The story of the Congo Free State

INDEX

A
A. B. I. R., 608
Aborigines’ Protection Society, 369, 374;
damaging estimate of its work and methods, note, 376 et seq., 451 et seq., 456, 478
Africa, formerly called the “Dark Continent,” 2;
its value unrecognised, ibid.;
diamonds in, ibid.;
its climate once thought to be fatal to Europeans, ibid.;
portioned by Europe in eighteenth century to facilitate slave trade, 129
Africa, Central, slavery in, 5;
creation of International Association for its exploration and civilisation, 12;
its healthfulness insisted upon by Livingstone and Stanley, 17;
large sections claimed by England, France, Portugal, and Germany, ibid.;
review of, 64 et seq.;
nomadic habits of its people, 223;
their superstition, ibid.;
its consequences, 224;
the iron horse in, 252;
its real curse, 289
African Exploration Fund, 29;
London Geographical Society contributes £250, ibid.;
Belgian Committee collects 500,000 francs, ibid.
African explorers, Gladstone’s opinion of, 4
Albert Edward, Lake, 56, 208
Albert Nyanza, Lake, 52, 56
Albertville, 58
Alcohol, in Congo Free State, 138;
its prohibition, 273;
in Lagos, note, 289, 311
Alvensleben, Count Von, 136;
speech at second Brussels Conference, 143
American Baptist Missionary Union, 299, 300;
fifteen grants of land to, 387
American Congo Mission, two grants of land to, 387
American Indians, Wheaton on their political status, 71
American Secretary of State (Mr. Fish) on political status of savages, 72
Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, treaty of, 553 et seq.;
its ratification by United States, 559
Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
it is quashed, ibid.
Anti-slavery meeting at Cologne, 131
Anti-Slavery Society, of Belgium, founded by Cardinal Lavigerie, 91
Arab slave-traders, 5
Armstrong, Rev. W. D. See Epondo.
Arnot, Mr. Frederick Stanley, on native punishments, 426
Arntz, Prof. Égide, 105;
argument by, 516
Aruwimi, 52, 179
Ascenso, Signor, Italian physician, remarks on Congo Free State, 428 et seq.
Askaris, a Congolese tribe employed by Stanley as carriers, 39
Atrocities, Congo, 578, 595 et seq.
Austria-Hungary, 68
Avakubi, 219, 220, 221
Azandés, 158
B
Bacon on progress of States, 18
Bacteriological Institute, 268
Bahr-Djur, 213
Bahr-el-Ghazal, France objects to Great Britain leasing it to Congo Free State, 208, 210;
British scheme to break lease, 210, 211, 213;
vast mineral wealth discovered there, 214
Baker, Sir Samuel, employed by Khedive of Egypt, 4;
discovers Lake Albert, ibid.
Bakumu, cannibal tribe, 46;
Stanley’s encounters with, ibid.
Balolo, the “men of iron,” 46
Bangala, 74
Bankes, Mr. J. Eldon, K. C., 341
Banning, M. Emile, 136
Bantu race, 309
Banzyville, 53
Baoilis, 153
Baptist Missionary Society of London, 299, 300
Baraka, 59
Barbour, Rev. Thomas S., presents memorial to Congress, 387 et seq., 396
Baron A. Descamps. See Descamps, Baron A.
Baron de Courcel. See Courcel.
Baron Dhanis. See Dhanis.
Baron Gericke d’Herwijen. See D’Herwijen.
Baron Lambermont. See Lambermont, Baron.
Baron Nisco. See Nisco, Baron.
Baron Van Eetvelde. See Eetvelde, Baron Van.
Batetelas, 52;
their grievance, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222;
their revolt crushed, 222
Baudouinville, 58, 59
Beernaert, M., Belgian Minister of Finance, speech by, 97
Belgian and French boundary, 46
Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, raises volunteer corps to protect individual liberty, 200;
despatches three missionary expeditions to Congo, ibid.
Belgian Society of the Upper Congo, 178
Belgique, La, twin-screw steamer employed by Stanley, 39
Bena Kalunga, 194
Benedetti, M. Antoine, 373;
appointed chief commissary of Congo State, 376;
pretends he is opposed to Congo Government, 377
Bergamoyo, 33
Berlin Conference, 23, 26, 94, 308, 309;
the General Act of, its full text, 530 et seq.
Bernard, Montague, on de jure and de facto governments, 69
Besche, De, 218
Bia, Lieutenant, 47
Bigwood, Mr., 353
Bird, Strode & Bird, Messrs., solicitors, 341
Bishop Taylor Self-Supporting Mission, 300;
seven grants of land to, 387
Bismarck, Prince, convenes International Conference at Berlin to regulate “African Question,” 23;
speech, ibid.;
speech, 26;
speech at close of Berlin Conference, 94
Black and White comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of August 8, 1903, 459
Blood-brotherhood, 160
Blue Mountains, 52, 53
Bluntschli, M., on the rights of new States, 527
Bokala, 50
Boma, a native fort, 187, 188, note;
description of, by Dr. Hinde, 191
Bosco, M. Gennaro, public prosecutor. See Epondo.
Bosoko, 179
Boston Peace Conference, 389
Boula Matari, native name for Stanley, 235
Boulger, Mr. Demetrius C., 165, note, 188
Bourée, M., 136
Bourne, Mr. Fox, Secretary Aborigines’ Protection Society, 372, 373, 386
Bowara, 54
Brabant, Duke of (see Leopold II.), 4, 65
Brassem, Lieut., 47
Brazza, De, 262
Britain, Great, recognises Portugal’s claims to Congo River, 20;
declines to aid Stanley, 65;
appeals to King Leopold to call conference at Brussels to concert measures for suppression of slavery on East Coast of Africa, 132;
land system of its African colonies, 612 et seq.
