[307]Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1889, III, 129.
[308]Ibid., p. 130.
[309]Jack Ellis Haynes, Haynes Guide, p. 160.
[310]Emerson Hough, “Yellowstone Park Game Exploration,” Forest and Stream, XLIII, Nos. 8-12. A series of articles covering this exploration appeared in each issue from March until August 25, 1894.
[311]T. J. Patterson, Yellowstone Park Scrap Book, I, 124.
[312]S. B. M. Young’s Annual Report 1897, p. 779.
[313]Benjamin Drew, Souvenir List, Mammoth, Wyoming. One of the victims was struck over the head with the Winchester; whereas a Chicago lady was able to get a snapshot of the desperado. Rewards offered aggregated $1,100.00.
[314]Heister D. Guie and L. V. McWhorter, Adventures in Geyser Land, p. 64. Also Earl of Dunraven, op. cit., p. 206.
[315]Frederick Remington, Pony Tracks (New York: Harper and Bros., 1895), p. 192.
[316]Arnold Hague, “Soaping Geysers,” Science, XIII (May 17, 1889), 384. Dr. Arnold Hague and John H. Renshawe of the Geological Survey studied the Park in 1883.
[317]John Muir, “The Yellowstone National Park,” The Atlantic Monthly, LXXXI (April, 1898), 520.
[318]Land in the reserves adjacent to the Park yield 30¢ per acre from lumbering and 50¢ for grazing; whereas the water storage value alone is $12.50. Then, too, there are extensive agricultural improvements contingent upon the water supply. These would approximate $30.00 per forest acre. Statement made to the author by range supervisor, Faber Eaton, on August 9, 1943.
[319]Annual Report of the Acting Superintendent 1894, p. 661.
[320]There have been exceptions to the rule. Certain animals have been classed as predators at given times and thinned out.
[321]The average sagebrusher (camper) considers bears as an unmitigated nuisance. Because of them, he must exercise vigilance at all times or his food will be carried away.
[322]Reports of the Department of the Interior 1918, p. 827.
Strong demands were also made to open the Park for sheep grazing.
[323]Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1938, p. 6.
[324]Yellowstone Scrap Book, I, 57.
[325]Ibid.
[326]Report of the Acting Superintendent of Yellowstone National Park 1895, p. 824.
[327]These stations were located at Norris, Riverside, Fountain, Upper Geyser Basin, Thumb, Snake River, Lake Sylvan Pass, Soda Butte, Tower Falls, Fort Yellowstone, and Gardiner.
[328]There are more than thirty of these journals in the Park Library at Mammoth, Wyoming.
[329]Yellowstone Scrap Book, II, 105.
[330]R. Kipling, op. cit., p. 153.
[331]John Muir, op. cit., April, 1898, p. 510.
[332]Charles D. Warner, “Yellowstone National Park,” Harper’s, XCIV (January, 1897), 94.
[333]Annual Report 1894, p. 133.
[334]Eugene T. Allen and Arthur L. Day, Hot Springs of the Yellowstone National Park (Washington, D. C.: Carnegie Institution, 1935). Although Dr. Day was the director, the work was regarded as the valedictory of Dr. Allen.
[335]Theodore Roosevelt, “A National Park Service,” Outlook, C (Feb. 3, 1912).
[336]S. T. Mather’s “Report of The Director of The National Park Service,” Report of the Department of the Interior 1918, pp. 842-3.
[337]Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1918, pp. 842-3.
An interesting experiment, contrary to this principle, was an attempt in 1906 to raise twelve Sequoia gigantea trees near the arch at Gardiner entrance. All of the trees died.
[338]James Bryce, “National Parks the Need of the Future,” The Outlook, CII (December 14, 1912), 811.
[339]Reports of the Secretary of the Interior 1918, pp. 813-4.
[340]Ibid.
[341]Ray S. Baker, “A Place of Marvels,” The Century Magazine, LXVI (August, 1903), 487.
[342]F. A. Boutelle, Report of the Acting Superintendent 1889 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1890), p. 148.
[343]Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1937, p. 49.
