. Peru, Miami County.—In the collection of Yale University is a lower left last molar, No. 11689, labeled as having come from Peru, but there is no other information. Peru is on the Wabash River, a few miles south of Denver.
51. Jackson Township, Miami County.—Mr. Fite reports having found another mastodon in the southeast quarter of section 11, Jackson Township, Miami County (T. 25 N., R. 5 E.). This would be not far from Pipe Creek, between Somerset and Amboy, and some miles outside of the Mississinawa moraine. The writer has seen these bones, mostly vertebræ, and agrees with the identification.
38. Laketon, Wabash County.—Elrod and Benedict state (17th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 240) that in 1872 a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon was found about 2 miles west of this place, in digging a ditch at the roadside. The exact location is in section 8, township 29 north, range 6 east, near the bank of Silver Creek. The political name of the township is Pleasant. This would be on the southern border of the great moraine already mentioned as running northeastward and southwestward, north of Eel River. After some litigation the skeleton was put on exhibition at Fort Wayne.
In throwing up an embankment for a bridge across Silver Creek, workmen found in the same township, as reported by Elrod and Benedict, bones of Elephas primigenius. They were under 5 feet of muck.
39. North Manchester, Wabash County.—Elrod and Benedict, as cited above, reported that a jawbone with two teeth in it had been found on the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 1, township 29, range 7 east. This is about 3 miles east of North Manchester. The description given of these teeth shows that the jaw was that of a mastodon. It was found beneath 2.5 feet of solid blue clay. According to Leverett’s map, the locality is not far west of the outer border of the Mississinawa moraine.
40. Lagrange, Lagrange County.—Professor Donaldson Bodine, now deceased, formerly of Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, informed the writer that there are in Wabash College some teeth and other parts of a mastodon, which were found in 1910 in some dredging operations near Lagrange.
H. Pohlig (Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., etc., vol. XXVI, 1912, p. 187) described a lower jaw, found somewhere about Lagrange, which he referred to Tetracaulodon ohioticum. It contained a small tusk 230 mm. long and 40 mm. in diameter. There was present also an alveolus for the other tusk. He accepts the genus Tetracaulodon for mastodons “a quatre défenses permanentes sans émail représenté par le Mastodon ohioticum.” Individuals without lower tusks are regarded by him as females.
In Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, New York, there is, or was, a lower jaw of a mastodon from Lagrange County.
The writer has received a photograph showing the right fore-leg, two ribs, two tusks, and a lower jaw of a mastodon found in 1884, in a swamp, 4 miles northwest of Lagrange. The remains were embedded in a clayey marl deposit, at a depth of from 4 to 10 feet. They are said to have been exhumed by Dr. H. M. Betts. The hindermost lower molar shows five crests and a heel. On the right side is a small lower tusk.
Lagrange is situated at the junction of moraines formed by the Saginaw and the Huron-Erie lobes of the Wisconsin glacier. From this the Lagrange moraine runs off northwestward (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., LIII, p. 143). Parts of the county are occupied by till plains and others by sand and gravel plains and channels of glacial drainage. At the time these mastodons lived in Steuben and Lagrange Counties, the Wisconsin ice must have retired quite beyond the limits of the State.
41. Lowell, Lake County.—Mr. M. W. Ponto, Lowell, Indiana, has sent to the U. S. National Museum a photograph of a lower right hinder molar (apparently not yet having come into use) of a mastodon. This was found at a depth of 2 feet 9 inches in a trench for a tile drain. The locality is in the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 36, township 33 north, range 9 west. This is on the southern border of what Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 175) regards as possibly the westward continuation of the Kalamazoo morainic system of the Lake Michigan glacial lobe.
42 to 44. Porter County.—In 1898 (22d Rep. Geol. Surv. Ind.), Professor W. S. Blatchley reported mastodons from various localities in this county; he probably did not see these remains, and the identifications must be regarded as somewhat doubtful. Nevertheless it is more probable that the bones and teeth belonged to the mastodon than to any of the elephants. The latter, however, have been found in this same county. It is rather remarkable that so little definite knowledge has been preserved regarding the proboscideans found in this corner of Indiana.
42. Hebron, Porter County.—One of the localities just mentioned is in section 25, township 33 north, range 7 west, about 3 miles southeast of Hebron. No other information has been obtained about this specimen. Other remains are said to have been found in a marsh, by the side of Cobb’s Creek, just east of Hebron.