British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 610
British Baptist Society Corporation, fifteen grants of land to, 387
British colonies, crown lands in, 329;
system of government attacked, 589
British expedition to Congo, 43
Brussels, International Conference of Geographers (1876) at, 7, 134;
Brussels Second Conference (1889-90), declaration of General Act of, 552 et seq.;
ratification by United States, 559 et seq.
Bruyn, De, 181, 183
Bryon, M., 34
Bull, John, paints the map red, 19;
some of his traits, 366 et seq.;
his missionaries at work for his merchants, 388
Burdo, M., 36
Burrows, Captain Guy, is charged by Belgian officers with libel, 340 et seq.;
claims to have silenced Captain Salusbury, 348;
is announced to contribute series of articles on Congo Free State to Wide World Magazine, 351;
agrees with R. A. Everett & Co. as to publication of book about Congo, ibid.;
his agreement with Mr. John George Leigh, 353
Burton, Sir Richard, discovers Lake Tanganyika, 4, 58
Busira-Momboya River, 335
C
Cambier, Lieut., 32;
assumes command of Belgian expedition, 33;
reaches Mirambo’s territory, ibid.;
becomes “blood-brother” of Mirambo, ibid.;
founds station on Lake Tanganyika, 34;
learns of death of Wautier, ibid.;
hands over command to Captain Ramaeckers, 36, 253, 256
Cameron, Commander Lovett, on native punishments, 425
Campbell, Mr. John, M.P., derides anti-Congo agitation, 370
Canada, British, concessions in, 328
Canisius, M., 349
Cannibalism, 161;
State circular on repression of, 566 et seq.
Caoutchouc. See Rubber.
Cape-to-Cairo Railway, 208
Cardinal Lavigerie, 90
Carlyle, Thomas, his philosophy, 63
Carriers, their insubordination, 34
Casement, Mr. Roger, his Britannic Majesty’s consul, 175, 234;
Congo Government’s reply to his report refused publication by London editors, 369;
suppression of parts of his report favourable to Congo Free State, 371, 465, 475 et seq., 477;
notes by Congo Administration on his report, 591 et seq.
Cassart, Lieut., 185
Cataracts of Mokoangi, 54
Cataracts Railway, 252;
cost of travelling upon, 255
Cataracts of Zongo, 54
Catholic Herald, 371 et seq.
Cattle, 269
Central Africa. See Africa, Central.
Chaltin, Commandant, 190;
strikes severe blow at Dervishes, 201, 219;
his action for libel against Captain Guy Burrows, 340 et seq.
Charing Cross Hospital, London, 267
Chieftaincies, native, 239
Chige, battle at, 182, 183
Chimay, Prince de, 135
Christian and Missionary Alliance, 300
Christy, Dr., English physician, remarks on Congo Free State, 430 et seq.
Chronique, 461
Cicatrisation, 156
Cinnamon, 268
Clarke, Sir Edward, K.C., 341;
his speech in case against Captain Guy Burrows and Messrs. R. A. Everett & Co., 342 et seq., 363, 364
Cloves, 269
Coal, discovery of, 291
Cocoa, 268;
State reward for native cultivation of, 269
Coffee, 53, 268;
State reward for native cultivation of, 269
Cologne, anti-slavery meeting at, 131
Colonel Strauch. See Strauch.
Comité d’ Études du Haut-Congo formed at Brussels, 29;
its name changed to International Association of the Congo, 39;
Stanley enters its service, ibid.
Commerce, Chamber of, of Manchester (England), correspondence with British Secretary for Foreign Affairs re Upper Congo, 529 et seq.
Commerce, Chamber of, of State of New York, resolution of, 528 et seq.
Concessionary companies, 116;
their contracts with the State and their operations, 322 et seq.
Congo Bololo Mission, 299;
seven grants of land to, 387
Congo, Conventional Basin of the, its limits, 206
Congo Free State, its evolution, 2;
conceived by King of the Belgians and Stanley, 22;
its flag, 26;
extent, 44;
boundary with North-eastern Rhodesia, 47;
its natural wealth, 51;
early legislation in, 66;
a properly organised government previous to General Act of Berlin Congress, 67;
recognised as such by Powers previous to that Act, ibid.;
declaration concerning, by General Sanford, 79;
recognised as a friendly government by American Secretary of State Frelinghuysen 80;
makes treaties with United States in 1884 and 1885, 92;
freedom of trade established in, by General Act of Berlin Conference, ibid.;
treaties with various powers, 93;
attacked by Sir Charles Dilke in British Parliament, 96;
develops land, 115;
concessionaire companies in, 116;
alcohol in, 138;
import duties, 140;
cost of founding the State, 145;
bequeathed by Sovereign to Belgium, 149;
population, 151;
origin of races, 152 et seq.;
Public Force, 164;
prohibits trade in firearms, gunpowder, and other explosives, 200;
regulates contracts of service, ibid.;
creates volunteer corps to protect individual liberty, ibid.;
delimitation of its territory, 206;
its enemies, 223;
displacement of population, 225;
internal administration, 228;
nationality of its servants, 230;
Department of Justice, 231,
intrigues against, 235;
its means of communication with Europe, 249;
scientific stations in, 264;
climate, 265;
influx of Europeans and Americans, ibid.;
trade and revenue, 277;
receives from King Leopold annual subsidy of 1,000,000 francs, 278;
exports and imports, 280-286;
Herr Eberhard Von Schkopp on trade of, 287;
declining trade with England, 290;
discoveries of gold, coal, and copper in, 291;
revenue, 292;
expenditure, 294 et seq.;
monetary system, ibid.;
missions in, 299;
schools, 301;
origin of land system, 313;
unappropriated lands declared property of, 314;
dealings with foreign squatters upon lands in Congo Basin, 316;
adopts Torrens Act system of transferring land titles, 317;
appoints Land Commission, 318;
authorises natives to work mines on own account, 319;
recognises certain local customs as valid, 320;
its various land tenures, 322;
traders’ alleged grievances against, 330 et seq.;
domain of the crown, its extent, 335 et seq.;
its forests finest in the world, 336;
its mining laws, ibid. et seq.;
campaign against, begun in America, 387;
its value generally recognised, 447;
replies to Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of August 8, 1903, 458;
reception of reply by British press, 460;
instructions respecting officials and natives, 569;
text of reply to British dispatch of August 8, 1903, 577 et seq.;
official correspondence with Great Britain, 590;
notes on Mr. Casement’s report, 591 et seq.;
concessionaires, private firms, and trading companies therein, 616 et seq.;
principal officials in Brussels, 617;
principal local officials, ibid.
