FOOTNOTES
[1] Bailey, L. H. Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:43. 1892.
[2] Heideman, C. W. H. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 187. 1895.
[3] Waugh, F. A. Vt. Sta. Bul. 53. 1896.
[4] Bechstein Forstbot. Ed. 5. 424. 1843.
[5] Schneider, C. K. Hand. Laub. 631. 1906.
[6] Bailey, L. H. Cyc. Am. Hort. 1447. 1901; Hudson Fl. Anglic. 212. 1778.
[7] Heer Pflanz. Pfahlb. 27, fig. 16.
[8] Bostock and Riley Nat. Hist. of Pliny. 3:294. 1892.
[9] Koch, K. Dend. 1:94, 96. 1869. Ledebour. Fl. Ross. 2:5. 1829. Boissier. Fl. Orient. 2:652.
[10] Koch, K. Deut. Obst. 146. 1876.
[11] Kalm, Peter Travels into North America 3:240. 1771.
[12] Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia 1:17. 1844.
[13] Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, 1st Ser. 1:118.
[14] Josselyn, John, Gent. New England Rarities London. 1672.
[15] Samuel Deane, D.D. The New England Farmer or Georgical Dictionary 265. 1797.
[16] Beverly, Robert History of Virginia 279. 1722. Reprint 1855.
[17] Lawson, John History of North Carolina 110. 1714.
[18] Ramsey’s History of South Carolina 2:128, 129, Ed. 1858.
[19] Forbes, James Grant Sketches of the Floridas 87, 91, 170. 1821.
[20] In 1763 Dr. Andrew Turnbull established a colony of fifteen hundred Greeks and Minorcans at New Smyrna, Florida, for the cultivation of sugar and indigo. But they cultivated other plants as well, among the fruits grown there being the grape, peach, plum, fig, pomegranate, olive and orange. Forbes, James Grant Sketches of the Floridas 91. 1821.
[21] Bartram, William Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, etc. Dublin: 1793.
[22] Prince, William Treatise of Horticulture 24. 1828.
[23] Ibid. p. 28.
[24] Prince, William Treatise of Horticulture 23. 1828.
[25] The frontispiece of The Plums of New York, showing a likeness of William Robert Prince, dedicates the book to this distinguished American pomologist. It is appropriate that the following biographical sketch of Mr. Prince, written for The Grapes of New York, should be reprinted here. “William Robert Prince, fourth proprietor of the Prince Nursery and Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, was born in 1795 and died in 1869. Prince was without question the most capable horticulturist of his time and an economic botanist of note. His love of horticulture and botany was a heritage from at least three paternal ancestors, all noted in these branches of science, and all of whom he apparently surpassed in mental capacity, intellectual training and energy. He was a prolific writer, being the author of three horticultural works which will always take high rank among those of Prince’s time. These were: A Treatise on the Vine, Pomological Manual, in two volumes, and the Manual of Roses, beside which he was a lifelong contributor to the horticultural press. All of Prince’s writings are characterized by a clear, vigorous style and by accuracy in statement. His works are almost wholly lacking the ornate and pretentious furbelows of most of his contemporaries though it must be confessed that he fell into the then common fault of following European writers somewhat slavishly. During the lifetime of William R. Prince, and that of his father, William Prince, who died in 1842, the Prince Nursery at Flushing was the center of the horticultural nursery interests of the country; it was the clearing-house for foreign and American horticultural plants, for new varieties and for information regarding plants of all kinds.”
[26] Manning, Robert Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 33. 1880.
[27] Coxe, William A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees 6. 1817.
[28] Landreth’s Rural Register and Almanac. 1872 and 1874.
[29] Bulletin of the Essex Institute 2:23.
[30] Downing, A. J. Hovey’s Mag. 3:5. 1837.
[31] Boston Palladium, Sept. 9, 1822.