43. Kouts, Porter County.—Another find of mastodon remains, as reported by Professor Blatchley, was near Sandyhook, northwest of Kouts. Mr. C. H. Wolbrandt, of Kouts, has informed the writer that a tooth, probably that referred to by Professor Blatchley, was found some years ago in a ditch being made in the Sandyhook marsh. The tooth was found in a mucky soil at a depth of about 2 feet.
The remains which were found east of Hebron and the tooth found near Kouts were buried near the northern border of the Kankakee marsh, which probably was, since the passing of the Wisconsin ice, no less a marsh than within historical times, and perhaps during some of the time a lake.
44. Valparaiso, Porter County.—Professor Blatchley, as quoted above, reported that some remains of a mastodon were found about 2 miles southwest of Valparaiso. The locality is in the southwest quarter of section 27, township 35 north, range 6 west. This would be on the Valparaiso moraine.
45. Valparaiso, Porter County.—The writer has learned from Mr. Jacob Davis, of Hebron, that in dredging at a point about 5 miles southeast of Valparaiso he met with a skeleton of a mastodon and secured a large number of bones at a depth of 8 feet; but some of them were carried off by curiosity hunters. It is depressing to think that such remains should be preserved for thousands of years only to be put to such trivial uses. This locality would be in the Kankakee marshes.
46. Olive Township, St. Joseph County.—In the museum at Notre Dame University are considerable remains of a mastodon, found about 1902 in Olive Township, about 12 miles west or southwest of Notre Dame. Professor Kirsch has sent a photograph of a tooth of Elephas primigenius which was found in Olive Township. Apparently the mastodon and the elephant were living together late in the Wisconsin stage.
47. Notre Dame, St. Joseph County.—From Rev. A. M. Kirsch the writer learns that remains of two mastodons have been found in the region about Notre Dame, within a few feet of the surface. All these localities are within the area of Kankakee marsh. These specimens are now in the fine collection of that university.
For 48, 49 see page 97; for 50 see page 92; for 51 see page 98; for 52 see page 90; for 53 see page 94; for 54 see page 91; for 55 and 56 see page 95.
1. Shawneetown, Gallatin County.—In 1875 (vol. VI, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 214), Professor E. T. Cox reported that teeth of a mastodon had been found the preceding summer close to the water’s edge in front of Shawneetown. They were embedded in a shallow deposit of bluish clay which rested upon yellow clay and gravel. Michael Robinson, of Shawneetown, states in a letter that he has in his cabinet teeth of mastodon and mammoth, found about that town. The bluffs bordering the Ohio River at Shawneetown were regarded by Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, plate VI) as of Wisconsin age, consisting of outwash from the ice-sheet lying farther north.
A. H. Worthen (vol. VI, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 39) stated that a fine tooth of a mastodon, found in Gallatin County, had been presented to the State cabinet, but no exact history of it was known.
2. Chester, Randolph County.—A note in the Kansas City Review of Science and Industry, volume VII, 1883, page 351, taken apparently from a newspaper at Chester, states that a mastodon’s tusk and skull had been discovered in Chester. It was expected that Professor A. H. Worthen, State geologist of Illinois at that time, would arrive and conduct the exhumation. Later (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 8) Worthen stated that a mastodon had been found at Chester; but no details were added. With so little knowledge as to exact locality and the surroundings the discovery is of little value.
3. Beaucoup, Washington County.—In 1857, the geologist J. W. Foster reported (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. X, Nat. Hist., p. 163) that remains of a mastodon had been discovered by workmen in making an excavation along the Illinois Central Railroad, near the town of Beaucoup. The bones were at a depth of 18 feet in the prairie drift, below the yellow clay and in the older or reddish clay. No details were given as to what bones were found or what was done with them.
Most of this county is covered by Illinoian drift. Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, p. 770) states that on the higher lands this has a depth of from 10 to 20 feet. One might suppose that at a depth of 18 feet some pre-Illinoian interglacial deposit had been encountered. It is not at all probable that the bones of the mastodon were inclosed in the drift itself.
4. East St. Louis, St. Clair County.—Dr. F. V. Hayden (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 316) announced the finding of a tooth of a mastodon in the bluffs opposite St. Louis. This was probably in St. Clair County.
In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a lower right last molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found in St. Clair County, but there is no other information.