Congo, Lower, 201;
charted by buoys, 250, 252
Congo, Middle, 46, 201
Congo Question, 3
Congo Reform Association (of Liverpool), its specious arguments, 315;
letter to, from editor of Catholic Herald, note, 371, 374, 452;
establishes its American headquarters at Boston, 467
Congo Reform Association, Secretary of, 372;
enters into correspondence with Mr. Benedetti, and requests interview with him, 378, 379;
introduces Mr. Benedetti to Mr. John Holt, 380;
his agreement with Mr. Benedetti, 381 et seq.;
receives letter from Mr. Benedetti, 383, 384, 386;
presents memorial to President Roosevelt, asking for American intervention in affairs of Congo Free State, 388;
abuses King Leopold at Boston Peace Congress, 395;
is estimated by Major James Harrison, 409 et seq.;
publishes book attacking government of French Congo, 447 et seq.;
ceases hostility to French Congo, ibid.;
the Congo coroner, 468;
specimen of his vituperative fanfaronade, 470 et seq.
Congo River, its source, 45;
discovered by Livingstone, ibid.;
its harbours and shipping, 250;
Sir Travers Twiss on free navigation of, 502;
navigation of, as provided for in General Act of Berlin Conference, 536 et seq.
Congo, Upper, 44, 187;
slavery finally extinguished on, 201, 252
Copal, 272
Copper, discovery of, 291
Coquilhat, Captain, 165
Corriere Toscano, 463
Count Van der Straeten Ponthoz. See Ponthoz.
Courcel, Baron de, speech at International Conference, Berlin, 27
Cranborne, Viscount. See Salisbury, Marquess of.
Crespel, Captain, commands first Belgian expedition, 32;
arrives at Zanzibar, ibid.;
his death, ibid.
Crispe, Mr., K. C., 341, 357
Cromer, Lord, reports upon migratory habit of Soudan population, 226, 454
Crystal Mountains, 47
Curse of Central Africa, The, title of book by Captain Guy Burrows, 353
Curzon, Viscount, Viceroy and Governor-General of India, his opinion of the Congo Free State Government, 422
Cuvelier, Chevalier de., Secretary of State of Congo Free State, 293
D
Daily Chronicle, letter to, from Sir Harry Johnston, 401 et seq.
Daily News, 369, 371, 372, 373, 374
Daily Telegraph (London), Stanley’s letters to, 38
D’Arenberg, Prince F., 453
Davis, Mr. Alexander, his opinion of the Congo Free State Government, extracted from his book, The Native Problem in South Africa, 418 et seq.
Defence of Congo Free State, 577 et seq.
Dekere, 54
De Keyser, Captain Henri Joseph Leon, his action for libel against Captain Guy Burrows, 340 et seq.;
is awarded £500 damages and costs, 363
Delcommune, Lieut., 47, 55, 184, 185
Delecourt, Lieut., 220
Derscheid, Lieut., 47
Descamps, Baron A., his work entitled New Africa, 74;
exposition of international law, 81;
on Government Civilisation in New Countries, 110, 257, 293;
exposition of early Congolese policy, 309;
analysis of theory of State ownership of vacant lands, 315
Dhanis, Lieut. (afterwards Baron), 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, note 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194;
his final report on Arab campaign, 195, 219, 220, 221, 222
D’Herwijnen, Baron Gericke, 141
Diego Cam, discoverer of the Congo, 42
Dilke, Sir Charles, attacks Congo Free State in British Parliament, 96, 370, 447, 455
Dirfi, 220
Doorme, Lieut., 187
Doumergue, M. Gaston (French Colonial Minister), decree consolidating legislation for French West Africa, 338 et seq.
Droeven, 218
Dubreucq, Commandant, his action for libel against Captain Guy Burrows, 340 et seq.
Duchesne, Lieut., 182
Dufile, railroad to Redjaf, 256
Dufourny, A., President of the Federation for the Defence of Belgian Interests Abroad, 395
Dupont, Professor, assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476
Dutalis, Lieut., 35
Dutrieux, Dr., 33
E
Edward, King of England, visits Paris, 448
Eetvelde, Baron Van, 136;
report on conscription, 168;
report on civilisation of native races, 202;
reviews complete work of Congo Free State, 203
Egypt, Khedive of, employs Sir Samuel Baker, 4;
is coerced by Europe to suppress slave-trading on the Upper Nile, 6;
employs Sir Samuel Baker and General Gordon to govern the Soudan, ibid.
Ekongo, King of, 42;
his conversion to Christianity, ibid.;
old kingdom of, 43
Elephants, Indian, experiment with, 35;
abundant in Kivu forest, 57, 272
Emin Pasha, 53, 60, 188
Employees, dismissed, misrepresentations by, 580
En Avant, steamer employed by Stanley, 39
England, claims large sections of Africa, 17;
decreasing trade with Congo Free State, 290;
its cause, ibid.
