The Story of Man In Yellowstone

The failure of writers to recognize the fictitious character of this portion of the Map of 1814 has led to a comical performance. They have assigned to Colter the role of a human helicopter who hopped over mountains and valleys visiting the drainage basins of all the river systems within a radius of five hundred miles of the Yep-pe Indian village. First they trail him on Teton River, Big Sandy, Gros Ventre, and Greybull. Then they track him over South Pass, Teton Pass, and Union and Twogwotee passes. These authors have never trudged the wilds of which they write nor even measured them on a real map. Where, then, did Colter travel? The answer to that problem largely depends upon a rational interpretation of that fantastic map sheet. Perhaps an investigation of the process by which the map was produced will offer a clue.

As stated before, Clark sent map materials to Biddle, who in turn passed them on to Samuel Lewis, a professional cartographer, to be worked into a map of the Trans-Mississippi West. This was a very difficult assignment because the sheets were of various scales, which necessitated overlapping, crowding, and uncertainty as to latitudes and longitudes.[357] The manner in which Lewis fitted them into a mosaic represents a remarkable work of art. Deficiencies are largely attributable to the inadequate data received, but in the case of Colter’s journey another element is involved.

In the course of compilation, between 1810 and 1814, Clark must have sent a redrawing of the route of Colter’s journey.[358] By way of review, let it be remembered that Colter reached St. Louis in May of 1810. He called on Clark and evidently presented several sheets of trapper map to him. This was the material which depicted his journey of 1807, and it seemed to be highly appreciated by Clark. That it was given preference by Clark over the contemporary exploration of Zebulon M. Pike simply substantiates the belief that Colter’s journey made a profound impression upon Clark at that time.[359] On December 20, 1810, Clark apparently sent the original Colter sheets, or properly redrawn copies of them, to Nicholas Biddle. Clark also inserted, or superimposed, two rivers upon the Colter drawing. They were Clarks Fork and Bighorn rivers.

It is important to remember that Clark had full confidence in Colter’s representation of his journey at this time, that is, December, 1810. The following year Andrew Henry returned from his exploration of the Madison and Snake river regions. He had seen only ordinary country. This report seems to have destroyed Clark’s belief in Colter’s story of marvels. Not wishing to deceive anyone by the delusions of a deranged trapper’s mind, Clark apparently directed Samuel Lewis to retain Colter’s east plat, that is, the Buffalo Bill country, but suppress the western section, the Yellowstone Lake region. In lieu of Colter’s depiction of the western loop of his figure eight Clark evidently sent the draft that now appears on the Map of 1814.

What possible reason can be assigned for this action? It is anybody’s guess; no one can now determine what Clark thought, but following is a rational hypothesis: In the close of the year 1811, Andrew Henry and his men returned from their trapping venture in the Upper Snake River basin. They had skirted the western border of Wonderland along the line of the Madison and Gallatin rivers and explored the sources of Henrys Fork of the Snake River. Yet, Henry had not seen any hot springs, geysers, or great lakes. No doubt Henry had heard trappers joke about “Colter’s Hell.” Personally, he showed no confidence in it. Evidently both he and Clark considered that Henry’s and Colter’s journeys overlapped. Actually, the Gallatin Range intervened between them. It is reasonable, therefore, that Henry’s report and attitude affected Clark’s original belief in Colter’s story. Where he first believed he now doubted. Perhaps Clark concluded that Colter’s terrible experiences had deranged his mind. It is certain that Clark sent his new knowledge of the Henrys Fork country to Biddle in 1812 because it appears on the Map of 1814.[360] It was undoubtedly at this time that Clark sent in his redrawn, guesswork version of the western portion of Colter’s map. No one knows exactly what changes Clark made, but the Map of 1814 proves conclusively that Clark did not depict the “Colter’s Hell” country which contains the wonders of Yellowstone Park as it was originally presented to him.

