But the German colony of the Kameruns is in a fortunate position, for by far the shortest ideal line of connexion between the sea and Bornu, which may be regarded as the focus-point of the Sudan, runs through their territory; this line is the one from the Bight of Biafra to Lake Chad. It is the urgent duty of the German Empire to make use of this fortunate circumstance.
Barth, Rohlfs, and Nachtigal with one accord perceived many years ago the high value of the Chad countries, and any one who has personal knowledge of them will gladly join in Nachtigal’s dictum that ‘there may be many tropical countries in which, thanks to mighty rivers and the alternation of mountain and valley, Nature may seem more stupendous and more opulent, beauty more sublime, vegetation more luxuriant, and the soil more fruitful, but there is scarcely any country in Central Africa which, if the efforts of mankind corresponded to the powers of the soil, offers a more beneficent prospect of rapid development’.[486]
Nevertheless, this development cannot proceed at the rate which this rich and fortunate country deserves. The fault lies with the insufficiency of its natural trade routes. Nothing but a railway can change this; it alone could render possible a full utilization of the rich cotton soil and of the other resources of the country. The conditions are very favourable, for the technical difficulties of railway building from the Bight of Biafra to Lake Chad are not too great, and the line—whose first stage from Bonaberi to the Manenguba Hills will be ready in 1910—is nowhere intended to be a trunk line, since everywhere it will pass through districts capable of development. The railway will be the first thing to disclose, as they deserve, the high value of the Chad countries; without it they have lain hitherto like the dead and useless stock on a merchant’s shelves.
[448]Bauer, p. 137.
[449]Barth, ii. 417.
[450]Barth, iii. 112 (German edition).
[451]Rohlfs, i. 316; Nachtigal, i. 701.
[452]Passarge, p. 526.
[453]Cf. Barth, ii. 151, iii. 273; Rohlfs, ii. 2; Nachtigal, i. 715, 722; Passarge, p. 527.
[454]Cf. Stieber, loc. cit., p. 84.
[455]As regards the density of population in the hill country, it is worthy of note that Zimmermann estimates the population of he Mandara Highlands at 250,000. Zimmermann, loc. cit., p. 464.
[456]Nachtigal, ii. 441.
[457]This figure indeed differs widely from the official estimate given for the total population for the whole of the Kameruns, viz. 1,300,000. Passarge very rightly doubts the correctness of the official statement, and estimates that there are at least 2,700,000 inhabitants in the Kameruns (Kamerun im Jahre 1907-1908, Koloniale Rundschau, 1909, p. 517). But even this figure appears to me much too low. [The official figure for the British Province of Bornu on April 1, 1911, was 674,230.]
[458][The Senussi have proved a fruitful source of inspiration to alarmist writers, both in England and on the Continent. The influence of the Senussi in Bornu is nil, nor is it likely to spread there. The majority of the Kanuri belong to the Tojani or Tijani sect of Islam. The Tojani and the Senussi are about as likely to co-operate as a Puseyite and a Plymouth Brother, or rather as a Kensit preacher and a Broad Churchman. The following remarks, taken from Professor Margoliouth’s monograph on ‘Mohammedanism’, recently published, bear on the point. On p. 184 he says: ‘Senussi’s idea was to unite Moslems against European influence, from which he failed to dissociate that of the Turks. In the heart of Africa he proposed to found an Islamic state, whither all Moslems who wished to be quit of these pernicious influences could resort for refuge. . . . His doctrine savoured strongly of Wahhabism in respect of its puritanism, e.g. prohibition of tobacco and music. . . . So far as they have interfered in disputes between tribes and governments, it appears to have been with a view to conciliation.’ Again on p. 221 he says: ‘The Tijanis of North Africa used to be mentioned as an exceptional case of an order which has favoured the power of France.’ Cf. p. 333 of the present work.