Epondo case, 595 et seq.
Equateurville, 46, 50
Etienne, M. Eugène, dissertation on the French Congo and Congo Free State, 324 et seq.
Étoile Belge, 346, 355
Evening Transcript, 463 et seq.
Everett, Messrs. R. A. & Co., London publishers, legal action against for libel, 340 et seq.;
letter from, to Secretary of State of Congo Free State, 351 et seq.
Expedition, British, to Congo, 43
Exports from Congo Free State, 1903 (statistics of), 280;
value of, ibid.;
comparison with previous years, 281
F
Fashoda, 212, 213
Favereau, Baron de, 478
Federation for the Defence of Belgian Interests Abroad, 389;
address to President Roosevelt, 390, 479
Fetish doctor, 223, 224, 225
Fiji Islands, 610
Force Publique, 216
Foreign Christian Missionary Society, 300
Forfeit, Mr. William, remarks on Congo Free State, 427 et seq.
Flanders, Count of, becomes President of National Committee of International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, 13
France, war with Germany, 4;
claims large sections of Africa, 17;
sets up her flag at Brazzaville, 19;
denounces Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
land system of its African colonies, 612 et seq.
Franciscans, 301
Francqui, Lieut., 47, 59, 184
Fraud, A gross, 157
Frelinghuysen, F. F., American Secretary of State, recognises Congo Free State as a friendly Government, 80
French and Belgian boundary, 46
French Sheldon, Mrs., on atrocities in Congo Free State, 445
Frere, Sir Bartle, becomes Governor of the Cape, 12;
letter to, from Mr. H. Nixon, on baneful influence of Aborigines’ Protection Society, 377
Fuchs, M., reports on Public Force, 170;
suggests (in his capacity of Vice-Governor-General) plan to control migration of natives, 226;
report of July, 1904, 229;
report on routes for motor cars, 263
G
Gandu, 181, 217, 218
Garenganze Evangelical Mission, 300
General Anzeiger, 461
Germaine, Mr., K. C., 341
Germany, war with France, 4;
claims large sections of Africa, 17;
wants part of East Africa, 19;
denounces Anglo-Portuguese Convention, 21;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
invites Powers to confer in Berlin, ibid.;
land system of its African colonies, 612 et seq.
Ghent, Sisters of Charity, 301
Gibbons, Cardinal, 438;
letter to Secretary Congo Reform Association, 439 et seq.
Gibbons, Major H. H., opinion of Congo State, 583
Gillain, Commandant, 187, 194, 217, 218
Ginger, 268
Gladstone, his opinion of African explorers, 4
Globe, The, letter from Lord Mountmorres to, 441 et seq.
Gois Kapopa, 184
Gold, discovery of, 291
Goldsmid, Sir Frederic, his report on Portuguese claims, 21
Gongo Lutete. See Lutete.
Gongo Machoffe, 219
Goodwill, English Baptist mission steamer, 300
Gordon, General, is employed by Khedive of Egypt to govern Soudan, 6;
appointed by King Leopold to chief command on the Congo, 41;
British Government claim his services, ibid.
Gortchakoff, Prince, 68
Grant discovers sources of the Nile and Lake Victoria, 4
Granville, Lord, 20;
on development of trade in Central Africa, 530
Great Britain. See Britain, Great.
Grégoire, M., assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476
Grenfell, Mr. George, English missionary, remarks on Congo Free State, 427;
on administration of justice in, 568 et seq.
Grey, Mr., English civil engineer, remarks on Congo Free State, 435 et seq.
Grison, Rev. Father, missionary in charge of St. Gabriel’s, Stanley Falls, 301;
extracts from his diary, 302;
his strenuous life, 306, 307
Guinness, Dr. H. Grattan, lectures in Scotland on atrocities in Congo Free State, 424 et seq., 427
Guinness, Mrs. H. Grattan, her testimony different from that of her husband, 425
H
Hamburgische Börsen Halle, Neue, its estimate of British opinion of Congo Free State, 333 et seq.
Hamed-ben-Mohamed, note, 179
Hanssens, Captain, 40
Harbey, Rev. C. H., testifies as to lying proclivities of natives, 600. See Epondo.
Harrison, Major James, 369, 374;
letter to London Times, 404 et seq.;
remarks upon side issue raised by Secretary of Congo Reform Association, 409 et seq.
Head, Mr. George, M.A., demolishes arguments of Secretary of Congo Reform Association at Boston Peace Congress, 396
Head tax, in British colonies, 582
Health committees, 268
Heffter, his theory of the existence of a State, 528
Henderson, Mr. John, his comments on Consul Casement’s report, 466 et seq.
Henry, Commandant, 220, 221, 222
Heusch, De, Lieut., 194;
is killed in battle, ibid.
Heuval, Dr. Van den, 35
Heymans, Captain, 54
Hinde, Dr. Sidney, 179, 183, note, 188;
his description of a boma, note, 191
Hodister, 178
Holland, Queen of, 143
Holt, Mr. John, Liverpool merchant, 373;
pays Mr. Benedetti £40, 383, 384;
his trading company loses its case against the Compagnie Française du Congo Occidental before the Council of Appeal at Libreville, 450
Horses, 269
Hospital for Natives, Boma, 268
Humanitarianism, pretext of, 578
Hut tax, in British colonies, 582, 605
Hygienic Commission, Boma, 265
I
Import duties, 140
Imports into Congo Free State, 1903, 282, 283, 284, 286;
compared with imports of previous years, 286
Independance Belge, 352, 353, 374
Influenza, 187
International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, creation of, 12;
General Sanford (United States Minister at Brussels) becomes member, 13;
receives influential support, ibid.;
receives report of Commission of Eight, 25;
founds station on Lake Tanganyika, 34;
stations created by, 491;
its recognition by United States as a friendly Government recommended by Senator Morgan, 492;
treaties with Germany, Great Britain, France, and Portugal, 544 et seq.;
declaration exchanged with Belgium, ibid.
