The Rights of War and Peace

INDEX

• Abandoned property, title to, 107, 111.
  
• Acceptance: Necessity of, in promise to convey a right, 139.
  
• Acceptilation, 111.
  
• Accessories to crimes, 197, 257.
  
• Accomplices, punishment of, 256.
  
• Acquisitions: Of property in war, 334 et seq., 346.
  
  • Of dominion, 379.
• Actions at law: Stipulations as to, in treaties, 390.
  
• Admiralty, 146.
  
• Affirmations, 164, 165.
  
• Agency, 339, 412.
  
• Agents: Acts of, binding on principal, 138, 139, 412.
  
• Agreements: Special and exclusive, 101.
  
  • Between citizens of different countries, 136.
• Alexandrinus, Clemens, 52.
  
• Alienation: Of things by right of war, 353, 389.
  
  • Of public dominion, 386.
• Alliances: Between states, partnerships, 146.
  
  • Unequal, 158, 170.
• Allies: Aid to, 173.
  
  • Word construed, 183.
  • Causes justifying participation of, in war, 285, 287.
  • Rewards to, 341.
• Ambassadors: Promises of, binding, 139.
  
  • Ratification of treaties made by, 167.
  • Inviolability of, 202, 204.
  • Must be duly accredited, 202.
  • Sovereign states may send, 203.
  • Refusal to receive, 204.
  • Exemptions, 205, 209, 210, 211, 313.
  • Punishment of, for crimes, 208.
  • Passage through foreign states, 209.
  • Suite and personal effects of, 211.
  • House of, as asylum, 211.
  • Debts contracted by, 212.
• Ambrose, 54.
  
• Andronicus, 24.
  
• Antoninus, Marcus, 66.
  
• Antoninus, Pius, 112.
  
• Aptitude, 19.
  
• Arbiter, office of, 398.
  
• Arbitration, 84, 276, 397.
  
• Arcifinium, 106.
  
• Aristotle, 19, 20, 22, 24, 61, 62, 64, 76, 118, 120, 190, 218, 251, 268.
  
• Asylum, right of, 260.
  
• Augustine, 58, 74.
  
• Aurelius, Marcus, 52, 68.
  
• Barbeyrac, 173, 392.
  
• Blackstone's Commentaries, 29, 61, 86, 100, 136, 154, 155, 156, 177, 182—notes.
  
• Bodies politic, privileges of, 262.
  
• Boundary, rivers as, 107.
  
• Breach of peace, 395.
  
• Burial, right of, 213 et seq.
  
• Burke, Edmund, 282 note.
  
• Caduceum, use of, 320.
  
• Caesar, Julius, 59.
  
• Captures in war, 334, 369.
  
  • Title to, 335, 336, 338.
  • Things immovable, 339.
  • Things movable, 340.
  • Restoration of, 392.
• Cargo, in enemy's ships, title to, 337.
  
• Cassius, 60, 74.
  
• Cato, 59, 77.
  
• Causes of war, justifiable, 85.
  
• Chirographarii, 173.
  
• Chrysostom, Dio, 25.
  
• Cicero, 18, 23, 24, 31, 34, 35, 60, 68, 78, 86, 89, 92, 137, 191, 208, 214, 215, 268, 283, 317, 379.
  
• Civil law: Relation of, to law of nature, 91.
  
  • And interpretation of treaties, 194.
  • Prizes taken from Pirates, 357.
  • Right of postliminium under, 357.
• Clarigation, 319.
  
• Commerce, treaties of, 169, 170.
  
• Commissions: Special, of ambassador, 167.
  
  • Variations from, 188.
• Common right to actions, 99.
  
• Common right to things, 99.
  
• Community of goods, 86.
  
  • Of lands, 88.
• Compensation, defined, 382.
  
• Compromise: As method of settling national disputes, 276.
  
• Conditional surrender, 400.
  
• Conference: To settle disputes of nations, 276.
  
• Conqueror, rights of, 399.
  
