The Student's Elements of Geology

INDEX.

ABBEVILLE, flint tools of, 152
Aberdeenshire, granite of, 558
Abich, M., on trachytic rocks, 504
Acer trilobatum, Miocene, 220, 221
Acrodus nobilis, Lias, 359
Acrogens, term explained, 303
Acrolepis Sedgwickii, Permian, 390
Actæon acutus, Great Oolite, 345
Actinocyclas, in Atlantic mud, 288
Actinolite, 499, 502
—— schist, 578
Æchmodus Leachii, Lias, 358
Adiantites Hibernica, Old Red, 441
Agassiz on fish of Sheppey, 267
—— on fish of the Brown-Coal, 540
—— on fish of Monte Bolca, 544
—— on Old Red fossil fish, 443, 447
—— on Silurian fish, 460
Age of metamorphic rocks, 597
—— of Plutonic rocks, 564
—— of strata, tests of, 123
—— of volcanic rocks, 520
Agglomerate described, 509
Agnostus integer. A. Rex, 488
Air-breathers of the Coal, 413
Aix-la-Chapelle, Cretaceous flora of, 302
Alabaster defined, 39
Alberti on Keuper, 376
Albite, 499, 500
Aldeby and Chillesford beds, 192
Alkali, present in the Palæozoic strata, 587
Alpine blocks on the Jura, 169
Alps, age of metamorphic rocks in, 599
——, nummulitic limestone and flysch of, 77
Alum schists of Norway and Sweden, 489
Alluvial deposits, Recent and Post-pliocene, 151
Alluvium, term explained, 99
—— in Auvergne, 100
Alternations of marine and fresh-water strata, 72
Alum Bay beds, plants of the, 262
Amblyrhynchus cristatus, a living marine saurian, 362
America. See United States, Canada, Nova Scotia.
——, North, Glacial formations of, 182
——, South, gradual rise of land in, 72
——, Silurian strata of, 478
American character of Lower Miocene flora, 238
—— forms in Swiss Miocene flora, 223
Amiens, flint tools of, 152
Ammonites bifrons, Lias, 356
—— Braikenridgii, Oolite, 351
—— Bucklandi, Lias, 356
—— Deshayesii, Neocomian, 311
—— Humphresianus, Inferior Oolite, 351
—— Jason, Oxford Clay, 340
—— Noricus, Speeton, 312
—— macrocephalus, Oolite, 352
—— margaritatus, Lias, 357
—— planorbis, Lias, 356
—— rhotomagensis, Chalk marl, 298
Amphibole group of minerals, 499, 502
Amphistegina Hauerina, Vienna basin, 225
Amphitherium Broderipii, in Stonesfield, 348
—— Prevostii, Stonesfield slate, 347
Ampullaria glauca, 56
Amygdaloid, 507
Analcime, 500
Anamesite, a variety of basalt, 504
Ananchytes ovatus, White chalk, 293
——, with crania attached, 49
Ancillaria subulata, Eocene, 57
Ancyloceras gigas, 309
—— spinigerum, Gault, 301
—— Duvallei, Neocomian, 312
Ancylus velletia (A. elegans), 55
Andalusite, 500
Andes, Plutonic rocks of the, 569
Andreasburg, metalliferous vein of, 611
Angelin, on Cambrian of Sweden, 489
Angiosperms, 303
—— of the Coal, 429
Anglesea, dike cutting through shale in, 514
Anodonta Cordierii, 54
—— Jukesii, Upper Old Red, 441
—— latimarginata, 54
Anoplotherium commune, Binstead, 254
—— gracile, Paris basin, 271
Anorthite, 499, 501
Annularia sphenophylloides, Coal, 425
Antholithes, coal-measures, 429
Anthracite, conversion of coal into, 408
Anticlinal and synclinal curves, 74, 85
Antrim, Chalk altered by a dike in, 516
——, Lower Miocene, volcanic rocks of, 539
Antwerp Crag, 204
Apateon pedestris, a carboniferous reptile, 406
Apatite, 500
Apennines, Northern, metamorphic rocks of, 599
Apes, fossil of the Upper Miocene, 215
Apiocrinites rotundus, Bradford, 343
Appalachians, long lines of flexures in, 92, 93