[32] The horticultural books published in America between 1779 and 1825 were: The Gardener’s Kalender by Mrs. Martha Logan, Charleston: 1779; The American Gardener by John Gardiner and David Hepburn, Washington: 1804; The American Gardener’s Calendar by Bernard McMahon, Philadelphia: 1806; A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees by William Cox, Philadelphia: 1817; The American Practical Gardener by an Old Gardener, Baltimore: 1819; The Gentleman’s and Gardener’s Kalendar by Grant Thorburn, New York: 1821; American Gardener by William Cobbett, New York: 1819; and The American Orchardist by James Thacher, M. D., Boston: 1822.
[33] During the quarter ending in 1825 two agricultural publications were in existence in the United States: The American Farmer, established in Baltimore in 1819, and the New England Farmer, founded in Boston in 1822. To these should be added the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, not a journal in the strict sense of the word but published by the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, established in 1793, and continued until the New England Farmer was started in 1822. The Repository was the first agricultural periodical of the New World.
[34] At least three agricultural societies were founded soon after the close of the Revolution; the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture and the Agricultural Society of South Carolina were founded in 1785, and the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture in 1792, while the first strictly horticultural society, the New York Horticultural Society, was not established until 1818.
[35] P. domestica cereola L. (Sp. Pl. 475. 1753), P. claudiana Poir. (Lam. Encycl. 5:677. 1804), P. italica Borkh. (Handb. Forstb. 11:1409. 1803).
[36] For a bibliography of this group see an article by Waugh in Gard. Chron. 24:465. 1898.
[37] Koch, K. Deut. Obst. 149. 1876.
[38] Schneider, C. K. Hand. der Laub. 630. 1906.
[39] Columella 10: lines 404-406.
[40] The Natural History of Pliny. Translated by John Bostock and H. T. Riley 3:294. London: 1892.
[41] Hogg, Robert The Fruit Manual Ed. 5:704. 1884.
[42] Targioni-Tozzetti, Antonio, Cenni storici sulla introduzione di varie piante nell’ agricoltura ed horticultura Toscana. Florence: 1850.
[43] Parkinson, John Paradisus Terrestris 576. 1629.
[44] Rea, John A Complete Florilege 208. 1676.
[45] Ray Historia Plantarum 2:1529. 1688.
[46] Gallesio, Giorgio 2: (Pages not numbered). 1839.
[47] Phillips, Henry Comp. Orch. 306. 1831.
[48] These are the plums which Linnaeus called Prunus domestica galatensis (Sp. Pl. 475. 1753); Seringe, Prunus domestica pruneayliana (DC. Prodr. 2:533. 1825); and Borkhausen, Prunus œconomica (Handb. Forstb. 2:1401. 1803).
[49] Prince, William A Short Treatise on Horticulture 27. 1828.
[50] “Of the prune, or, as they are termed in German, ‘Quetsche,’ there are a number of varieties, all which are of fine size, and considered as the best plums for drying as prunes; this is one of the largest of the varieties; the principal characteristic of these plums is that the flesh is sweet and agreeable when dried. I am informed that the ‘Italian Prune’ ranks highest as a table fruit when plucked from the tree. The process of drying prunes seems to be so very easy that I should suppose it might be undertaken in this country with a certainty of success, and so as to totally supersede the importation of that article.” Ibid.
[51] United States Patent Office Report: xxix. 1854. The following description of this distribution is of interest: “The scions of two varieties of prunes, ‘Prunier d’Agen,’ and ‘Prunier Sainte Catherine,’ have been imported from France, and distributed principally in the states north of Pennsylvania, and certain districts bordering on the range of the Allegany Mountains, in order to be engrafted upon the common plum. These regions were made choice of in consequence of their being freer from the ravages of the curculio, which is so destructive to the plum tree in other parts as often to cut off the entire crop. It has been estimated that the State of Maine, alone, where this insect is rarely seen, is capable of raising dried prunes sufficient to supply the wants of the whole Union.”
[52] Wickson, E. J. California Fruits Ed. 2:82. 1891.