In the collection of the St. Louis Academy of Science there are two teeth of a mastodon, right and left last upper molars, which had been brought in by a boy and presented to the Academy. He said that they had been found in East St. Louis and had been in the possession of the family for some time. The length of the left molar is 175 mm., the width 102 mm. While the valley of the Mississippi River is here filled by deposits laid down during the Wisconsin stage (Leverett, op cit., plate VI) and by later-formed alluvium, Illinoian drift enters into the bluffs, and perhaps pre-Illinoian interglacial soils. It is, therefore, of interest that there should be an exact record made of the place of discovery of every bone and tooth found, the character of the deposit, and the depth of burial. In all the cases here recorded no such records have been kept.
5. Alton, Madison County.—In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 315; 1871, Amer. Naturalist, vol. V, p. 607), A. H. Worthen reported that a part of a jawbone of a mastodon, with two teeth in it, had been found in the lower part of the loess, 30 feet below the surface, at some point just above Alton. The jaw was separated from the limestone by 2 or 3 feet of local drift. The bone was of a chalky whiteness and in a fine state of preservation. Worthen wrote that the loess on the bluffs in this region is from 40 to 80 feet in thickness, but appears in places to have been removed by erosion, so that it comes down to the rock.
Reference is made by Worthen later (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 8) to the discoveries of vertebrate fossils in the drift and loess of this region. He mentions that Hon. William McAdams found, at Alton and Chester, remains of mastodon, mammoth, megalonyx, castoroides, and “Bos primigenius.” McAdams’s collection is now in the U. S. National Museum and a list of the species is presented on page 339. These species were described by the writer in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 109–117). In it are only two fragments of molars of this species.
In the collection at Yale University (No. 11713) is an upper left last molar of a mastodon, obtained from Mr. McAdams. The enamel is very white. There is on the label the date “Feb. 21, 1888.” This may be one of the teeth referred to above, and the date may refer to the date of purchase.
6. Sandoval, Marion County.—Before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at its meeting in 1856 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. X, 1857, p. 163), the geologist J. W. Foster stated that at Sandoval, on the Illinois Central Railroad, mastodon remains had been found at a depth of 12 feet, under conditions similar to those existing near Beaucoup, in Washington County. Here again there is a poverty of information. In this county there is, in many places, a very compact white clay overlying the Illinoian drift. The relations of this to the drift are not well understood. At a depth of 12 feet in this clay the Illinoian drift might not be reached in some places, while at this depth in the drift a pre-Illinoian deposit might be encountered.
7. Near Niantic, Macon County.—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308), A. H. Worthen gave an account of finding some remains of a mastodon in this county, near the line between it and Sangamon County and between Illiopolis and Niantic, on a farm then owned by Mr. William F. Correll. The American Journal of Science, volume 50, page 422, in a note regarding the discovery, states that the place is 1.5 miles southeast of Illiopolis. A well was being sunk in a low, spongy piece of ground, which had evidently been a pond filled up by wash from the surrounding higher ground. At a depth of 4 feet two tusks were found, one measuring 7 feet in length and about 8 inches in circumference, the lower jaw containing the teeth, the teeth of the upper jaw, and some small bones. Besides these remains of the mastodon, there were found some bones of the buffalo and deer, and two antlers of an elk. The bones of these yet existing species are said to have been found at the same depth as the mastodon bones, but were of a lighter color and less decayed.
The bones were partly embedded in a light-gray quicksand, filled with small fresh-water shells. Above this was 4 feet of black peaty soil.
In the eighth volume of the Geological Survey of Illinois, on page 23, Worthen wrote that some of the smaller bones of the mastodon and those of the other animals, except the antlers of the elk, were preserved in the State Museum of Natural History, at Springfield.
In the museum of the Chicago Academy of Science are, as reported by the curator, Frank C. Baker, to Netta C. Anderson (Augustana Lib. Pubs. No. 5, p. 14), two rami of the lower jaw and several molars of a mastodon, all well preserved. They are labeled as having been found in Macon County, “6 miles from Abraham Lincoln’s first home” and as having been presented by C. F. Günther. With these is an upper tooth which probably belonged with the same lot as the lower jaw. There can hardly be a doubt that this jaw and these teeth are those described by Worthen. The finder had probably sold them to Mr. Günther, of Chicago, who had a private collection.