——, vast thickness of successive strata in, 110
Aptychus, part of ammonite, 336
Aqueous rocks defined, 27, 35
Araucaria sphærocarpa, Inferior Oolite, 348
Arbroath, section of Old Red at, 74
Archæopteryx macrura, Solenhofen, 338
Archegosaurus minor and A. medius, coal measures, 406, 407
Archiac, M. de, on nummulites, 277
——, on chalk of France, 306
Arctic Miocene Flora, 239
Area of the Wealden, 319
Areas, permanence of continental, 117
Arenaceous rocks described, 35
Arenicolites linearis, Arenig beds, 475
Arenig or Stiper-Stones group, 474
——, volcanic formations of, 549
Argile plastique, 276
Argillaceous rocks described, 36
Argillite, Argillaceous schist, 579
Argyll, Duke of, on Isle of Mull leaf-beds, 247
Armagh, bone-beds in Mountain Limestone at, 437
Arran, amygdaloid filled with spar near, 518
——, erect trees in volcanic ash of, 546
——, Greenstone dike in, 514
Arthur’s seat, trap rocks of, 545
Arvicola, tooth of, 165
Asaphus caudatus, Silurian, 467
—— tyrannus, A. Buchii, 474
Ascension, lamination of volcanic rocks in, 595
Ash, Mr., on fossils of Tremadoc beds, 483
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, fault in coal field of, 91
Aspidura loricata, Muschelkalk, 379
Astarte borealis (=A. arctica=A. compressa), 176
—— Omalii, Crag, 199
Asterophyllites foliosus, Coal, 425
Astrangia lineata (Anthophyllum lineatum), 229
Astræa basaltiforme, Carboniferous, 432
Astropecten crispatus, London clay, 266
Atherfield clay, 309
Atlantic mud, composition of, 287
Atrypa reticularis, Aymestry, 462
Aturia ziczac (Nautilus ziczac), 266
Augite, 499, 502
Auricula, recent, 55
Austen, Mr. Godwin, on marine deposit of Selsea Bill, 182
——, on boulders in chalk, 292
Australian cave breccias, 158
Australia, auriferous gravel of, 617
Auvergne, alluvium in, 100
——, chain of extinct volcanoes in, 495
——, granite veins in, 610
——, Lower Miocene of, 233
——, Miocene volcanic rocks of, 540
——, Post-pliocene volcanic eruptions in, 527
——, springs from spent volcanoes in, 604
Aveline Mr., on Tarannon shales, 468
Avicula contorta, Rhætic beds, 366
—— cygnipes, Lias, 355
—— inæquivalvis, Lias, 355
—— socialis, Muschelkalk, 379
Aviculopecten papyraceus, coal measures, 405
—— sublobatus, mountain limestone, 434
Aymestry Limestone, 461
Azoic period, supposed, 603
Azores, Miocene lavas with shells, 539

BACILLARIA paradoxa, 51
Baculites anceps, Lower Chalk, 298
—— Fauiasii, chalk, 286
Baffin’s Bay, formation of drift in, 171, 173
Bagshot sands, 258, 259, 262
Baiæ, Bay of, subterranean igneous action in, 569
Bakewell, Mr., on cleavage in Swiss Alps, 590
Bala and Caradoc beds, 470
Balistidæ, defensive spine of, 261
Bangor, or Longmynd group, 485
Banksia, seed and fruit of, Lower Miocene, 238
Barmouth sandstones, 486
Barnes, Mr. J., on insects in American coal, 416
Barnstaple, Upper Devonian of, 450
Barrande, M. Joachim, his “Primordial Zone,” 471, 482, 487
——, on metamorphosis of trilobites, 471
Barrett, Mr., on bird in Blackdown beds, 299
Barton series sands and clays, 258
—— shells, percentage of, common to London clay, 258
Basalt, columnar, 511
——, composition of, 504
Basaltic rocks, poor in silica, 504
——, specific gravity of minerals in, 504
Basilosaurus, Eocene, United States, 280
Basset, term explained, 83
Basterot, M. de, on Bordeaux tertiary strata, 141