[344]Short terms of service were also held by Dr. Frank E. Thone, 1923, and Alfred H. Povah, 1931.
[345]Editorial, “The Ranger Naturalist,” Nature Magazine, XVII (April, 1931), 219.
[346]Exhibits were established at Rhyo-Travertine Gulch, Swan Lake Flat, Beaver Dams, Nymph Lake, Tuff Cliff, and Firehole Canyon.
[347]Report of the Secretary of the Interior 1938, p. 13.
[348]Ibid., 1918, pp. 844-5.
[349]George O. Smith, “The Nation’s Playgrounds,” Review of Reviews, XL (July, 1909), 44.
[350]Dwight L. Elmendorf, The Mentor, II (May 15, 1915), 13.
[351]Earl of Dunraven, The Great Divide (London, 1876), p. XI.
The Scottish Earl of Dunraven visited the Park in 1874. A peak and a pass commemorate his interest and service in informing Europeans about Yellowstone.
[352]The date of this communication was December 20, 1810.
[353]Colter’s first sheet is readily identifiable, and part of another sheet may be segregated with the use of imagination and understanding.
[354]Many writers have failed to identify Gap and Sage as the same creek. They also befuddle Wind and Shoshone rivers. There is no evidence that Colter ever heard the name of Bighorn River.
[355]The figure eight results from the fact that he went to the Yep-pe camp, left it, came back, and left it again at the appropriate angles.
[356]The curious errors of the map are explained in Chapter II.
[357]Lewis evidently complained to Biddle about the variations in sheets because Clark stated in a letter to Biddle that these sheets were all of the same scale. See Stallo Vinton, John Colter, p. 47.
[358]This claim will be developed subsequently.
[359]John D. Hicks, The Federal Union (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1937), p. 282.
[360]The position of Henrys River, with reference to the Snake River drainage, is almost wholly erroneous as shown on the Map of 1814. Wisers River is fictitious. The true and original Weiser River lies three hundred miles west.
[361]This hypothesis is based upon the findings of J. Neilson Barry of Portland, Oregon. Mr. Barry is a profound student of Western history and cartography. He has devoted years of intensive research in correlating journals and geography.
[362]There is a reasonable view that holds this lake to be the only real feature upon this section of the map and identifies it as Brooks Lake, but Colter never saw or knew of the main branch of the Bighorn River or its source in Brooks Lake.
[363]Clark named this mythical lake for William Eustis, who had been representative to Congress from Massachusetts. About this time he was Secretary of War in President Madison’s cabinet.
Whatever Colter drew was certainly lacking Lake Eustis, Lake Biddle, and the Rio Grande, Arkansas, and Platte rivers. He was a simple frontiersman who had probably never heard of Eustis or Biddle and was not interested in mapping anything beyond his own route. Had Lewis linked Eustis and Biddle-Riddle lakes together, a possible approximation to Colter’s draft might have appeared.
[364]In 1941, Paul J. Shamp, a US. forester, reported the discovery of numerous petrifications in the vicinity of Pass and Scatter creeks in the Thorofare country. This is the line of Colter’s reconstructed route.
It has been the author’s desire to make a search for this missing link of evidence by actually going over the route. In 1947, he made a partial exploration during a three day hike. It was enough to suggest the size of the problem.
[365]Colter may have reached Chicken Ridge by Fishhawk, Mountain, or Lynx creeks or via Falcon, Mink, or Crooked streams. It must be remembered that this map sheet has been much mussed up. It is impossible to know what has been erased; yet, enough of Colter’s map remains to provide a logical basis for the above itinerary. It is relatively unimportant which creeks he negotiated to reach Chicken Ridge. The vitally important fact is that he drew a sketch of South Arm from that angle which added to the Thumb makes an accurate map of what a trapper would have seen of Yellowstone Lake.
[366]J. Neilson Barry has made the most intensive study of the Map of 1814. It is his opinion that Colter drew other map sheets besides the one of the Buffalo Bill country. He also has hope that these sheets may be discovered among the Lewis-Clark-Biddle papers.