International Missionary Alliance, 300;
eleven grants of land to, 387
Irebu, 56
Itembo, 52
Itimbiri, 251
Ituri, forest of, 52
Ivory, tax on, 178, 272;
export duty on, 278
J
Janssen, M. Camille, 165
Janssens, M., president of Committee of Inquiry, 476
Japan, domainal system of, 334
Jesuits, 301
Johnston, Sir Harry, G. C. M. G., 152;
quotation from his book, The Uganda Protectorate, 400 et seq.
Juan II., King of Portugal, 42
Junker, Dr., German explorer, 53;
on native punishments, 425
Jürgens, 218
K
Kabambari, 191
Kabinda, 43;
attacked by Batetelas, 217, 218
Kabindas, a Congolese tribe employed by Stanley as carriers, 39
Kakongos, 153
Kalengo. See Epondo.
Karema, 34
Kassai, 50
Kassali, Lake, 48
Kasson, Mr., United States Plenipotentiary, 107
Kassongo, 47, 181, 182, 187, 188, 189, 191, 193, 221
Katanga, 48;
copper deposits in, ibid.;
soon to be reached by railroad, 48, 184
Katué, 221
Khartoum, 214
Khedive of Egypt employs Sir Samuel Baker, 4
Kibala Mountains, the African Switzerland, 48
Kiranga-cha-gungo, largest inland volcano in world, 57
Kirk, Sir John, 136, 426
Kipango, 186
Kivu, Lake of, 57
Kleine Journal, 462
Konings, 218
Kwango, 50
L
La Liberté, 460
La Lulonga Society. See Epondo, 608
Labour, question of native, 581
Labudi, 47
Lado, Enclave of, 210
Lado territory, 219
Laeken, Brussels, King Leopold’s palace, 248
Lagos, British colony of, its revenue, 1898-1901, note, 289;
sixty-five per cent. of revenue derived from alcoholic liquor, 311;
wasteful methods of dealing with rubber and timber, 323;
decline of prosperity in, ibid., 374, 468;
its revenue reviewed by the Lagos Standard, 469 et seq.
Lake Albert Edward, 56
Lake Albert Nyanza, 52, 56
Lake Kassali, 48
Lake Kivu, 57
Lake Leopold II., discovered by Stanley, 56
Lake Matumba, 46, 53
Lake Moero, 49
Lake Tanganyika. See Tanganyika.
Lambermont, Baron, attends Brussels Conference (1876), 8;
reports upon safeguards for native races, 26;
drafts final act of International Conference, ibid.;
on slavery, 89;
his definition of free trade, 111;
presides over Second Brussels Conference, 136
Land system, features of the, in the African colonies of Germany, Great Britain, France, and Portugal, 612 et seq. (See Congo Free State, 586)
Lange, De, Belgian officer, 192
Lansdowne, Marquess of, 450;
his dispatch to the Powers Signatory to the Berlin Act, 457 et seq.;
its reception by British press, 460, 465;
dispatch to the Powers Signatory of the General Act of Berlin respecting alleged cases of ill-treatment of natives and the existence of trade monopolies in Congo State, 573 et seq.
Launay, Count de, 298
Laveleye, M. Emile, 105
Lavigerie, Cardinal, 90;
founds Belgian Anti-Slavery Society, 91;
visits Belgium, 134, 426
Lawrence, William Beach, on what constitutes a State, 528
Le Marinel, Lieut., 178, 179
Leigh, Mr. John George, his agreement with Captain Guy Burrows, 353
Leopold II. (King of the Belgians and Sovereign of the Congo Free State), his accession to Belgian throne, 2;
believes Africa promising outlet for surplus European population, 3;
his magnificent physique and personal accomplishments, ibid.;
perceives opportunity to civilise Central Africans and found Belgian colony, ibid.;
his scheme disregarded, ibid.;
speech before Belgian Senate in 1860, 4;
his philanthropy, 6;
considers how the slave trade in Africa can be abolished, ibid.;
convenes an international conference of geographers in Brussels (1876) to discuss the subject, 7;
his circular letter, ibid.;
his speech, 8;
becomes President of International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, 12;
speech before National Committee, 14;
his desire for new markets for Belgian manufactures, 17;
his prescience, ibid.;
spends largely of his private fortune to suppress slavery, 18;
appeal to British Government, 21;
recognised by Powers as Sovereign ruler of Congo Free State, 28;
becomes honorary President of the Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo, 29;
invites Stanley to Brussels, 39;
induces him to enter service of International Association of the Congo (new name of the Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo), ibid.;
plans campaign of exploration, 60;
a true friend to Stanley, 65;
his early declaration, ibid.;
letter to his ministers, 99;
authorised by Belgian Chamber to assume sovereignty of Congo Free State, 101;
his acknowledgment, ibid.;
receives congratulations and is visited by Lord Mayor of London, 101, 102;
is appealed to by British Government to call conference at Brussels to concert measures for suppression of slavery on East Coast of Africa, 132;
letter to M. Beernaert, 147;
bequeaths sovereignty of Congo Free State to Belgium, 149;
note, 179;
confers title of Baron on Captain Dhanis, 195;
his plans to suppress slavery excite little interest, 197;
depletes his fortune to achieve his object, 198;
receives scant support outside Belgium, ibid.;
his Majesty’s mandate, ibid.;
his first object realised, 205;
his political foresight, 210;
his energy and industry, 248;
Laeken, his palace at Brussels, ibid.;
his châlet at Ostend, ibid.;
his immense expenditure on Congo State, 276;
impossible to recover, 277;
grants annual subsidy of 1,000,000 francs to Congo State, 278;
his early declarations consistently carried out, 320;
Captain Guy Burrows dedicates book to, 347;
is abused by Secretary of Congo Reform Association at Boston Peace Congress, 395;
Congo Free State likely to fulfil his expectations, 447
Leopoldville, 46;
fortnightly communication with Stanley Falls, 251;
treaty of, 489
Leroi, Captain, 219, 220
Leslie, Rev. W. H., of American Baptist Missionary Union, 411;
contributes article on Congo to Missionary Review of the World, 414
Liebrechts, Mr., Secretary-General of Congo Free State, letters to from Captain Burrows, 347 et seq.