Bath Oolite, 342
Batrachian reptiles in coal, 406
Bay of Fundy, denudation in coalfield in, 418
Bean, Mr., on Yorkshire Oolite, 350
Bear Island carboniferous flora, 441
Beaumont, M. E. de, on island in Cretaceous sea, 305
——, on mineral veins, 613
——, on Jurassic plutonic rocks, 571
——, on formation of granite, 553
Beckles, Mr. S. H., on footprints in Hastings sands, 315, 330
—— on Mammalia of Purbeck, 326
Belemnitella mucronata, Chalk, 283
Belemnites hastatus, Oxford clay, 340
—— Puzosianus, Oxford clay, 341
Belgium, Lower Miocene of, 241
Bellerophon costatus, Mountain Limestone, 436
Belosepia sepioidea, Sheppey, 266
Belt, Mr., on subdivision of Lingula Flags, 484
Bembridge beds, Yarmouth, 252
Berger, Dr., on rocks altered by dikes, 515
Berlin, Miocene strata near, 242
Bernese Alps, gneiss in the, 599
Berthier on isomorphism, 502
Bertrich-Baden, columnar basalt of, 512
Beyrich on term Oligocene for Lower Miocene, 244
Billings, Mr., on trilobites, 471
Binney, Mr., on Sigillariæ in volcanic ash, 546
——, on Stigmaria, the root of Sigillaria, 426
Biotite, 499, 501
Bird in argile plastique, 276
Bischoff, Professor, on Nile and Rhine mud, 154
——, on conversion of coal into anthracite, 403
——, on hydrothermal action, 586
Blackdown beds, 301
Blacklead of Borrowdale, 65
Bog-iron-ore, 52
Bohemia, Cambrian rocks of, 487
——, silver veins in, 616
Bolderberg, in Belgium, Upper Miocene of, 224
Bone-bed of fish remains, Armagh, 437
—— of Upper Ludlow, 450
—— of the Trias, 367
Boom, Lower Miocene of, 241
Bordeaux, Upper Miocene of, 214
Borrowdale, blacklead of, 65
Bosquet, M. on chalk fossils, 283
——, on Maestricht beds, 283
Botanical nomenclature, 303
Boucher de Perthes on Abbeville alluvium, 152
Boulder-clay, whether formed by icebergs or land-ice, 166-73, 178
Boulder-clay of Canada, 182
—— fauna of, 176, 189
Boulders and pebbles in chalk, 292
Bournemouth beds (Lower Bagshot), 262
Bovey Tracey, lignites and clays of, 246
Bowerbank, Mr., on fossil fruits of London Clay, 265
——, on fossil fruits of Sheppey, 265
Bowman, Mr., on uniting of distinct coal-seams, 401
Brachiopoda, preponderance of, in older rocks, 470
——, mode of recognising shells of, 471
Bracklesham beds and Bagshot Sands, 259
Bradford encrinites, 342
Breccias of Lower Permian, 391
Brick-earth or fluviatile loam, 153
Bridlington drift, 189
Bristol, dolomitic conglomerate of, 373
Bristow, Mr., on volcanic minerals, 500
Brixham cave near Torquay, 158
Brocchi on Italian tertiary strata, 141
—— on subapennine strata, 208
Brockenhurst, corals and shells of, 257
Brodie, Rev. P. B., on Lias insects, 363
Brodie, Mr. W. R., on Purbeck mammalia, 326
Brongniart, M. Adolphe, on botanical nomenclature, 303
——, on Lias plants, 364
——, on flora of the Bunter, 380
——, on flora of the coal, 420
——, on fruit of Lepidodendron, 424
——, M. Alex., on Tertiary series, 141
Bronteus flabellifer, Devonian, 453
Brora, oolitic coal formation of, 350
Brown, Mr. Richard, on Stigmaria, 426
——, on carboniferous rain-prints, 416
Brown, Robert, on Eocene protaceous fruit, 264
Brown, Reverend T., on marine shells in Scotch drift, 177
Brown-coal of Germany, 540
Bryce, Mr., on Scotch till, 176
Bryozoa of Mountain Limestone, 433
—— and polyzoa, terms explained, 197
Buch, von. See Von Buch.