• Conquest, rights resulting from, 348, 399.
  
• Consent to conventions, 415.
  
• Consideration of contracts, 136, 138.
  
• Constantine, 53, 54.
  
• Contracts: Expressed and implied, 100, 145.
  
  • Between citizens of different countries, 136.
  • Consideration for, 136, 137.
  • Of agents, 137.
  • Exchange, 145, 146.
  • Revocation of, 145.
  • Of sale, 146, 151.
  • Mixed, 147.
  • Equality in, 148.
  • Letting and hiring, 153.
  • Fraudulent, 199.
  • Of sovereigns, 387, 413.
• Contributions levied for future security, 373.
  
• Conventions: Public and private, 166.
  
  • Public, division of, 167.
  • Requiring ratification, 167, 174, 412, 414.
  • Power to make, in monarchies, 168.
  • Resting in law of nature, 168.
  • Of commerce and amity, 169.
  • Of peace, 170.
  • Obligations of negotiator, 174.
  • Truces, 403.
  • Made by subordinates, 411.
  • Tacit consent to, 415.
• Corporeal rights, 85.
  
• Countries, names of, 392.
  
• Creditors, personal, 173.
  
• Crimes: Principals and accessories, 197, 198, 257.
  
  • And misdemeanors, 241.
• Damages, 196, 197, 199, 200, 388.
  
• Debts, individual, effect of war upon, 391.
  
• Deception, innocent, 302.
  
• Declaration of war, 318, 321.
  
  • After truce, not necessary, 404.
• Defense: A justifiable cause of war, 75.
  
  • Right of, 395.
• Demand of restitution, 319.
  
• Demosthenes, 74, 81, 170, 240, 310.
  
• Deserters: Not entitled to right of postliminium, 355, 390.
  
• Dictator, sovereign power of, 72.
  
• Dionysius, 61, 74, 98, 163.
  
• Disputes of nations, methods of settlement, 276.
  
• Divided and assigned land, 106.
  
• Dominion, acquisition of, 372.
  
• Duration of truces, 404.
  
• Duties: Right to impose, on goods in transit, 97.
  
• Duty of citizen to prevent war, 286.
  
• Eliminium, 351.
  
• Enemies: Furnishing aid to, 293-321.
  
  • Public, 314.
  • Killing of, 325, 327, 359.
  • Foreign residents may become, 327.
  • Property of, right to destroy, 332, 365, 366.
  • Forbearance toward, 373.
  • Good faith between, 379.
• Engagements, 167.
  
  • Of sovereigns or states, 387.
• Epictetus, 22.
  
• Equity: A species of justice, 190.
  
  • In interpreting treaties, 191.
  • In matters of arbitration, 398.
• Euripides, 22, 78.
  
• Exchange, contracts of, 145.
  
• Extradition, 258, 259.
  
• Factors: Acts of, bind merchants, when, 139, 412.
  
• Faculty, definition of, 19.
  
• Falsehood, discussed, 299 et seq.
  
• Fecial law of Rome, 319.
  
• Federal Union, 62, 121.
  
• Ferae naturae, 86.
  
  • Rights of sovereign as to, 91.
• Fishing, a common right, 101.
  
• Florentinus, 19, 35.
  
• Foreign residents, rights of, 98, 327.
  
• Free passage through countries, right of, 95, 97.
  
  • Permission first asked, 96.
• Funeral rites, 214.
  
• Galen, 33, 62.
  
• Good faith, foundation of all treaties, 385, 417.
  
• Goods in enemy's ships, title to, 337.
  
• Government: Change of form of, effect upon debts, 121.
  
  • Effects on treaties, 185.
  • Mixed, 349.
• Governments, established for what, 68.
  
• Gregory of Tours, 69.
  
• Guaranty of performance by another, 143.
  
• Heraclitus, 24.
  
• Hermogenianus, 36.
  
• Herodotus, 66, 68.
  
• Hesiod, 23, 24, 68.
  
• Hiring, 153.
  
• Homicide, excusable, 29.
  