In this connexion M. Landeroin remarks, Doc. sc., ii. 528: ‘It is pretty generally supposed that the tribes between the Niger and the Chad have all been Islamized, whereas in reality Islam has not penetrated very far into the heart of the population. Its propagation was favoured by the Arab merchants, and above all, by the Fulani . . . but the attachment of the natives for this religion seems never to have been more than outward, . . . and its practice seems to be decreasing more and more since the occupation of the country by France and England. Since Fulani, Arabs, and Tuaregs have had to yield to the Christians, and it no longer appears politic to flatter the masters of the country by adopting their religious beliefs, the mass of the population is quietly returning to their ancient and simple fetish practices, only retaining certain external appearances of Islam.’
If this means that Mohammedanism in Nigeria is only skin-deep, it is perfectly true. On the other hand, it is equally true that, at any rate, nominal adhesion to Islam is spreading among the pagans. For a detailed account of Islamic sects vid. Depont and Coppolani, Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes, Algiers, 1897; but I think they are wrong in showing on their map a Senussi ‘zauwia’ at Kuka. The Sarikin Mussulmi of Sokoto is, I believe, Kaderiya. In jurisprudence Bornu follows the Hanafi school, cf. Denham, Appendix V, and foot-note thereto by A. Salame, official Arabic translator to the Foreign Office; and Benton, Notes, &c., p. 200; Sokoto follows the Maliki school.]
[459]Nachtigal, i. 192; ii. 50.
[460]As early as 1903 two American missionaries made a temporary stay in the Central Sudan (British Adamawa), but had to retire owing to total lack of means.
[461]Barth, iii. 236.
[462][On the contrary, large crops of ‘masakwa’ or dry weather corn are grown on the ‘firki’ soil. This soil is generally known as ‘black cotton soil’, apparently on the ‘lucus a non lucendo’ principle: it is not black but grey, and cotton is never grown on it.]
[463][The Catholic Fathers at Tshendam in Muri Province are trying to teach the natives the use of the plough, and some men and oxen have been sent from British Bornu to learn. Men who have had practical experience of farming in the Tropics have grave doubts of the success of ploughing. Land in the Tropics must be frequently allowed to lie fallow, and the labour expended in stumping the land would more than outweigh the labour saved by the use of the plough. Only experience can show whether this opinion is correct.]
[464]Dominik, p. 219.
[465]Barth, ii. 313. Provisions were accordingly one quarter cheaper in Kukawa than in Timbuctoo, one-third cheaper than in Kano, and half the price of those in Katsena and Sokoto. Cf. also Nachtigal, i. 692 ff.
[466]Cf. also Nachtigal, i. 648.
[467]Barth, iii. 282.
[468][With the present means of transport the export of cotton from Bornu is totally out of the question. Even if railway transport were provided, it is extremely doubtful if the export, at the present price of cotton, would pay.]
[469]Kund, loc. cit., p. 28.
[470][Experiments are being made in sending cattle and sheep from Bornu to Lagos via the railway at Kano.]
[471]Cf. Rohlfs, i. 343.
[472]Nachtigal mentions among the European products imported into Bornu, via Tripoli and Murzuk, textile fabrics, paper, perfumery, and especially cutlery from England, Solingen, and Steiermark. Nachtigal, i. 697 ff.; cf. also Dominik, p. 163 ff.
[473]It is essential that the coin has the date 1780 to be accepted as currency. Such dollars were specially minted at Trieste until recently for use in the Sudan. [The importation of these dollars into British territory is now forbidden, but they are still imported into French and German country. Their intrinsic value is about 1s. 6d., but their exchange value in Bornu is at present 3s., though of course it fluctuates. The value of any particular dollar depends on its condition, which is decided by whether or not the brooch on the Queen’s shoulder is visible. This of course gives the native a much valued opportunity for haggling. The date on them (1780) is always the same, doubtless for convenience of minting, but I have twice seen genuine Austrian dollars in circulation, one was a Maria Theresa coin of different design and date, and the other was a Francis I. The native word for a dollar—‘gurus’ or ‘grush’—is said to be a corruption of ‘groschen’, vid. Decorse, Rabah et les Arabes du Chari, p. 56. Carbou, L’Arabe parlé au Ouaday, p. 132, states that dollars have been coined by the French Mint for the African trade.]
[474][Thirty-two cowries to the ‘rottl’ or ‘rattal’ still holds good.]