It was a valid reaction for Clark to have become suspicious of Colter’s reliability, and the substitution of his own geographical speculation for Colter’s Yellowstone sketch was probably sincere. Clark was too honest to depict the delusions of an “insane” man. Also he was very anxious to have a reasonably complete and integrated map. The only alternatives were to allow the Colter marvel sheet to appear or else to mark a considerable area “unexplored.” He was caught in the bonds of uncertainty and made a compromise. The result was a sheet of bogus geography which is entirely incongruous, not only with the facts, but with Clark’s uniformly excellent map work.[361]

Clark’s choice of alternatives only complicated the problem of his cartographer. Lewis no doubt recognized the vast discrepancies between Colter’s genuine depiction and Clark’s counterfeit so he evidently decided upon a compromise of his own. How this expert reconciled the conflicting data of the two map sheets into one pattern is at once a masterpiece in cartography and psychology. The technique he adopted might be called “double entry map making.” He used the Yellowstone Lake part of Colter’s sketch as an element for a concealed map; it appears as a mountain range. Such a grotesque range cannot be found in any of the surrounding territory, but when visualized as a lake it is amazing how it conforms to what a trapper traveling a logical route would have seen of Yellowstone Lake, namely, the South Arm and Thumb. Lewis shied away from any clear-cut representation of the geyser region. However, besides including the disguised lake portion of Colter’s map, he did other things to “poke fun” at Clark’s speculations. He drew Lake Eustis in the manner of a gargoyle. It must have been deliberately “satanized.” Nothing with such a preposterous shape was ever known among men. Why didn’t Clark revolt at this representation? Surely he never drew anything like that himself. That is not all of Lewis’ “fun making.” He drew still another lake and gave it the shape of a deformed piece of liver. Its appearance is ridiculous in the other extreme,[362] but, as if to add insult to injury, Mr. Lewis raised a question as to this lake’s legitimacy. Clark named it Biddle in honor of his patron, Nicholas Biddle, whereas, upon the English version, the name appearing is Riddle! Lewis was able to “get away” with this performance because Clark did not see any proofs, only the published work.

Remembering that Samuel Lewis was employed to reproduce a map conforming to data and specifications furnished by Clark, what more could he do to manifest his skepticism, if not displeasure, over the incorporation of fictitious geography upon this super-important map of the West? Remember, Lewis was a professional cartographer; he had seen, and had already drawn, Colter’s sheet of real country. On the original draft the southwest Arm and Thumb of Lake Yellowstone undoubtedly appeared. Now he was asked to redraw it into counterfeit geography. Disturbed by the substitution of Clark’s sheet of “Gulliver’s geography” for Colter’s journey, he disguised a lake in a mountain range, drew a gargoylian lake (Eustis), and raised the enigma of Biddle-Riddle.[363] After all, cartography is simply a scientific refinement of pictography, or storytelling. The message of Samuel Lewis, as revealed in the Yellowstone segment of the Map of 1814, might reasonably be: “This portion of the map is bogus. I do not know what the true conditions are. Colter’s data appears all right; Clark’s later information says it isn’t. It’s all a Riddle; I leave a clue.” Against this background, with the fiction cut away, it may now be possible to explore the problem of Colter’s route through the Yellowstone country.

Did Colter make a western loop trip beyond the Yep-pe Indian camp? Of that there can be no doubt. Clark’s representation does not impugn Colter’s word in respect to the reality of the journey itself but only as to where he went and what he saw. If an approximation of his route can be reproduced, the question of what he saw will automatically fall into place like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. The problem, then, is to correctly reconstruct the west loop of the figure eight. This procedure has become possible by reason of the proposition that has been established in this discussion, particularly when it is remembered that Colter knew his way around and could be relied upon to make a proper orientation to the total environment. Now his course can be followed by segregating another feature from what has been referred to as “Lewis’ Concealed Colter Map.”

West of longitude 110° it will be noted that two features stand out in bold relief, namely, a mitten-shaped mountain labeled FOSSIL (probably the Trident) and the crude outline of South Arm and Thumb of Yellowstone Lake. These two landmarks may be used as guide posts in following Colter’s reconstructed loop through Yellowstone. Colter’s authentic east loop journey, already described, brought him approximately to the 110° meridian. Colter’s mitten-shaped landmark lies about seventy-five miles due west of the border on his second map sheet, but Clark’s dotted line depicts Colter’s route fifty miles south of the mountain shaped like a mitten and marked FOSSIL. It is valid to inquire how Colter could discern its shape or know of its fossils from that distance. His Indian friends knew nothing about fossils. The dotted line does not cross or even skirt this mountain. To reach the “Fossil Mountain” from Salt Fork, Colter could ascend by Elk-Wapiti or Fishhawk creeks. Each meets the requirements of direction and distance, and there is a good chance that somewhere along one of these routes a large petrified fish, or something like a fish, was seen then and may be eventually found. Such a discovery would remove all doubt about the direction in which he traveled.[364]