• Hostages: Right to kill, 330, 364.
  
  • Appendages to treaties, 400.
• Immunity of Ambassadors, 202.
  
• Incorporeal rights, 85, 309, 346.
  
  • Of a state lost by conquest, 349.
• Indemnity: A justifiable cause for war, 75.
  
• Injunctions, 170.
  
• Injuries to property: Robbery, 81.
  
  • Redress for, 311.
  • Amounting to breach of peace, 397.
• Insurance, contract of, 156, 157.
  
• Interest, lawfulness of, 154, 156.
  
• Interpretation: Of laws, 136.
  
  • Of promises, 137.
  • Of treaties, 176 et seq.
  • Words, taken in common acceptation, 177.
  • Words of art, 177, 181.
  • Obscure words, 178.
  • Probable consequences, 179.
  • Context, 179.
  • Motive, 180.
  • Allies, construed, 183.
  • Absurd conditions, 188.
  • And law of nations, 194.
  • Of peace, 389, 392, 401.
  • Names of countries, 392.
• Josephus, 35, 50.
  
• Justifiable causes of war, 73, 75, 85, 247, 285.
  
• Justinian, 58.
  
• Kings, accountability of, 69.
  
  • Not all made by the people, 67.
• Lactantius, 23, 74.
  
• Lakes, when property, 90.
  
• Lands: Three-fold division of, 106.
  
  • When considered as taken possession of, in war, 336, 339.
  • Postliminium rights of, 355.
  • Waste, 90, 91.
• Law: Basis of, 136.
  
  • Fecial, of Rome, 319.
• Lawful war, 18, 31, 278, 324.
  
• Law of Nations, 23.
  
  • How proved, 25, 101.
  • Voluntary, 158.
  • And interpretation of treaties, 194.
  • Use of term, 296.
  • Positive, 297.
  • Right to destroy property of enemy under, 332.
  • Respecting captures in war, 334, 336, 338.
• Law of nature, 22, 79,
  
  • Relation to civil law, 91.
  • Civil customs not part of, 248.
  • Ignorance of, excusable, 248.
  • As to things captured in war, 334.
• Laws: Interpretation of, 136.
  
  • Power to repeal, 238.
• Letters of marque and reprisal, 278, 311.
  
• Letting and hiring, 153.
  
• Lie, what is a, 299.
  
• Livy, 64, 73, 78, 114, 167, 170, 206, 317, 332.
  
• Losses of individuals in war, 388.
  
• Lot, as method of settling national disputes, 277.
  
• Marque and reprisal, letters of, 278, 311.
  
• Mediation, 84.
  
• Mediator, office of, 398.
  
• Money, variations in value, 153.
  
• Monopoly, 101, 152.
  
• Moral distinctions, as to acts, 274 et seq.
  
• Mosaic Law, 26-28.
  
  • Not binding upon Christians, 29.
• Mutius, Quintius, 36.
  
• Nations, law of, 23.
  
  • Voluntary, 158.
  • Union of, rights continue, 121.
  • Restoration of conquered, 354, 355, 390.
• Natural Right, 21.
  
• Nature, law of, unalterable, 22.
  
  • Proof of existence of, 24.
• Naval associations: Apportionment of losses, 158.
  
• Necessity, appropriation of property under, 92, 93.
  
• Negotiation of treaties, true basis for, 385.
  
• Neutral soil: Right of belligerent to, 93.
  
  • Captures on, 344.
  • Goods, 337.
• Neutrals, rights and duties, 377.
  
• Oaths: Sanctity of, 160 et seq.
  
  • Meaning of, 161.
  • Validity and form of, 162.
  • Effect and substance of, 163, 381.
  • Authority of sovereign over, 164.
• Obligations: Arising from property, 123.
  
  • Imperfect, 134.
  • Resulting from injury, 195.
  • Enforcing performance of, 287.
  • Promises, 131, 135.
• Occupancy, title by, 90.
  
• Occupatory lands, 106.
  