The region about Niantic is within the area of the Illinoian drift, so that the bones must have been deposited in the pond after the passing away of the Illinoian ice-sheet.
Dr. F. C. Baker (Bull. Univ. Illinois, vol. XVII, p. 300), in speaking of this case, says that the deposit rests on Illinoian drift and hence it appears referable to the Sangamon interval. It seems to the present writer that these animals belong to a later time, possibly the Late Wisconsin. The locality is about 5 miles from Sangamon River. One might suppose that time enough had elapsed after the Illinoian for the drainage of the pond that must once have been there. Also, Worthen in his account states the uplands are covered by loess from 6 to 20 feet in thickness. One might expect that the pond would have been filled up with the loess which had blown into it and which had been washed into it from the surrounding higher land. These considerations are of course not final. The Wisconsin moraine is not far away, and it is possible that outwash from this was responsible for the pond and that the animals lived after the glacier had passed away.
8. Warsaw, Hancock County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s “Preliminary List of Fossil Mastodon and Mammoth Remains in Illinois and Iowa” (Augustana Lib. Pubs. No. 5) it was reported by Mr. C. K. Worthen, of Warsaw, that a part of a mastodon tooth had been found sticking out of a bank of a creek 5 miles below the town mentioned.
The writer has seen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, from near Warsaw, a part of a lower second molar, labeled as having been found at a depth of 10 feet, 3 miles east of the Mississippi River. It was presented by G. W. Hall.
9. Manito, Mason County.—In the U. S. National Museum is a large upper right second molar, No. 7801, presented in 1913 by Mr. John Wiedmer, of St. Louis. This was found by his workmen near Manito, in a peat deposit, at a depth of 5 feet, embedded in the top of a layer of sand which underlies the peat. At about the same depth was found a part of the skull of Symbos cavifrons, also presented to the U. S. National Museum. The place of discovery more exactly given is in section 22, township 23, range 6.
This locality is within the area of the Illinoian drift. On the east, a few miles away, is the foot of the great Shelbyville moraine; while very near, toward the west, there are, according to Leverett (op. cit., plate VI) widely spread deposits brought down by the Illinois River from the Wisconsin ice-sheet. The geological conditions here seem to make it probable that both animals lived near the close of the Wisconsin stage. There may, however, have been a considerable interval between the times of the two animals; for peat, sometimes at least, accumulates very slowly. In proof of this may be cited the case of mastodons found near the surface of peat swamps in Michigan. In the same peat-swamp at Manito were found at depths of 3 or 4 feet some Indian flint implements. These are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
10. Knox County.—On page 14 of Netta C. Anderson’s list, already mentioned, Professor Albert Hurd, curator of the museum of Knox College, Galesburg, reported that there was in the collection a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon found in the bed of Spoon River, which runs across the southeastern part of the county. Exactly where along this stream the tooth was discovered is not on record.
11. Cambridge, Henry County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, on page 12, Professor Frank C. Baker, then curator of the Chicago Academy of Science, reported that there is in the collection a part of a tusk of a mastodon, found at Cambridge, in digging a well, at a depth of 16 feet.
In this case one can not be certain that the tusk did not belong to one of the elephants. From information accompanying the specimen one can determine little about the exact geological age of the animal. It is probably post-Illinoian.
12. Rural Township, Rock Island County.—Dr. J. A. Udden (in Netta C. Anderson’s list, p. 18) reported that there is in the collection of Augustana College, Rock Island, a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon, found in 1900, in a creek in the township named, in the southeastern corner of the county. Udden gives the locality as being in section 19, township 16 north, range 1 west.
In the same institution (J. A. Udden, Augustana Coll., Pub. No. V, p. 12) is a part of a proboscidean tusk, referred to the mastodon, which Dr. Udden states was found near Milan, at the base of the loess, in the red oxidized layer of the Illinoian boulder clay. The locality is on the north side of Rock River and on the east side of the Milan road south of Rock Island. The conditions would seem to indicate that the animal had lived about the close of the Illinoian drift stage.
About June 15, 1916, Mr. A. Daxon, of Omaha, Nebraska, sent photographs of two mastodon teeth to the U. S. National Museum for identification. These teeth were found in Bowling Township, Rock Island County, 10 or 12 miles south of Rock Island, but no further information about them has been secured.