[475]Barth, ii. 310; Nachtigal, ii. 690.
[476]Rohlfs, i. 347. The dollar which the recognized broker obtains for every horse and camel sold by auction does not seem to be regarded by Rohlfs as a tax.
[477]Nachtigal, ii. 541.
[478]Barth, ii. 339.
[479]Nachtigal, i. 700 ff.
[480]Rohlfs, i. 351.
[481][The following trade figures of produce purchased by the Niger Company’s station at Nafada on the Gongola have been kindly supplied by their agent there, Mr. C. W. Allen. The bulk of the produce comes from Bornu, though some comes from Bauchi Province. As will be seen, the figure for ostrich feathers is enormous. The war in Tripoli has diverted the feather trade to Nafada. Few of the feathers come from British Bornu, mostly from French country across the Shari. European ostrich farms are now being started there by private enterprise.
1912.
| Ostrich Feathers | 15,772½ lb. | |||
| Red, undyed skins | 52,020 Pcs. | |||
| T | ||||
| Gum-arabic | 56 | 11 | 2 | 2 |
| Gutta-percha | 8 | 1 | 2 | 8½ |
| Beeswax | 2 | 1 | 26 | |
| Cow-hides | 1,638 Pcs. | |||
| Native Silk | 1 | 5 | ||
]
[482][The Kano railway and the Tripoli War have put the last nail in the coffin of the caravan trade. Arabs are already beginning to leave Tripoli and settle in Kano.]
[483]Barth, iii. 220, and Rohlfs, i. 351.
[484]Barth, ii. 344.
[485]According to a written communication from the head of the firm of Pagenstecher to the writer (July 24, 1909).
[486]Nachtigal, ii. 387; cf. also Barth, iii. 162 ff. (German edition); Rohlfs, i. 351, and Reclus, p. 658.
IX
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Alis, Harry [pseudonym of J. H. Percher]. A la conquête du Tchad. Paris, 1891.
—— Nos Africains. Paris, 1894.
Ambronn, L. Bericht über die astronomisch-geodätischen Beobachtungen der Expedition zur Festlegung der Grenze Yola-Tschadsee. Mitt. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb., Bd. xviii, 1905.
Audoin, M. Notice hydrographique sur le lac Tchad, in La Géographie, vol. xii (1905), p. 305 ff.
Barth, Dr. Heinrich. Briefliche Mitteilungen des Herrn v. Beurmann an Dr. Heinr. Barth in Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde, Bd. xv (1863), p. 274 ff.
—— Die Bestätigung der Todesnachricht des Herrn M. von Beurmann, idem, p. 538 ff.
—— Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika in den Jahren 1849-55. 5 Bde. Gotha, 1857-8. [English edition, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, 5 vols. There is also an abridged edition in one volume in the Minerva Library.]
Bauer, Fritz. Die deutsche Niger-Benue-Tsadsee-Expedition, 1902-3. Berlin, 1904.
Chevalier, Aug. De l’Oubangui au lac Tchad à travers le bassin du Chari. La Géographie, ix (1904), p. 343 ff.
Chudeau, R. D’Alger à Tombouctou par l’Alhaggar, l’Aïr et le Tchad, La Géographie, vol. xv (1907), p. 261 ff.; and L’Aïr et la région de Zinder, idem, p. 321 ff.
Denham. Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa, by Major Denham, F.R.S., Captain Clapperton, R.N., and the late Doctor Oudney. 2 vols. London, 1826. [This is the second edition. The first edition was in one volume, quarto (1826), and contained vocabularies of Bornu, Begharmi, Mandara, and Timbuctoo languages, and appendices on Zoology, Botany, Geology, and Meteorology omitted in subsequent editions.]
Destenave. Exploration des Iles du Tchad. La Géographie, vii (1903), p. 420.
—— Reconnaissance géographique de la région du Tchad. Idem, p. 157.
Dominik, H. Bericht über die Gebiete zwischen dem oberen Benuë und dem Tsardsee, in Deutsch. Kolonialbl., xiv. Jahrg.
—— Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee. Berlin, 1908.
D’Huart. Le Tchad et ses habitants. La Géographie, ix (1904), p. 161.