Lindi, 221
Lindt, Van, Lieut., 189
Lippens, 181, 183
Livingstone, Dr., enters Congo region, 1860, and discovers lakes Moero and Bangweolo, 4;
found by Stanley in 1871, ibid.;
says white man can live in Central Africa, 17, 197
Livingstone Inland Mission, 299
Lomami, 49, 50, 51, 181, 182, 183, 217, 218
Lopori, 49
Lothaire, Commandant, 194, 217, 218, 219
Lua, 54
Luahilimta, 57
Lualaba, 47, 177, 186, 251
Lualaba-Kassai, 201
Luapula, 47
Lubefu, 50, 335
Lubuga, 57
Lubukine, 194
Lufila, 47
Lufupa, 47
Lukenie River, 335
Lulongo, 49, 50
Luluabourg, 74, 201;
outbreak of Batetelas at, 216, 218
Lumber, 272
Lunda country, 74
Lusambo, 179, 201, 217
Lusana, 183
Lutete, Gongo, 179;
his personality, 180, 181, 182, 184;
is court-martialled and shot, 190;
disastrous consequences of that event, 191, 216
M
Mabode, 52
Maes, Dr., 32;
his death, ibid.
Maguire, Dr., English missionary, remarks on Congo Free State, 429 et seq.
Mahagi, 212
Malet, Sir Edward, attends International Conference at Berlin, 24;
speech, 27
Maloney, Mr. J. A., on native punishments, 426
Malumba, Batetela mutineer, murdered by one of his followers, 221
Manning, Cardinal, 131
Manyema, collectors of ivory, 59, 182;
country of, 191, 218, 221
Marès, M. Roland de, 384
Marno, M., 32
Marriage, Christian, among natives, 273
Martens, Prof., 136
Martin of Bohemia, cosmographer 42
Matadi, 47, 252, 253;
trains from, 255
Matumba, Lake, 46, 53, 56
Mayombés, 153
Mayumbe Railway, 256
Mbomu, 54, 208, 209, 210
Meshra-er-Rek, 213
Mfini, 56
Mgonda-Mkali, 33
Michaux, Captain, 182, 183, 184, 218
Middle Congo, 46, 48
Mirambo, 33;
his conflict with Simba, 36
Missionaries, 299, 300, 301, 385, 387, 411, 424, 425, 427, 429;
deceived by native witnesses, 233
Missions, Protestant, 299
Modes et Robes à la Congo, 154
Moero, Lake, 49;
south-eastern boundary between British territory and Congo Free State, 59
Moharra, Munie, 181, 184, 185, 186
Mohun, Mr., formerly United States Consul at Boma, 411;
his opinion of Congo Free State Government, 415 et seq.
Mokoangi, Cataracts of, 54
Molieka, 52
Moltke, Von, 180
Moncheur, Baron, Belgian Minister to United States, 389;
career, 618
Mongalla, 52
Moore, English naturalist, 57;
discovers zoölogical remains of a dead sea, 59
Morgan, Senator, of Alabama, presents memorial to Congress, 388;
submits Report from Committee on Foreign Relations recommending United States to recognise International African Association as friendly government, 492
Morning Advertiser, comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of August 8, 1903, 458 et seq.;
betrays some British desires, 459
Morning Post, 369;
letter to from Major James Harrison, 409;
from Mr. Grey, 435 et seq.
Morrison, Rev. Mr. W. M., of Lexington, Va., 385;
fails to obtain land concessions and special privileges, 386;
his statements compared with facts, 387, 388, 396, 456
Mountains, Blue, 52, 53
Mountains, Crystal, 47
Mountains, Kibala, 48
Mountains, Pallaballa, 252, 253
Mountmorres, Lord, 374;
starts on journey through Congo Free State, 440;
letter from, to London Globe, 441 et seq.
Mpala, 37
Msiri, 48
Münster Westphal, 462
Musserongés, 153
Mwadi, 184
Mwana Mkwanga, Arab camp at, 191
N
Natives, Commission for Protection of, report of first meeting, 572 et seq.;
alleged to be ill-treated, 573 et seq.
Nerincx, Professor A., coadjutor of Baron Moncheur, 389
Netherlands, Prince Henry of,
becomes President of the National Committee of the International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, 13
New York Herald, Stanley’s letters to, 38
New York Press, 464
Neyn, M. De, assistant at Court of Inquiry, 476
Niadi Kwilu Basin explored, 73
Niadi, treaty with King of, 490
Niam-Niam, tribe inhabiting Bahr-el-Ghazal country, 214
Niangara, 53
Niger, navigation of the, as provided for in General Act of Berlin Conference, 541 et seq.
Nisco, Baron, President of Court of Appeal, 232;
member of Court of Inquiry, 476
Nôtre Dame, Sisters of, 301
Nutmegs, 269
Nyangwe, 45, 52, 59, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188, 217, 221
Nys, M. Ernest, 77
Nzilo, 47
O
Obi, 220
Omdurman, battle of, 213
Ordeal by poison, 159;
State Circular on repression of, 566 et seq.