Professor J. A. Paarmann, curator of the Davenport, Iowa, Academy of Sciences, has written that he had seen a finely preserved mastodon tooth which had been picked up on the surface of the ground a mile west of Milan. The land around about is swampy. The tooth was in the possession of Edward Herbert, Rock Island, Illinois, but the present writer has not been able to get any information from him.
13. Sterling, Whiteside County.—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 4222) is a mastodon molar, recorded as found near the town named. It was transmitted through the U. S. Geological Survey and credited to T. A. Schroder. It is said to have been found with other teeth and parts of the skeleton, so that there is little probability that the skeleton was disturbed after its original interment. It is to be regretted that so little information was allowed to come with the specimen.
Sterling is in a region of very complicated Pleistocene geology. South of it is an extensive region of swamps and deposits referred by Leverett (op. cit., plate VI) to “sand and gravel plains of Wisconsin age.” North of the town is drift mapped by Leverett as Iowan, but which is now regarded as Illinoian. As to the age of the tooth in question, no probable conclusion can be formed, except that it is of post-Illinoian time.
27. Walnut, Bureau County.—In the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City, there are three molars (No. 10666), belonging to each side of the upper jaw of a mastodon which was found somewhere near Walnut, in Bureau County.
14. New Milford, Winnebago County.—According to S. P. Lathrop (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XII, 1851, p. 439), a large tooth of a mastodon, in a fine state of preservation, was found in the Kishwaukee River, being brought up in a seine.
The geology about New Milford is not well worked out. The deposits along the Kishwaukee were probably laid down during or shortly after the Wisconsin stage.
15. Byron, Ogle County.—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 110), James Shaw reported that a tooth identified as that of a mastodon had been found, in 1858, in a tributary of Stillman’s Run, somewhere in the region about Byron. The locality is low and marshy. The tooth is described as having been a ponderous grinder, weighing 7.5 pounds, and to have been covered with a black and shining enamel. A large mastodon tooth, just out of the water, might attain such a weight. The statement regarding the enamel confirms the identification.
Shaw reported further that a large leg-bone, supposed to belong to a mastodon, had been found 2 or 3 miles above Byron, along the bank of Rock River, 5 feet below the surface and about 15 feet above ordinary water-level. It was sent to the State Museum at Springfield. This may have belonged to one of the elephants.
Harper, Ogle County.—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, on page 15, is a report from Miss Abba Eager, of Forreston, concerning a tooth of a mastodon found on the farm of Mr. Gross, in Forreston Township, about a mile south of Harper, in the bed of a small stream. Another tooth had been found there a short time before.
Byron is on Rock River, and the tooth was probably in alluvial deposits laid down after the recession of the Wisconsin ice. Harper is near the western border of the county and Illinoian drift covers the country. All that can be said in the case of the teeth found is that the possessors lived after the Illinoian stage.
16. Urbana, Champaign County.—In the collection of the Illinois State University the writer saw a lower right last molar of a mastodon, found June 1, 1911, at Crystal Lake park, 1.5 miles northeast of the university.
Pesotum, Champaign County.—In 1909, Mr. Rufus M. Bagg (Univ. Ill. Bull., vol. VI, No. 17, p. 49) recorded the fact that a mastodon tooth with some bones had been found near Pesotum, on the farm of Mr. Pfeffer, at a depth of 3.5 feet, in digging a ditch.
Inasmuch as this whole region is covered by Wisconsin drift, the animal could not have lived there before the ice which deposited the Champaign moraine had withdrawn. It probably lived there long after the ice had retreated, possibly about the time when the megalonyx, whose claw alone is left as a memorial of his former existence, lived in that region.
17. Edgar County.—In 1870 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 266), Frank H. Bradley, in describing the topography of Edgar County, stated that a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon had been found in one of the sloughs of the prairie region which prevails in the western part of the county. It was said that after having been exhibited over that region it was sold to some museum in Philadelphia, but the writer has been unable to obtain further information.
In 1857 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. X, Nat. Hist., p. 10), J. W. Foster reported that a jaw and three teeth of a mastodon had been found in yellow clay, about 3 feet from the surface, at Bloomfield, in this county. This name has disappeared from the maps and gazetteers.
A little of the southern border of the county is occupied by Illinoian drift, but the greater part is covered by drift of Wisconsin age. The mastodons reported probably lived after the retirement of the last ice of the Glacial period.