[53] Hedrick, U. P. in Bailey’s Cyclopedia American Horticulture 1440. 1901.
[54] Miller says in his Gardener’s Dictionary of the variety Perdrigon, “Hakluyt in 1582, says, of later time the plum called the Perdigwena was procured out of Italy, with two kinds more, by the Lord Cromwell, after his travel.” Miller, Philip Gardener’s Dictionary. Edited by Thomas Martyn, 2: (no page). 1707.
[55] In the first edition of Species Plantarum Linnaeus called these plums Prunus domestica pernicona; in the second edition the varietal name was changed to “Pertizone.” In the Prodromus Seringe designates the group as Prunus domestica touronensis.
[56] The Prunus domestica aubertiana of Seringe. (DC. Prodr. 2:533. 1825.)
[57] Rea, John A Complete Florilege 209. 1676.
[58] Parkinson, John Paradisus Terrestris 576. 1629.
[59] Koch, K. Deut. Obst. 560. 1876.
[60] Bauhin Pin. 443 n 23.
[61] Bul. Soc. Dauph. fasc. VIII. 1881.
[62] Ibid.
[63] Dendrol. 316. 1893.
[64] Rhein. Reise-Fl. 67. 1857.
[65] Handb. Laubh. 1: 631. 1906.
[66] Pickering, Charles Chron. Hist. Plants. 218. 1879.
[67] Heer Pflanz. Pfahl. 27, fig. 16c.
[68] Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 315. 1879.
[69] The reader who desires fuller information regarding the botany of this species should consult the references given with the botanical description of Prunus insititia.
[70] McMahon, Bernard Gardener’s Calendar 587. 1806.
[71] Samuel Deane, D.D. New England Farmer 265. 1797.
[72] Koch, Karl Deut. Obst. 150. 1876.
[73] This subject is well discussed in an article by E. A. Carrière in Revue Horticole 438. 1892.
[74] Handb. Laubh. 628. 1906.
[75] Fl. Siles. 1:2, 10. 1829.
[76] Fl. Nied. Ostr. 819. 1890.
[77] Fl. Siles. 1:2, 10. 1829.
[78] Enum. Pl. Trans. 178. 1866.
[79] Handb. Laubh. 1:630. 1906.
[80] Flora 9:748. 1826.
[81] Sched. Crit. 217. 1822.
[82] Boiss. Diag. 2nd Ser. 96. 1856.
[83] Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 435. 1864.
[84] Flor. Or. 11:625. 1872.
[85] In pre-Linnaean literature Prunus cerasifera is mentioned by Clusius as Prunus myrobalanus (Rar. Plant. Hist. 46 fig. 1601), and by Tournefort under the same name (Inst. Rei Herb. 622. 1700).
[86] Ledebour Ind. Hort. Dorp. Suppl. 6. 1824.
[87] Schneider Handb. Laubh. 632. 1906.
[88] Dippel Handb. Laubh. 3:633. 1893.
[89] Jack Gar. and For. 5:64. 1892.
[90] Bailey Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:34. 1892.
[91] Handb. Laubh. 1:633. 1906.
[92] Beitr. Nat. 6:90. 1791.
[93] Handb. Forstb. 11:1392. 1803.
[94] Fedde Repert. 1:50. 1905.
[95] Pl. David 2:33. 1888.
[96] Ill. Bot. His. Mountains and Fl. of Cash. 1:239. 1839.
[97] Several apricots and the loquat of southern Japan are also called Japanese plums. The name Triflora for common usage avoids this confusion and conforms with the growing usage in horticulture of using the specific name alone.
[98] Bailey says, (Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:6. 1894) speaking of these specimens: “I have no hesitation in saying that our Japanese plums are the same.” The writer examined the specimens in the summer of 1909 and recognized them at once to be the same as the cultivated Triflora plums.
[99] February 23, 1909.
[100] pp. 10, 45.