From the “Fossil Mountain” Colter probably descended Pass Creek to Thorofare Creek, which he followed to the Upper Yellowstone River. Then he might have ascended either Falcon, Lynx, or Atlantic creeks, preferably the latter, to Two Ocean Pass. Crossing the Continental Divide, he would then descend Pacific Creek, skirting Big Game Ridge, and cross the South Fork of Snake River, within the present confines of the Park. Thence he could go along Chicken Ridge, from where he would frequently view South Arm, headed toward Flat Mountain Arm. After crossing Solution Creek he would strike West Thumb.[365] The validity of this itinerary is wholly sustained by the genuine features of this area as they appear upon the Map of 1814. Indeed, the route seems obvious and indisputable in view of the actual conditions existing. On a crude map, where there are numerous, similar streams, various combinations are, of course, possible.

Leaving West Thumb, Colter would have circled the lake to its outlet and followed it to the Hayden Valley thermal area. Dragons Mouth and Mud Volcano were undoubtedly features that contributed to the vivid impression he carried away and transmitted to others. Even the “Hot Spring Brimstone” characterization on the Map of 1814 mildly suggests explosive thermal activity. The phrase also suggests that Colter mapped a geyser basin.[366]

Colter’s return route from the area near the outlet of Yellowstone River supplies the final link in the figure eight. To reach the Yep-pe Indian camp he might have veered to the northeast, crossed Yellowstone River at the ford below Mud Volcano, and ascended Pelican Creek or one of the tributaries of the Lamar River. After crossing the Absarokas he evidently descended one of the creeks that empty into Clarks Fork. No one on earth can be certain about this part of his journey. There is no reference anywhere, and the Map of 1814 gives no clue. Still he did reach a tributary of Clarks Fork which he followed to its junction with Dead Indian Creek, thence to the Yep-pe band.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

In the preparation of the first four chapters the use of explorer and trapper journals was imperative. The Journals of Lewis and Clark, Patrick Gass’s Journal, and Robert Stuart’s Discovery of the Oregon Trail are basic.

Trapper activities and Indian life are effectively treated by Stallo Vinton in John Colter; Alexander Ross, The Fur Hunters of the Far West; Hiram Chittenden, The American Fur Trade; John Neihardt, The Splendid Wayfaring; J. Cecil Alter, Jim Bridger, Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and Guide; Bernard De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri; and Robert Vaughn, Then and Now. A correct conception of original Indian life and character will reward the student of Rudolph Kurz’s Journal and Washington Irving’s two volumes: The Adventures of Captain Bonneville and Astoria. George Catlin’s monumental treatise on North American Indians is also a classic on that subject.

Important in the field of writings dealing with the partial and final discovery of Yellowstone are Nathaniel P. Langford, Discovery of Yellowstone Park 1870, together with the shorter accounts of his companions as recorded in Louis C. Crampton’s Early History of Yellowstone National Park and Its Relations to National Park Policies. The Yellowstone explorations of James Stuart and Walter W. DeLacy and others are found in Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, volumes one to five inclusive.

John G. White’s scholarly manuscript entitled “A Souvenir of Wyoming” contains much material of a provocative character. Nice points of detail are raised concerning John Colter’s route and other trapper visitations.

The chapter on “Travel and Accommodations—New Businesses” was the result of a search through the standard magazines covering the half century from 1870 to 1920. The State College of Washington collection was found adequate for this survey.

It would be impossible to write the story of the Park’s administration without a review of all the Annual Reports of the Acting Superintendents, and Superintendents of Yellowstone National Park. The Park Library has a complete file from 1872 to the present time. In addition, the Reports of the Secretary of the Interior and the Reports of the Director of National Parks, covering the same period, were essential cross references in this effort. A complete set of these reports is available at the State College of Washington. A perusal of the soldier (scout) diaries in the Park Library gave the substance for the discussion of that interesting phase.