Buckland, Dr., on Kirkdale cave, 158
——, on violent death of saurians, 362
——, on spines of fish, 359
——, on Eocene oysters, 268
——, on pot-stones in chalk, 291
Buddle, Mr., on creeps in coal-mines, 78
Bulimus ellipticus, Bembridge, 253
—— lubricus, Loess, 56
Bullock, Capt., R.N., on Atlantic mud, 287
Bunbury, Sir C., on leaf-bed of Madeira, 532
——, on ferns of the Maryland coal, 421
Bunter of Germany, 380
—— or Lower Trias of England, 372
Buprestis? Elytron of, Stonesfield, 346
Burmeister on trilobites, 471

CAINOZOIC, term defined, 123
Caithness, fish beds of, 443
Calamite, root of, 425
Calamites Sucowii, coal, and restored stem, 424
Calamophyllia radiata, Bath Oolite, 342
Calcaire de la Beauce, age of the, 230
—— grossier, fossils of the, 274
—— siliceux of France, 273
Calcareous matter poured out by springs, 604
—— rocks described, 36
—— nodules in Lias, 63
Calcarina rarispina, Eocene, 275
Calceola sandalina, Devonian, 453
——, schiefer of Germany, 453
California, aurifrous gravel of, 617
——, gold in petrified wood of age of alluvium, 601
Calymene Blumenbachii, Silurian, 466
Cambrian Group, classification of the, 481
Cambrian, Upper, 482
——, Lower, 484
——, of Sweden and Norway, 489
——, strata of Bohemia, 487
——, of North America, 489
——, volcanic rocks, 549
Campophyllum flexuosum, 431
Canada, Cambrian of, 489
——, Devonian of, 455
——, trap-rocks of, 549
Canadian drift, 182
Canary, Grand, shelly tuffs of, 538
Cantal, Lower Miocene of the, 231
Cape Breton, rain-prints in coal-measures of, 416
Cape Wrath, granite veins in gneiss at, 560
Caradoc and Bala beds, 470
Carbonate of lime in rocks, how tested, 37
Carboniferous Group, subdivisions of the, 394
—— flora, 420-30
—— limestone, thickness of, 396
——, marine fauna of the, 432
—— Period, trap-rocks of, 545
—— plutonic rocks, 572
—— reptiles, 406
—— insects, 405
Carcharodon angustidens, Bracklesham, 262
Cardiganshire, section of slaty cleavage in, 589
Cardiocarpon Ottonis, Permian, 393
Cardita (Venericardia) planicosta, 260
—— sulcata, Barton, 259
Cardium dissimile, Portland Stone, 336
—— rhæticum, Rhætic Beds, 366
—— striatulum, Kimmeridge clay, 336
Carne, Mr. N., on Cornish lodes, 607
Carpenter, Dr., on Atlantic mud, 288
——, on Eozoon Canadense, 491
Carrara, marble of, 599
Carruthers, Mr., on Eocene proteaceous fruit, 265
——, on cycads of the Purbeck, 332
——, on leaves of calamite, 425
——, on spores of carboniferous Lycopodiaceæ, 422
——, on structure of sigillaria, 426
——, on trees in volcanic ash, 547
Cashmere, recent formations in, 146
Cassian, St., Triassic strata of, 376
Castrogiovanni, curved strata near, 86
Catania, laterite formed in, 510
——, Tertiary beds in, 206
Catillus Lamarckii, White Chalk, 295
Caucasus, absence of lakes in the, 187
Caulopteris primæva, Coal, 421
Cave-breccias of Australia, 158
Cavern deposits with human and animal remains, 156
Caves of Kirkdale and Brixham, 157
Celts described, 152
Cementing of strata, 61
Cephalaspis Lyelli, Old Red, 446
Ceratites nodosus, Muschelkalk, 379
Cerithium concavum, Headon, 256
—— elegans, Hempstead beds, 245
—— (Terebra) Portlandicum, 335
—— plicatum, Hempstead beds, 245
—— melanoides, 268
Cervus alces, tooth of, 164
Cestracion Phillippi, Recent, 297