Ostend, King Leopold’s châlet at, 248
Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Roman Catholic Mission steamer, 300
Ourroussof, Prince, 136
P
Padrão Foreland, 42
Pallaballa Mountains, 252, 253
Palmerston, Lord, on recognition of States by British Government, 528
Panga Falls, 53
Parliament, British, debate in, 580
Partition of Congo State, 578 et seq., 610
Peace, English Baptist Mission steamer, 300
Pepper, 268
Petit Bleu, interview with Stanley published in, 397
Phare de la Loire, 461
Philippeville, SS., 477
Phipps, Sir Constantine, his Britannic Majesty’s minister at Brussels, dispatch on protection of natives, 561 et seq.
Photographs, faking of, 371 et seq., 602 et seq.
Pigmies, 156
Poison, ordeal by, 159
Polidori, Signor, Italian physician, remarks on Congo Free State, 428 et seq.
Poll tax, in British colonies, 582
Polygamy, 163, 273
Ponthier, Captain, 190, 191, 193
Ponthoz, Count Van der Straeten, on safeguarding native races, 26
Pope Leo XIII., encyclical on abolition of slavery in Brazil, 90;
receives Central African Christian Negroes, ibid.;
his speech, ibid.
Popelin, Captain, commands second Belgian expedition, 35;
death of, 37
Population, displacement of, 225;
diminution of, 591 et seq.
Portugal, claims large sections of Africa, 17;
claims Congo River, 19;
land system of its African colonies, 612 et seq.
Postal Service, 244
Prémontré Fathers, 301
Prestation, natives’ contribution of labour towards support of State, 294
Public Force, 164
Public Ledger, 465
Puttkamer, Herr Von, Governor of the Cameroons, his opinion of the navigation of the Congo River, 252
Q
Queen of Holland, 143
R
Ramaeckers, Captain, commands fourth Belgian expedition, 36;
joins his colleagues at Tanganyika, ibid.;
takes over command from Cambier, ibid.;
death of, 37
Rashid, 179, 189, 190, 194
Redemptionists, 301
Redjaf, 201;
railroad to Dufile, 256
Reed, Henri, American Baptist Mission steamer, 300
Rejoinder of Congo State to charges in Consul Casement’s Report, 590 et seq.
Reply of Congo State to British Dispatch, Aug. 8, 1903, denying that Administration involves systematic cruelty to natives, 577 et seq.
Revenue, various sources of, 279
Rhodes, Cecil, 208;
prophetic utterance by, 454
Rhodesia, North-eastern, and Congo Free State boundary, 47;
taxes in, 605 et seq.
Riba Riba, 178
Ridley, Mr. Justice, tries suit for libel brought by Belgian officers against Messrs. R. A. Everett & Co. and Captain Guy Burrows, in London, 340 et seq.;
his charge to jury, 358
Roger, M., 36
Roman Catholic Mission, forty-four grants of land to, 387
Roosevelt, President, 388, 389
Royal, steamer employed by Stanley, 39
Rubber (caoutchouc), its cultivation and collection, 270;
its varieties, 272;
export duty on, 278;
decrease in export of, from eight British colonies, 324 et seq.
Rubi, 52
Rudolph, Archduke, of Austria, becomes President of National Committee of International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, 13
Ruki, 50
Rumeliza, chief of Ujiji, 191, 193, 194
Rusisi, 57
S
Sacred Heart of Mary, Sisters of the, 301
Sacred Heart, Priests of the, 301
Salisbury, Marquess of, his opinion of the Congo Free State Government, 423, 456, 584
Salisbury, Marquess of (the late), his opinion of the Congo Free State Government, 423
Salusbury, Captain, his allegations against Congo Free State denied by Captain Guy Burrows, 346
Sambas Plateau, 50
Sanford, General (United States Minister at Brussels), becomes member of International Society for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, 13;
declaration by, 79;
founds, with M. Georges Brugmann, Exploring Expedition, 276
Sankuru, 50, 179, 336
Sannaes, Lieut., 221
San Salvador, 43
Scherlink, Lieut., 183
Scheut Fathers, 301
Schkopp, Herr Eberhard Von, his remarks upon Congolese trade, 287
School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, 267
Schumacher, Dr. De, member of Court of Inquiry, 476, 478
Scott, Mr. G. A., 341
Sefu, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190
Semlika, boundary between British and Belgian possessions, 56
Semliki, 221
Seyyid Burghash, Sultan, 32
Shanu, British subject of Lagos, tries to induce Mr. Benedetti to join anti-Congo campaign, 377 et seq.
Sierra Leone, convictions for maltreatment of natives in, 582
Simba, his conflict with Mirambo, 36
Sir Bartle Frere. See Frere, Sir Bartle.
Sir Charles Dilke. See Dilke, Sir Charles.
Sir Frederic Goldsmid. See Goldsmid, Sir Frederic.
Sir Harry Johnston. See Johnston, Sir Harry.
Sir John Kirk. See Kirk, Sir John.
Sir Travers Twiss. See Twiss, Sir Travers.
Slavery in Central Africa, 5;
slavery defined, 83;
antiquity of, ibid.;
Christ the first liberationist, 84;
first awakening to infamy of slavery, ibid.;
England’s traffic in slaves, ibid.;
her retribution, 85;
America’s civil war to abolish, ibid.;
still extant in some countries, ibid.;
England’s efforts to suppress, 86;
horrors of, 87;
Baron Lambermont on, 89;
Pope Leo XIII.’s encyclical on, 90;
its strange uses before the founding of Congo Free State, 274;
Congo State accused of, 294;
declaration concerning, in General Act of Berlin Conference, 535 et seq.