[101] March 12, 1909.
[102] Fl. Indica 501. 1824.
[103] Forbes and Hemsley Jour. Linn. Soc. 23:219. 1886-88.
[104] Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:3. 1894.
[105] Berckmans, L. A. Rpt. Ga. Hort. Soc. 15. 1889.
[106] Bailey, L. H. Cornell Sta. Buls. 62, 106, 139, 175.
[107] Waugh, F. A. Plum Cult. 1901.
[108] Georgeson, C. C. Amer. Gard. 12:74. 1891.
[109] For references and synonymy see the Simon plum.
[110] Carrière, E. A. Rev. Hort. 152. 1891.
[111] The New York Agricultural Experiment Station stands on the site of the old Indian village of Kanadasaga, founded by the Seneca Indians. The records of Sullivan’s raid just after the Revolution show that when this village was destroyed by the Whites there were orchards of apples and plums (see Conover’s Kanadasaga and Geneva (Mss.) Hobart College) crudely cultivated. On the adjoining farm of Mr. Henry Loomis descendants of these old trees still grow. The plums are Americanas, and Mr. Loomis, now in his 94th year, says that when a boy the Indians and Whites alike gathered them, soaked them in lye to remove the astringency of the skins and then cooked, dried or otherwise preserved them.
[112] Poiteau 1: (Unpaged). 1846.
[113] Waugh, F. A. Plum Cult. 51, 282-307. 1901.
[114] Goff, E. S. Wis. Sta. Bul. 63:4. 1897.
[115] The Prunus mollis of Torrey (Fl. U. S. 1:470. 1824) was Prunus nigra, as Torrey’s specimen, now in the herbarium of Columbia University, plainly shows.
[116] A brief account of the life of Liberty Hyde Bailey appeared in The Grapes of New York (page 142), but his work with plums deserves further mention. The foundation of our present knowledge of the cultivated species and races of American and Triflora plums was laid by the comprehensive study of these fruits made by Bailey in the closing decade of the Nineteenth Century. His examination of plums may be said to have begun in 1886 with the setting of an orchard of native plums—probably the first general collection of these plums planted—on the grounds of the Michigan Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan. The results of his studies have largely appeared in the publications of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, the first of which was The Cultivated Native Plums and Cherries published in 1892; The Japanese Plums, 1894; Revised Opinions of the Japanese Plums, 1896; Third Report upon Japanese Plums, 1897; Notes upon Plums, 1897. Beside these bulletins a monograph of the native plums was published in The Evolution of our Native Fruits in 1898 and a brief but complete monograph of the Genus Prunus in the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture in 1901. These are but the chief titles under which his studies of plums have appeared, several minor contributions having been printed from time to time in the horticultural press. While Dr. Bailey has given especial attention to all fruits grown in eastern America, it is probable that pomology is most indebted to him for his long and painstaking work with the difficult Genus Prunus with which he has done much to set the varieties and species in order.
[117] Bot. Gaz. 24:462. 1896; Cornell Sta. Bul. 170. 1897; Ev. Nat. Fruits 194-208. 1898.
[118] Gar. and For. 10:340, 350. 1897. Plum Cult. 60-66. 1901.
[119] Waugh, F. A. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 14:277. 1900-01.
[120] Hakluyt Voyages 3:258.
[121] Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 21:301. 1894.
[122] Silva of North America 4:28. 1893.
[123] Jack, J. G. Gard. and For. 7:206. 1894.
[124] Gar. and For. 3:625. 1890.
[125] Sandberg, J. H. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:221. 1895.
[126] Coville, F. V. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5:99. 1897; and Chestnut, V. K. Cont. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7:356. 1902.
[127] Wickson, E. J. California Fruits 52. 1891.
[128] Wickson, E. J. Calif. Fruits Ed. 4:35. 1909.
[129] Pittonia 3:21. 1896.
[130] The first published account of this plum is a brief non-technical description of it by Dr. Kellogg in Hutching’s Mag. 5:7. 1859.