18. Fairmount, Vermillion County.—In 1870, Frank H. Bradley (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 242) stated that in September 1868 remains of a mastodon were found 2 miles southeast of Fairmount. He described the locality as having a black soil, from 1 to 2 feet deep, and underlain by a light-brown tenacious clay, filled with the shells of Lymnæa, Physa, Planorbis, Sphærium, etc. The bones of the mastodon lay partly in this marly clay, but the tip of one tusk rose to within 13 inches of the surface. The bones were considerably decayed, but Bradley thought this had resulted from the previous draining of the land and the accession of air to the bones. Some fragments of this skeleton are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Science. The locality is very close to the northern edge of the Champaign moraine.
19. Iroquois and Vermillion Counties.—Under this number must be recorded 3 mastodons found at as many different places. Hoopeston is in Vermillion County, but evidently the mastodon credited to this place was found in Iroquois County.
Six miles northwest of Hoopeston.—In 1881 (2d Ann. Rep. Dept. Statist. and Geol. Indiana, p. 18; of complete report, p. 386), John Collett gave an account of the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon about 6 miles northwest of Hoopeston. The locality is evidently in the southwestern corner of township 24 north, range 11 east. Each tusk formed a full quarter of a circle, was 9 feet long, 22 inches in circumference at the base, and weighed, while yet wet, 175 pounds. The lower jaw was well preserved, nearly 3 feet long, and contained a magnificent set of teeth. The leg-bones, when joined at the knee, made a length of 5.5 feet. What was supposed to be remains of herbs and grasses which the animal had eaten were found between the ribs.
The following mollusks are reported as being found in the same clay as that which contained the bones: Pisidium abditum?, Valvata tricarinata, Valvata striata?, Planorbis parvus. It is stated that these shells live at present all over the States of Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, and indicate that the climate of the mastodon’s day was greatly like that of the present in that region.
Dr. John M. Clarke (56th Ann. Rep. New York State Museum, published in 1904, p. 926) states that the tusks of this mastodon are now in the American Museum of Natural History and form a part of a mounted mastodon. The lower jaw is also in that museum. The writer has seen this jaw, No. 14345, and there are in it 2 tusks of considerable size, such as the writer has supposed characterized Mammut progenium. In case this species shall prove to be a natural one it continued from the first interglacial or even earlier to the close of the Wisconsin. This is the mastodon to which Blatchley refers (22d Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 90).
East Lynn, Vermillion County.—The writer has a note to the effect that some mastodon remains were found near this place in 1881, but the authority can not be cited. East Lynn is 7 miles west of Hoopeston.
Rossville.—Dr. Rufus M. Bagg, jr. (Univ. Ill. Bulletin, vol. VI, No. 17, 1909, p. 49, plate IV, figs. 2, 3) reported the finding of a mastodon’s tooth near Rossville, on the banks of the North fork of Vermillion River, about 7 miles south of Hoopeston. The figures indicate that the tooth is the lower right first molar, 127 mm. long and 85 mm. wide.
All three of the mastodons mentioned were evidently buried in pond and swamp deposits which lie on or near the Bloomington moraine of the Wisconsin drift. They lived, therefore, after the disappearance of the last glacial ice-sheet and probably long after that disappearance.
20. Beecher, Will County.—At Hebron, Indiana, the writer has seen various bones of mastodons which had been unearthed in the region about Beecher by Mr. Jacob Davis, in dredging large ditches. He described these bones as amounting to “about two wagonloads.”
Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, Illinois, stated in a letter that it is reported that over a dozen mastodons have been found on one farm near Beecher in the last 10 years. Mr. Langford sent also a geological section (fig. 1) taken along Trim Creek. Besides the mastodon remains found there, he obtained a large part of an antler of Cervalces. The locality is given as the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section 11, township 33 north, range 14 east, 3 miles north of east of Beecher.
This locality is on the Valparaiso moraine, the last formed before the Wisconsin ice withdrew into Lake Michigan. It was, however, probably long after this that the mastodons lived and died there.
Mr. Langford’s account seems to indicate that, after the deposition of the Valparaiso moraine and the withdrawal of the ice-sheet, there was left along what is now Trim Creek a shallow lake, which became gradually filled by washings from the moraine. This at length became a marsh and produced peat and other vegetable muck. At one stage the surface appears to have been occupied by a forest, which later became covered by about 4 feet of sandy soil. Over this is 2 feet of black peat, itself overlain by probably Recent deposits.