Sleeping sickness, 225;
no known cure for, 266
Smallpox, 187, 221, 225, 266
Smet de Naeyer, Count de, 478
Soudan, migratory habit of its population, 226
South Africa, British punitive expeditions in, for collection of taxes from natives, 607
Spain, King of, becomes President of National Committee of International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, 13
Speke, Captain, discovers Lake Tanganyika, and sources of the Nile and Lake Victoria, 4, 58
St. Paul de Loanda, 43
Standard, The, comments upon Lord Lansdowne’s dispatch of August 8, 1903, 459
Stanley Falls, 46, 52, 179, 181, 194, 220, 221;
fortnightly communication with Leopoldville, 251
Stanley, Henry Morton, Sir, discovers Dr. Livingstone, 4;
says white man can live in Central Africa, 17;
visits Congo in interest of King Leopold, 20;
demonstrates importance of Congo River in letters to New York Herald and London Daily Telegraph, 39;
founds and fortifies station at Vivi, 40;
constructs road from Vivi to Isanghila, ibid.;
founds a station at Manyanga, ibid.;
learns of French founding Brazzaville, and replies by founding Leopoldville, ibid.;
goes to Brussels to report progress, ibid.;
returns to Central Africa, February, 1883;
his achievements impossible without King Leopold’s aid, 65, 197;
Boula Matari, native name for, note, 235;
insists upon necessity of railroad round the thirty-two cataracts, 253, 262, 274, 275;
on a common measure of civilisation, 277;
writes introduction to book by Captain Guy Burrows, 347;
the true motive of the anti-Congo campaign, 370;
his opinion of Congo Free State Government, 397 et seq.;
Congo Free State likely to fulfil his expectations, 447
Stanley Pool, 50, 252
Stanleyville, railroad from, to Great Lakes, 256
Stephanieville, treaty of, 490
Stokes, executed for selling arms to State’s enemies in time of war, originally Protestant missionary, 307, 373, 452
Storm, Lieut., founds station at Mpala, 37
Strauch, Colonel, President of the Comité d’Études du Haut-Congo, 29, 67
Sugar, 53, 272
Svensson, 218
Swanton, Mr., 341
Swedish Missionary Society, 300;
nine grants of land to, 387
T
Tanganyika, Lake, effort to found station at, 34;
the first station of the International Association for the Exploration and Civilisation of Central Africa, ibid.;
partitioned equally between Congo Free State and German East Africa, 58;
discovered in 1858 by Burton and Speke, ibid.;
first circumnavigated by Stanley, ibid., 191, 194, 200, 208
Taxation, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain ridicules native exoneration from, 581 et seq.;
defends theory of, 582
Taxation of natives, 114;
their migration to avoid, 224;
personal, the bases of, 293;
reduction of direct, ibid.
Telegraph, 59
Telegraph service, 245
Telephone, 59
Telephone service, 245
Terrell, Mr., 136
Tervueren, Brussels, Museum, containing objects illustrating Central African life, 265
Thomas, Mr. Lewis, 341
Thys, Lieut., 256
Times, The, 373, 384;
letter from Major James Harrison, 404 et seq., 459;
French criticism of, 460
Tippo Tip, 59, note, 179, 180, 181, 183, 189, 194
Tobacco, 53, 272
Tobback, M., resident for Congo Free State at Stanley Falls, 189
To-Day, 466
Trappistines, 301
Trappists, 301
Tuckey, James Kingston, British explorer, 43
Twiss, Sir Travers, 105;
on free navigation of the Congo, 502
U
Ubanghi, 53, 208, 251
Uelle, 53, 177, 201, 208, 209
Uelle Railway, proposed extension, 54
Uganda Protectorate. See Harrison, Major.
Ujiji, 191
United States, particulars of their origin recorded, 1;
recognises International Association as a friendly Government, 22;
makes treaties with Congo Free State in 1884 and 1885, 92, 199
Upper Congo, 44;
Belgian Society of the, 178
Uranga, 49
Usamba Plateau, 49
V
Van Dorpe, Captain, 165
Van Gele, 53
Vanilla, 269
Vattel on manner of acquiring sovereignty of free country, 527
Vivi, first station founded by Stanley, 40;
road from, to Isanghila made by Stanley, ibid.;
treaty of, 487
Vivian, Lord, 136; speech at Second Brussels Conference, 142
Vohsen, Consul, 453
Von Bornhaupt, Herr, 453
Von Gotzen, Count, discoverer of volcano Kiranga-cha-gungo, 57
Von Moltke. See Moltke, Von.
W
Waddas, 53
Wagenia, a riverain tribe, 186, 187
Wahis, Colonel (afterwards General Baron Wahis), 253;
speech describing Congolese conditions twenty years ago, 479 et seq.
Washington, Mr. Booker, 424
Wauters, A. J., note, 188
Wautier, Lieut., 33;
his death, 34
West Africa, journal of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, 450 et seq.
Wheaton, on recognition of States, 69;
on political status of American Indians, 71
White Fathers, 301
Whiteley, Mr. James Gustavus, of Baltimore, his opinion of the Congo Free State Government, 411 et seq.
Widows, strangling, 158
Wingate, Sir Reginald, 454
Winton, Sir Francis de (Governor-General of Congo during absence of Stanley), formulates land system, 313
Wissmann, 262
Wissmann Falls, 50
Wolf, Eugène, admonition from, 462
Wouters, De, Lieut., 185, 188, 193, 194;
his death, 195
Wulfers, Rev. Father, of the Romee Mission, Yanonghi, 302;
extracts from his diary, 303-305
Y
Yambuya, 52
Young Africa, one-screw barge employed by Stanley, 39
Z
Zanzibar, Englishmen murdered by brigands at, 35
Zongo, Cataracts of, 54

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