[131] Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 25:149. 1898.
[132] The writer has examined the type specimen of Michaux’s Prunus chicasa in the herbarium of the Jardin des Plants in Paris and found it, though incomplete and poorly preserved, plainly not Prunus angustifolia but more likely some form of Prunus umbellata. Undoubtedly, however, the references which follow Michaux’s are to Prunus angustifolia.
[133] “The Chicasaw plumb I think must be excepted, for though certainly a native of America, yet I never saw it wild in the forest, but always in old deserted Indian plantations: I suppose it to have been brought from the S. W. beyond the Mississippi, by the Chicasaws.” Bartram Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, etc. 38. 1793.
[134] Bailey Ev. Nat. Fr. 193. 1898.
[135] “The wild Plums of America are of several sorts. Those which I can give an account of from my own Knowledge, I will, and leave the others till a farther Discovery. The most frequent is that which we call the common Indian Plum, of which there are two sorts, if not more. One of these is ripe much sooner than the other, and differs in the bark; one of the barks being very scaly, like our American Birch. These Trees, when in Blossom, smell as sweet as any Jessamine, and look as white as a Sheet, being something prickly. You may make it grow to what Shape you please; they are very ornamental about a House, and make a wonderful fine Shew at a Distance, in the Spring, because of their white Livery. Their Fruit is red, and very palatable to the sick. They are of a quick Growth, and will bear from the Stone in five years, on their Stock.” Lawson, John History of Carolina 105. 1714.
[136] “The third was known among the later colonists as the Indian cherry and was the product of a tree hardly exceeded by the English peach tree in girth and height, and showing an inclination for the soil of the valleys of the rivers, and of the narrow bottoms of the smaller streams. This variety was considered to be of extraordinary excellence in flavor; when ripe it was colored a dark purple, and there was only a single cherry to the stalk. There were two varieties of plums, resembling, both in size and taste, the English Damson.” Bruce, Philip Alexander Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century 1:94. 1896.
[137] Frank A. Waugh was born in Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, July 8, 1869. On his father’s side he is of Scotch descent, though the family has long been in America; his mother came from Germany. He was educated in the public schools of Kansas and in the Kansas State Agricultural College, graduating from the latter place in 1891. In 1893 he became professor of horticulture in the Oklahoma Agricultural College and horticulturist at the Experiment Station, a place which he held for nearly three years, going late in 1895 to take the same position in the University of Vermont. After eight years of arduous service in Vermont, during which time he became well known by his writings on horticultural, botanical and agricultural subjects, he left Vermont to take charge of horticulture in the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the Hatch Experiment Station. Professor Waugh’s study of plums began in the West, Kansas and Oklahoma, but his reports in regard to this fruit have come from Vermont where his work has been mainly done. The chief titles under which his studies have been published in the bulletins and annual reports of the Vermont Station are: The Pollination of Plums, Classification of Plums, A Monograph of the Wayland Group of Plums, Hybrid Plums, Types of European Plums, Propagation of Plums, The Myrobalan Plums, A Review of the Americana Plums and The Grouping of Japanese-Hybrid Plums. In 1901 he published Plums and Plum Culture, a popular presentation of the various phases of his botanical and horticultural work with this fruit. The titles given do not represent the extent of his studies with this fruit for there were third and fourth reports upon several of the subjects mentioned. In particular he has been helpful to American pomology in the classification of native plums, in his study of sex in plums and in setting forth the hardiness of the various species and groups. Besides his papers on plums, Professor Waugh’s chief contributions to horticulture have been a book entitled Fruit Harvesting, Storing, Marketing, another under the title Systematic Pomology and two works on apples. He has also published two books on Landscape Gardening which have given him high standing in this division of horticulture. Professor Waugh will long be remembered in horticulture for the great extent of his work, for his versatility in the profession and for his ability to present well to both readers and hearers, either technically or popularly, horticultural knowledge.