Among guide books The Haynes Guide is in a class by itself. It is not only an invaluable hand book to the casual tourist, but it is an excellent encyclopedia for research.

The Earl of Dunraven’s Hunting in the Yellowstone affords an excellent narrative from the standpoint of measuring the progress of all phases of Park activity.

Yellowstone Nature Notes is the best source for those sprightly experiences that make life so interesting and pleasant in the Park.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MANUSCRIPT MATERIAL

Anderson, E. C. Diary 1909. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Anderson, Henry. Diary 1910, 1911. Park Library.

Brown, Jesse R. Diary 1909, 1910. Park Library.

Burgess, Felix. Diary 1898, 1899. Park Library.

Cook, C. W. “Remarks of C. W. Cook, Last Survivor of the Original Explorers of the Yellowstone Park Region.” Park Library.

Dorrity, Mrs. James. “Story of the Battle of Bear’s Paw.” M. D. Beal Collection, Idaho State College, Pocatello, Idaho.

Fitzgerald, S. M. Diary 1907. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Graham, S. D. Diary 1906, 1907, 1908. Park Library.

Harlan, W. B. “The Fiasco at Fort Fizzle—1936.” M. D. Beal Collection.

Holmes, W. H. Extracts from the Diary 1872, 1878. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Langford, Nathaniel P. Diary, Second Trip to Yellowstone 1872. Park Library.

Little, Raymond G. Diary 1911, 1912. Park Library.

Louck, D. J. Journal in Manuscript. State Historian’s Office, Laramie, Wyoming.

Martin, Louis. Diary 1900, 1901. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Mason, John E. Diary 1909. Park Library.

Matlock, Jesse M. “Dictation.” M. D. Beal Collection.

Morrison, James. Diary 1897, 1898, 1899. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

McBride, James. Diary 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912. Park Library.

Peale, A. C. Diary of Field Operations, U. S. Geological Survey 1872. (Three volumes.) Park Library.

Phillips, Ulrich B. “Lectures on Early America.” (Notes taken by the author at the University of California in 1933.)

Rubin, Walter. Diary 1911. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Shambow, Louie. “Story of the Battle of Bear’s Paw.” M. D. Beal Collection.

Titus, N. C. “Story of Colonel Miles’ Attack on the Nez Percé Camp.” M. D. Beal Collection.

Thompson, Captain. U. S. A. “Memorandum of a Trip from Fort Ellis, Montana Territory to Yellowstone Park.” (Sept. 1882.) Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Trischman, Harry. Diary 1909, 1910, 1912. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Wall, M. J. Diary. Park Library.

White, John G. “A Souvenir of Wyoming.” (One of eight typed copies of a trip made in 1916.) Park Library.

White, Mable McClain. “Dictation.” M. D. Beal Collection.

Wilson, Charley. Diary 1910. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Wilson, James. Diary 1907, 1908. Park Library.

Whittaker, George. Diary 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900. Park Library.

PRINTED JOURNALS, DIARIES AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

Bradbury, John. Travels in the Interior Of America, 1809, 1810, and 1811. London: Sherwood Neeley, and Jones, 1819.

Carson, Kit. Autobiography. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1935.

Contributions, Historical Society of Montana, I, II, III, IV, V. Helena, Montana: Rocky Mountain Publishing Co., 1876.

Dunraven, The Earl of. Hunting in the Yellowstone. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1925.

Egan, Howard. Pioneering the West. Egan Estate. Richmond, Utah.

Ferris, Warren A. Life in the Rocky Mountains, 1830-35. Salt Lake City: Rocky Mountain Book Shop, 1940.

Folsom, David E. The Folsom-Cook Exploration of the Upper Yellowstone. St. Paul: H. L. Collins Co., 1894.

Gass, Patrick. Journal. Edited by James K. Hosmer, Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Co., 1904.

Guie, Heister D. and McWhorter, L. V., editors. Adventures in Geyser Land by Frank D. Carpenter. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1935.

Howard, General O. O. Chief Joseph, His Pursuit and Capture. Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1881.

Jackson, William H. Time Exposure. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1940.

Kurz, Rudolph. Journal. Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1937.

Langford, Nathaniel P. The Discovery of Yellowstone Park 1870. St. Paul: J. E. Haynes Publisher, 1923.