Chabasite, 500
Chalk, composition, extent, and origin of, 286
—— of Faxoe, 286
—— flints, origin of, 290
—— fossils of the White, 293-6
——, iceborne boulders in the, 292
—— of North and South Europe, 305
——, Lower White, without flints, 298
—— marl, fossils of the, 298
—— Period, popular error concerning, 288
Chalk-pit with pot-stones, view of, 291
Chama squamosa, Barton, 258
Champoleon, junction of granite with Jurassic strata near, 571
Chara elastica, C. medicaginula, 58
—— tuberculata, Bembridge, 253
Charpentier, M., on Alpine glaciers, 170
——, on depression of Alps in Glacial Period, 185
Chatham coal-field, 383
Cheirotherium, footprints of, 372
Chemical deposits in veins, 612
—— and mechanical deposits, 60
Chiapa, fall of volcanic dust at, 523
Chichester, erratics near, 181
Chili, copper pyrites with gold in, 616
——, walls cracked by earthquake in, 87
Chillesford and Aldeby beds, 192
Chimæra monstrosa, Lias, 359
Chlorite-schist, 579
Chloritic series, or Upper Greensand, 298
Christiania, Euritic porphyry at, 562
——, granite veins in Silurian strata of, 572
——, quartz vein in gneiss at, 561
Chronological groups of formations, 129
Chronology, test of, in rocks, 121
Cinder-bed of the Purbeck, 325
Cinnamomum polymorphum, Miocene, 219
—— Rossmässleri, Miocene, 239
Claiborne beds, Eocene fossils of, 279
Clarke County, United States, Zeuglodon of, 279
Classification of Tertiary formations, 137, 143
——, value of shells in, 142
Clausilia bidens, Loess, 56
Clay defined, 36
—— iron-stone defined, 404
——, plastic, 267
—— slate, 579
——, Weald, 313
Cleavage explained, 502
——, crystalline theory of, 591
——, mechanical theory of, 592
—— of metamorphic rocks, 588
Cleidotheca operculata, 483
Clermont, metalliferous gneiss near, 586
Climate of the Crags, 200
—— of the Coal, 430
—— of the Miocene in the Arctic regions, 240
—— of the Post-pliocene period, 161
Clinkstone, 506
Clinton group, fossils of the, 479
Clyde, buried canoes in estuary of, 146
——, arctic marine shells in drifts of, 176
Clymenia linearis, Devonian, 451
Clymenien-Kalk of Germany, 450
Coal, conversion into anthracite of, 403
—— a land and swamp formation, 397
——, cause of the purity of, 402
——, conversion of lignite into, 403
——, erect trees in, 411
——, structure of the, 412
——, vegetation of the, 420
——, air-breathers in the, 405, 413
Coal Period, climate of the, 430
—— field of Virginia, 382
—— measures of Nova Scotia, 408
—— measures, thickness of, in Wales, 397
—— pipes, danger of, 390
——, rainprints in, 416
—— seams, uniting of, 400
Coalbrook-Dale, faults in, 88
Cochliodus contortus, 437
Cockfield Fell rocks, altered by dikes, 516
Coelacanthus granulatus, Permian, 390
Coleoptera of Œningen beds, 223
Collyrites ringens, Inferior Oolite, 351
Columnar structure of volcanic rocks, 510
—— basalt in the Vicentin, 511
Compact feldspar, 501
Concretionary structure, 63
Cone of Tartaret, 527, 542
—— of Côme, 28
Cones and craters described, 495
——, absence of, in England, 30
Conformable stratification, 39
Conglomerate or pudding-stone, 36
——, Dolomitic, of Bristol, 373
Coniferæ of the coal-measures, 427
Connecticut Valley, New Red Sandstone of, 381
Conocephalus striatus, 488
Conocoryphe striata, 488