• Offenses against society, punishment of, 258.
  
• Origen, 49.
  
• Ovid, 32.
  
• Pardons, lawfulness of, 236, 238.
  
• Parley, sign of, 416.
  
• Partnerships, 146.
  
  • Trading—proportion of profits and losses, 157.
• Paulus, 21.
  
• Peace: The object of wars, 379.
  
  • Treaties of, 385.
  • Who may make, 386.
  • Interpretation of, 389.
  • Breach of, 393.
  • Preservation of, 417.
• Penal statutes, construction of, 181.
  
• Penalties: Remitted, 391.
  
  • Special, 396.
  • Payment of, effect on wars, 408.
• Performance of contract, guaranty for, 143.
  
• Piracy, sovereign answerable for, 200.
  
• Pirates, treatment of, 380.
  
• Plato, 75, 93, 224, 226, 229.
  
• Pledges: Appendages to treaties, 400.
  
  • Redemption of, 401.
• Pliny, 36, 254.
  
• Plutarch, 23, 24, 66, 93, 221, 226, 227, 235.
  
• Polybius, 23, 73, 208.
  
• Pomponius, 159.
  
• Ponds, when property, 90.
  
• Porphyry, 24.
  
• Possession: Uninterrupted, transfers property, 114.
  
  • Of property, at conclusion of war, 390.
  • Right of, 399.
• Posthumous rights to property, 114.
  
• Postliminium: Definition of, 169, 331.
  
  • Right of, 314, 336, 351, 354, 390, 405.
  • Horses, mules, and ships under law of, 352, 405.
  • Deserters, 355, 390.
  • Lands, 355.
  • Movable property, 356.
  • Things useful in war, 356.
• Premium of insurance, 156.
  
• Prescription, law of, as applied to a sovereign, 115.
  
• Price, governed by demand, 151.
  
• Prisoners: Surrender of, 258, 259.
  
  • Killing of, 328, 363.
  • As slaves, 345.
  • Ransom of, 347, 410.
  • Right of postliminium, 352, 390.
  • Rights of, on release, 353.
  • Right of making, 357.
• Privateers, 200.
  
• Private right, 20.
  
• Privileges of bodies politic, 262.
  
• Prizes: By right of war, 337, 343, 346.
  
  • Taken from pirates, 357.
• Prohibitions in treaties, 193.
  
• Promises: Obligation of, 131, 135, 379, 381.
  
  • Perfect, 135, 194.
  • Interpretation of, 137.
  • Obtained by fraud or fear, 137.
  • Erroneous, 137, 142.
  • Valid, 138.
  • Of ambassadors, 139.
  • Revocation of, 140.
  • Acceptance of, 139, 141, 415.
  • With conditions, 142.
• Property: Means of acquiring, 103.
  
  • Obligations arising from possession of, 123 et seq.
  • Alienated by rights of war, 353, 389.
  • Restoration of, taken in unjust war, 375.
  • Possession of, for long time may not give right of, 109,—but see 114.
  • Redress of injuries to, 311, 318.
  • Of enemy, right to destroy, 332, 365, 366.
  • Title to, 335, 90.
  • Possession of, after war, 390.
  • Appropriation of, on ground of necessity, 91, 92.
  • Of subjects, liability of for debts of states, 308, 370, 387.
  • Title to, as between enemies, 338.
  • Use of, 94.
  • Acquisition of, in war, 340.
  • Captured, 369.
  • Idea of how established, 89.
  • When right of, ceases to exist, 117.
  • Movable and immovable, 88, 356.
  • Things not reducible to, 89.
  • In lakes, ponds, and rivers, 90.
  • Abandoned, 107, 111.
• Puffendorf, 193.
  
• Punishment: A justifiable cause of war, 75.
  