Larocque, Francis Antoine. Journal. Sources of Northwest History, No. 20, University of Montana, Missoula.

McWhorter, Lucullus V. Yellow Wolf: His Own Story. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1940.

Norton, Harry J. Wonderland Illustrated, or Horse Back Rides. Virginia City, Montana: Harry J. Norton, 1873.

Osmond, Mabel C. Memories of a Trip Through Yellowstone National Park. St. Louis, 1874.

Raftery, John H. The Story of the Yellowstone. Butte, Montana: McKee Printing Co., 1912.

Ross, Alexander. The Fur Hunters of the Far West. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1855.

Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper, 1834-1843. Boise, Idaho: Syms-York Co., 1921.

Smith, Willard E. “An Excerpt from the Journal of Willard E. Smith, 1839-1840.” Edited by J. Neilson Barry. Annals of Wyoming, Vol. XV, No. 3, July, 1943.

Spalding, Elizabeth. Memories of the West. Portland, Oregon: March Printing Co.

Stanley, Edwin J. Rambles in Wonderland. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1878.

Stuart, Granville. Forty Years on the Frontier. Cleveland, Ohio: A. H. Clark, 1925.

Stuart, Robert. The Discovery of the Oregon Trail. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1935.

Synge, Georgina. A Ride Through Wonderland. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1892.

Turrill, Gardner S. A Tale of the Yellowstone. Jefferson, Iowa: G. S. Turrill Publishing Co., 1901.

Vaughn, Robert. Then and Now. Minneapolis: Tribune Printing Co., 1900.

Wingate, George W. Through Yellowstone Park on Horseback. New York: O. Judd Co., 1886.

Wislizenus, F. A. A Journey to the Rocky Mountains in 1839. St. Louis, Mo.: Missouri Historical Society, 1912.

ARTICLES IN MAGAZINES AND PERIODICALS

Baker, Ray S. “A Place of Marvels,” The Century Magazine, LXVI (August, 1903).

Bauer, C. Max. “Notes on Indian Occupancy,” Yellowstone Nature Notes, Vol. XII, No. 6 (June, 1935).

Bryce, James. “National Parks the Need for the Future,” The Outlook, CII (Dec. 14, 1912).

Cook, C. W. “Valley of the Upper Yellowstone,” Western Monthly, IV (July, 1870).

Cook, C. W. and Folsom, D. E. “Cook-Folsom Expedition to the Yellowstone Region 1869,” Haynes Bulletin, Jan., 1923.

Elmendorf, Dwight L. The Mentor, II (May 15, 1915).

Everts, Truman C. “Thirty Seven Days of Peril,” Scribner’s Monthly, III (Nov., 1871).

Freeman, L. R. “Protect the Game in Yellowstone Park,” Recreation, XV (Dec. 1901).

Ghent, W. J. “A Sketch of John Colter,” Wyoming Annals, Vol. X, No. 3 (July, 1938).

Gibbon, Colonel John. “The Battle of the Big Hole,” Harper’s Weekly (Dec. 21, 1895).

Hague, Arnold. “Soaping Geysers,” Science, XIII (May 17, 1889).

Hague, Arnold. “The Yellowstone National Park,” Scribner’s, XXXV (May, 1904).

Hayden, F. V. “More About the Yellowstone,” Scribner’s Monthly, III (February, 1872).

Hayden, F. V. “The Yellowstone National Park,” American Journal of Science, III (March, 1872; April, 1872).

Haynes, Jack Ellis. “The Expedition of President Chester A. Arthur to Yellowstone National Park in 1882,” Annals of Wyoming (January 1942.).

Heffelfinger, C. H. “The Man Who Turned Back,” The Washington Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, No. 3 (July, 1935).

Hough, Emerson. “Forest and Stream’s Yellowstone Park Game Exploration,” Forest and Stream, XLIII (A series of thirteen articles in the issues during the spring and summer of 1894).

Jackson, W. Turrentine. “The Creation of Yellowstone National Park,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. XXIX, No. 2 (September, 1942).

Jackson, W. Turrentine. “The Cook-Folsom Exploration of the Upper Yellowstone 1869,” The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, XXXII, 1941.

Jagger, T. A. “Death Gulch, A Natural Bear Trap,” Popular Science, LIV (February, 1899).