Conrad, Mr., on age of American cretaceous rocks, 307
Consolidation of strata, 61
Continents and oceans, permanence of, 117
Contorted strata, in drift, 178
Conularia ornata, Devonian, 453
Conulus priscus, Coal, 415
Conus deperditus, Bracklesham, 262
Conybeare and Phillips on ninety-fathom dike, 90
Conybeare, Mr., on reptiles of the Lias, 360
Copper lode near Redruth, 607
Coprolite bed of Chloritic Series, 299
—— beds of Red and Coralline crags, 197, 198
Coprolites of fish from the chalk, 298
Coral Rag, fossils of the, 339
Coralline of White Crag, 197
Corals of the Devonian, 451
—— of the Mountain Limestone, 433
——, Neozoic type of, 431
——, Palæozoic type of, 431
Corbicella (Cyrena) fluminalis, 54
Corbula pisum, Hempstead beds, 245
Corinth, corrosion of rocks by gases near, 586
Cornbrash or Forest Marble, 341
Cornwall, granite veins in, 561, 582
——, lodes in, 615
——, mass of granite in, 552
——, vertical sections of veins in mine, 607
Cosequina volcano, burying of organic remains by, 523
Crag, term defined, 192
—— of Antwerp, 204
——, fauna of, its relation to that of present seas, 201
——, Norwich, 193
——, Coralline or White, 197
——, Red, 194
——, tables of marine testacea in, 202
—— deposits, climate of, 200
Crania attached to a sea-urchin, 49
—— Parisiensis, White Chalk, 294
Crassatella sulcata, Barton, 259
Craters and cones described, 495
——, Theory of Elevation, 496
Craven fault, 90
Creeps in coal-mines, 78
Cretaceous rocks of United States, 307
—— Period, error as to continuity of, 288
——, flora of the Upper, 302
—— volcanic rocks, 544
—— plutonic rocks, 570
—— Period, distinct mineral character of rocks in, 292
—— rocks, classification of, 282
—— strata, connection between Upper and Lower, 301
Crinoidea of Mountain Limestone, 433
Croatia, Lower Miocene beds of, 242
Croll, Mr., on amount of subaërial denudation, 114
Cromer forest-bed, 191
Crop out, term explained, 83
Crossopterygidæ, or fringe-finned fish, 443
Crowfoot, Mr., on shells of Aldeby beds, 192
Crust of the earth defined, 26
Crustaceans of Old Red Sandstone, 446
Cryptodon angulatum, London Clay, 266
Crystalline Limestone, 579
—— rocks defined, 32
—— schists, much alkali in the, 587
—— theory of cleavage, 591
Cup and Star corals, 431
Curved strata, 73-76
Cutch, salt-layers in the Runn of, 375
Cuvier, M., on fauna of the Paris basin, 271
——, on Mammalia of Paris gypsum, 231
——, on Tertiary series, 141
Cyathocrinus caryocrinoides, 433
—— planus, 433
Cyathophyllum cæspitosum, 451
Cyclopean isles, beds of tuff and clay in, 529
——, contorted strata in, 530
Cyclopteris Hibernica, Old Red, 441
Cyclostigma (Lepidodendron), Old Red, 441
Cyclostoma elegans, Loess, 56
Cylindrites acutus, Great Oolite, 345
Cypress swamps of the Mississippi, 402
Cyprides in the Weald Clay, 315
Cypridina serrato-striata, 451
Cypris in fresh-water deposits, 57
—— gibbosa, C. tuberculata, C. leguminella, 324
—— striato-punctata, C. fasciculata, C. granulata, 325
—— Purbeckensis, Cypris punctata, 331
—— spinigera, Weald Clay, 315
Cyrena (Corbicella) fluminalis, 54
—— cuneiformis, Woolwich Clays, 268
—— obovata, 54
—— semistriata, Hempstead beds, 245
Cystideæ of Silurian rocks, 466
Cythere inflata, coal-measures, 405