  • Defined, 221.
  • Who may inflict, 223, 226, 228.
  • Object of, 224, 226, 229, 232, 240, 247, 370.
  • Under the Gospel, 230.
  • Capital, 233.
  • Wicked acts not subject to, 235.
  • Proportioned to offense, 243 et seq.
  • Of offenses against God, 249 et seq.
  • Communication of, upon accomplices, 256.
  • Offenses affecting society, 258.
  • Of non-participants, 262.
  • Of surety, 264.
  • Of children for parents' sins, 266.
  • Classes exempt from, 362.
  • Of hostages, 364.
  • Right to claim property as, 391.
• Quintilian, 24, 89.
  
• Ratification of treaties and conventions, 167, 175, 414.
  
• Recovery of things alienated by rights of war, 353.
  
• Redemption of pledges, 401.
  
• Redress, method of obtaining, 311, 318.
  
• Religion, based on four truths, 250.
  
• Remedial statutes, construction of, 181.
  
• Reprisal: Letters of Marque and, 278.
  
  • A method of obtaining redress, 311, 312, 327, 370.
• Residents, foreign, rights of, 97.
  
• Restoration: Of subjugated people, 354, 355.
  
  • Of property, 375, 392.
• Right: To movables by occupancy, 104.
  
  • To impose duties on goods in transit, 97.
  • Common-passage through countries, 95, 97, 99.
  • Of burial, 213.
  • Violation of, 301.
  • Of dominion, acquisition of, 379.
  • Of governors and governed, 19.
  • Of prisoners, 353.
  • Definition and signification of, 18, 19, 20.
  • To actions, 99.
  • Private, 20.
  • Superior, 20.
  • Of asylum, 260.
  • Voluntary, 25.
  • Of making war, 386.
  • Of possession, 399.
• Rights: Human and Divine, 25.
  
  • Sources of, 195.
  • Disputed, methods of settling, 276.
  • Of property, 307.
  • Of persons, 19, 307, 391.
  • Resulting from conquest, 348.
  • Arising out of law of nations, 219.
  • Real, 19.
  • Of war, 18, 332, 336, 381.
  • Corporeal and incorporeal, 85, 309, 346.
  • Of temporary residents, 98.
  • Of native, 92.
• River: Effect of change in course of, 106.
  
  • Middle of boundary between territories, 107.
  • When property, 90, 104.
• Robbery, right to kill robber, 81.
  
• Romanus, Clemens, 52.
  
• Sacred things not exempt from destruction by enemy, 332.
  
• Safe conduct, a, 408.
  
  • Expiration of, 409.
• Sales and purchases: Right of restricting, 100.
  
  • When contract complete, 151.
• Sallust, 206.
  
• Salvian, 51.
  
• Sea: Open, not property, 90.
  
  • Portions of, may become property, 104.
• Self-defense, 77.
  
• Seneca, 19, 24, 74, 75, 80, 92, 108, 118, 135, 192.
  
• Services, gratuitous, 144.
  
• Settlement of national disputes, methods of, 276.
  
• Ships. Owners bound by acts of masters of, when, 139.
  
  • Goods found in enemy's, 337.
  • Under law of postliminium, 352.
• Silanian, Decree, 53.
  
• Slavery, 345.
  
• Slaves: Prisoners of war, 345.
  
  • Right of postliminium, 352.
• Smith, Adam, 101 n.
  
• Soldiers, compensation to, 341, 343.
  
• Sovereign power: Not in the people in every case, 63 et seq., 120.
  
  • Ceases, when, 117.
  • To declare war, 316, 386.
• Sovereigns: Elective and hereditary, 71.
  
  • Responsibility for piracy and robbery, 200.
  • For acts of subjects, 257.
  • Bound by acts of commissioner, 412.
• Sovereignty: Its nature and where it resides, 60, 62, 70, 71, 103.
  
  • Not forfeitable by act of delinquency, 80.
• Spies, treatment of, when captured, 331.
  
• Sponsio, 167.
  
• State: Definition of, 25.
  
  • Sovereign, 62.
  • Conquered, privileges allowed to, 374.
  • Division of, into constituent parts, by consent of war, 121.
• States: When immortal, 117.
  