Joseph, Chief. “Own Story,” North American Review (April, 1879).

Kearns, William E. “A Nez Percé Chief Revisits Yellowstone,” Yellowstone Nature Notes, XII (July-August, 1935).

Knowlton, F. H. “The Tertiary Flowers of the Yellowstone National Park,” American Journal of Science, No. 7 (July, 1896).

Knowlton, F. H. “The Standing Fossil Forests of the Yellowstone National Park,” Plant World, I (January, 1898).

Koch, P. “Discovery of the Yellowstone National Park,” Magazine of American History, II (June, 1884).

Langford, Nathaniel P. “The Ascent of Mount Hayden,” Scribner’s Monthly, III (June, 1873).

Lewis, Henry H. “Managing a National Park,” The Outlook, LXXIV (August, 1903).

Lewis, Lucien M. “To the Old Stage Driver,” Overland Monthly, LXIX (July, 1917).

Linton, Edwin. “Overland Sounds in the Vicinity of Yellowstone Lake,” Science, No. 561 (Nov. 3, 1893).

Muir, John. “The Yellowstone National Park,” The Atlantic Monthly, LXXXI (January, 1898; April, 1898).

Phillips, Paul C., editor. “The Battle of the Big Hole,” Sources of Northwest History, No. 8, University of Montana, Missoula.

Rollins, Alice W. “The Three Tetons,” Harper’s, LXXIV (May, 1887).

Russell, Carl P. “Rendezvous Period of American Fur Trade,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, XLII (March, 1941).

Russell, Carl P. “Scientists and Scientific Investigations in Yellowstone National Park,” Department of the Interior, 1933.

Sedgwick, Henry D. “On Horse Back Through Yellowstone,” World’s Work, VI (June, 1903).

Smith, George O. “The Nation’s Playgrounds,” Review of Reviews, XL (July, 1909).

Staffer, Alvin P. and Porter, Charles W. “The National Park Service Program of Conservation for Areas and Structures of National Historical Significance,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XXX, 1 (June, 1943).

Warner, Charles D. “The Yellowstone National Park,” Harper’s, XCIV (January, 1897).

GOVERNMENT REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

Barlow, J. W. and Heap, D. P. Report of Barlow and Heap 1871. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872.

Congressional Globe. 42 Congress, 2nd Session, 1871-72. Part I, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872.

Congressional Record. 43 Congress, Session I, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1874.

Laws and Regulations relating to the Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, by the Secretary of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908.

Ludlow, William. Report to the War Department 1875. Washington, D.C., 1876.

Mather, Stephen T. “Report of the Director of the National Park Service,” Report of the Department of Interior 1918. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918.

Norris, P. W. Annual Report of the Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881.

Reports of the Acting Superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1885 to 1915.

Reports of the Secretary of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872 to 1941.

Reports of the Superintendents of Yellowstone National Park. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917 to 1943.

Rules, Regulations and Instructions for the officers and enlisted men of the United States Army, and of the scouts doing duty in the Yellowstone National Park. Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1907.

Sherman, W. T. and Sheridan, P. H. Reports of Inspection Made in the Summer of 1877. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1878.

Yellowstone National Park Bulletins. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1939, 1940, 1941.

SPECIAL BOOKS AND BULLETINS

Allen, Eugene T. and Day, Arthur L. Hot Springs of the Yellowstone National Park. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution, 1935.

Alter, J. Cecil. James Bridger, Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and Guide. Salt Lake City: Shepard Book Co., 1925.

Arnold, Ross R. Indian Wars in Idaho. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1929.

Bennett, Hugh H. “Thomas Jefferson Soil Conservationist.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, No. 548. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1944.

Catlin, George. North American Indians, I, II. Philadelphia: Leary Stuart and Co., 1913.

Crampton, Louis C. Early History of Yellowstone National Park and Its Relations to National Park Policies. Washington, D.C.: United States Printing Office, 1923.

DeSmet, P. J. Oregon Missions and Travels Over the Rocky Mountains. New York: Edward Dreneger, 1847.

De Voto, Bernard. Across the Wide Missouri. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947.

Drew, Benjamin. Souvenir List of Yellowstone Park Holdup Victims. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

Fee, Chester Anders. Chief Joseph, the Biography of a Great Indian. New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1936.

Freeman, Lewis R. Down the Yellowstone. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1922.

Goad, Edgar F. “Bandelier, Scholar of the Mesas.” Washington, D.C.: Department of Interior Information Service, 1940.

Haines, Francis. Red Eagles of the Northwest. Portland, Oregon: The Scholastic Press, 1939.

Harris, Burton. John Colter, His Years in the Rockies. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952.

Hebard, Grace R. and Brininstool, E. A. The Bozeman Trail. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1922.

Hemishunmeres, Mourning Dove. Coyote Stories. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1933.

Hornaday, William T. Our Vanishing Wild Life. New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913.

Huth, Hans. Yosemite, The Story of an Idea. Reprint from the Sierra Club Bulletin, March, 1948.

Kieley, James F. A Brief History of the National Park Service. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Interior, 1940.

Lillard, Richard G. The Great Forest. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.

Linderman, Frank B. Blackfeet Indians. St. Paul: Brown, Bigelow, 1935.

Lowie, Robert H. The Crow Indians. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1935.

Mickey, Karl B. Man and Soil. Chicago: International Harvester Co., 1945.

Mulford, Walter. Forest Influences. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1948.

Neihardt, John G. The Splendid Wayfaring. New York: Macmillan Co., 1920.

Norton, Harry J. Wonderland, or Horseback Rides Through Yellowstone National Park. Virginia City, Montana, 1873.

Rees, John E. Idaho, Its Meaning, Origin and Application. Portland, Oregon: Ivey Press, 1917.

Remington, Fredrick. Pony Tracks. New York: Harper and Bros., 1895.

Shields, G. O. Battle of the Big Hole. New York: Rand, McNally Co., 1889.

Story, Isabelle F. Glimpses of Our National Parks. Washington, D.C.: United States Printing Office, 1941.

Topping, E. S. Chronicles of the Yellowstone. St. Paul: Pioneer Press Co., 1888.

Van Tassell, Chas. Truthful Lies. Bozeman, Montana, 1921.

Victor, Frances Fuller. The River of the West. Hartford, Conn.: Columbian Book Co., 1871.

Vinton, Stallo. John Colter, Discoverer of Yellowstone Park. New York: Edward Eberstadt, 1926.

Wagner, Glendolin and Allen, William. Blankets and Moccasins. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1933.

Wellman, Paul I. The Trampling Herd. New York: Carrick and Evans, Inc., 1939.

GENERAL SECONDARY REFERENCES

Adams, James Truslow. The Epic of America. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1933.

Bancroft, H. H. History of Washington, Montana and Idaho. San Francisco: The History Company, 1896.

Beal, M. D. History of Southeastern Idaho. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1942.

Brockett, L. P. Our Western Empire. San Francisco: William Garretson and Co., 1881.

Chittenden, Hiram M. The American Fur Trade. New York: Press of the Pioneers, 1935.

Chittenden, Hiram M. Yellowstone National Park. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press, 1933.

Clark, Dan Elbert. The West in American History. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1937.

Driggs, Howard R. Westward America. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1942.

Gardiner, Dorothy. West of the River. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1941.

Guptill, A. B. Practical Guide to Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul: F. Jay Haynes and Bro., 1890.

Hafen, LeRoy, and Rister, Carl C. Western America. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1941.

Haupt, Herman. The Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul: J. M. Stoddart, 1883.

Haynes, Jack Ellis. Haynes Guide. St. Paul: Haynes, Inc., 1943.

Hockett, Homer Co. Political and Social Growth of the United States 1492-1852. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1933.

Irving, Washington. Astoria. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.

Kipling, Rudyard. American Notes. Issued in several editions. One chapter contains an account of a trip through Yellowstone in 1889.

Nevins, Allen. Frémont: Pathmaker of the West. New York: D. Appleton Century Co., 1939.

Paxson, Frederick L. The Last American Frontier. New York: Macmillan Co., 1922.

Sanders, Helen F. History of Montana. Chicago: The Lewis Publishing Co., 1913.

Walgamott, C. S. Six Decades Back. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1936.

Yellowstone Park Scrap Books I, II, III. Park Library, Mammoth, Wyoming.

FOOTNOTES