  • May lose political existence by conquest, 348, 349.
• States General: Three divisions of, 70, 71.
  
  • Power of, 71.
  • Of Holland, 337.
• Statutes: Penal construed strictly; remedial liberally, 181.
  
• Strabo, 62, 98.
  
• Stratagem, use of, in war, 294 et seq.
  
• Subjects: Of sovereign, detention of, 311.
  
  • Liability to attack, in time of war, anywhere, 327.
• Superior right, 20.
  
• Supply of a thing affects its price, 151.
  
• Surety: Punishment of, 264.
  
  • Bound by consent, 308.
• Surrender: Of a people, in war, 390.
  
  • Conditional, 400.
• Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, 57.
  
• Tacitus, 64, 68, 87, 106, 110, 213.
  
• Taxes on goods in transit, 97.
  
• Terminus, rites of, 373.
  
• Territory long possessed, title to, 110.
  
• Tertullian, 49, 51, 52.
  
• Thucydides, 60, 174.
  
• Time: As an element of right of property, 109.
  
  • Immemorial, 113.
• Transit, goods in, 97.
  
• Treaties: Public and private, 166.
  
  • Equal, 170.
  • Unequal, 158, 170, 171, 184.
  • Definition of, 167.
  • Requiring ratification, 167.
  • Power to make in monarchies, 168.
  • Resting in law of nature, 168.
  • Of commerce and amity, 169, 170, 185.
  • Of peace, 170, 386, 389, 391.
  • Renewal of, 173.
  • Effect of violation of, 174.
  • Interpretation of, 176 et seq. (See Interpretation of Treaties.)
  • Personal and real, 184.
  • Where governments change form, 184, 185.
  • Of peace, material part of, 386.
  • Stipulations as to actions at law, 390.
  • Hostages and pledges under, 400.
• Truces: Definition, 403.
  
  • Duration of, 404.
  • Public notice of, 405.
  • Breach of, 406,
  • Granting of, 414
• Ulpian, 21, 34, 36, 129, 162, 166, 263, 333.
  
• Unlawful acts, 305.
  
• Usucaption, law of, as applied to sovereigns, 115.
  
• Usufruct, 155.
  
• Usufructuary property, 86.
  
• Usury, 155.
  
• Valentinian, 67.
  
• Value of a thing governed by what? 150.
  
  • Of money, 153.
• Vasquez, 80, 239, 286, 388.
  
• Vattel, 101, 158, 167, 169, 177, 203, 297, 387, 388—notes.
  
• War: Definition of, 18, 403.
  
  • Derivation of word, 18.
  • Division of, public, private, and mixed, 55.
  • All, not repugnant to law of nature, 34, 36.
  • Private, 55, 56, 83.
  • Justifiable causes, pretexts, and beginning of, 73, 75, 247, 285.
  • Defense, indemnity and punishment, 75, 245.
  • Time of beginning, 284.
  • Object of, 379.
  • Effect upon debts, 391.
  • Lawfulness of, 18, 31, 278, 324.
  • Under divine voluntary law, 36, 40.
  • Aid to parties to, 173.
  • Causes, justifying participation of allies, 285.
  • Lawful means used in, 290, 363.
  • Use of stratagem, 294.
  • Suspicion of hostile intentions, 83.
  • Injury to property, 85.
  • Demand of surrender of citizen, 285.
  • Precautions against, 280 et seq.
  • Right of belligerents to neutral soil, 93.
  • Unjust, causes of, 267 et seq.
  • Avoidance of, 280 et seq., 418.
  • Declaration of, 318, 321, 404, and forms, 319.
  • Right to make, 386.
  • Losses of individuals by, 388.
  • Public, formal and informal, declared by sovereign, 57, 316, 317, 386.
  • Right to avert, and to punish wrongs, 83, 200, 247, 280.
• "Wealth of Nations," 101n.
  
• Withernam, 311.
  
• Wrongs: Division of, private and public, 61.
  
  • Sovereign power may avert and punish, 83.
• Xenophon, 32, 93.