Ehrenberg, Prof. Briefliche Mitteilungen des Herrn von Beurmann an Prof. Ehrenberg, in Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde, Bd. xv (1863), p. 287 ff.
Foureau, F. D’Alger au Congo par le Tchad. Paris, 1902.
—— Documents scientifiques de la Mission Saharienne. 2 vols. Paris, 1903-4.
Freydenberg. Explorations dans le bassin du Tchad, in La Géographie, Bd. xv (1907), p. 161 ff.
Gentil, E. La Chute de l’empire de Rabah. Paris, 1902.
Hassert, Dr. Kurt. Deutschlands Kolonien. Leipzig, 1909.
Ibn Batuta (1353). In Collection d’ouvrages orientaux publiée par la Société Asiatique, vol. iv. Paris, 1858, p. 441 ff.
Ibn Chaldun (1381-2). Ibn Khaldoun, Histoire des Berbères, traduite par de Slane, vol. ii. Alger, 1854.
Lenfant, E. A. De l’Atlantique au Tchad par la Bénoué, in La Géographie, ix (1904), p. 321 ff.
—— La Grande Route du Tchad. Paris, 1905.
Leo Africanus (1528). Description de l’Afrique, escrite par Jean Leo African. Nouvelle édition annotée par Ch. Schefer, vol. iii. In Recueil de voyages et de documents, Paris, 1898, p. 308 ff. [English edition translated and collected by John Pory, 1600.]
Lugard, Sir F. D. Northern Nigeria. Memorandum on the taxation of natives in Northern Nigeria. In Colonial Reports, London, 1907.
Marquardsen, H. Der Niger-Benuë. Berlin, 1909.
—— Die geographische Erforschung des Tschadsee-Gebietes bis zum Jahre 1905, in Mitteil. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb., Bd. xviii, p. 318 ff.
Massari. Bericht in Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, 6, 1881, vol. xviii, p. 811 ff.
Möckler-Ferryman, A. F. British Nigeria. London, 1902.
Moisel, M. Begleitworte zu der Karte 3, ‘Der deutsche Logone und seine Nachbargebiete’ in Mitteil. aus den deutsch. Schutzgeb., Bd. xviii, p. 179 ff. Idem, Schipper, Bemerkungen, &c.
Monteil, P. L. De Saint-Louis à Tripoli par le lac Tchad. Paris, 1894.
Nachtigal, Dr. Gustav. Saharâ und Sudân, Bd. i, ii, und iii. Berlin, 1879, 1881, 1889. [There is a French translation by J. Gourdault.]
Oppenheim, Max Freiherr v. Rabeh und das Tschadseegebiet. Berlin, 1902.
Passarge, Dr. Siegfried. Adamaua. Berlin, 1895.
Polko, Elise. Erinnerungen an einen Verschollenen. Aufzeichnungen und Briefe von und über Eduard Vogel. Leipzig, 1863. [The authoress was Vogel’s sister.]
Puttkamer, v. Bericht über seine Reise in das Tschadsee-Gebiet, in Deutsch. Kolonialbl., xv. Jahrg.
Reclus, Élisée. Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, vol. xii. Paris, 1887.
Reichenbach, E. Stromer von. Die Geologie der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Afrika. München, 1896.
Rohlfs, Gerhard. Quer durch Afrika. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1874.
Schweinfurth, Dr. G. Bericht über die von M. v. Beurmann 1862 aus dem mittleren Sudân eingesandten Pflanzenproben; in Zeitschr. f. allg. Erdkunde, Bd. xv (1863), p. 293 ff.
Stieber. Bericht über seine Reise in das Gebiet der Musgus. Kolonialbl., xvi. Jahrg., p. 81 ff.
Tilho, Jean. Exploration du lac Tchad, in La Géographie, vol. xii (1905), p. 195 ff.
Vogel, Eduard. Briefe und Berichte, in Petermann’s Mitteilungen, 1855-7. Gotha.
Zimmermann. Bericht über eine Bereisung des Mandara-Gebirges, &c., in Deutsch. Kolonialbl., xvii. Jahrg. (1906).
[In addition to the above-mentioned there are various books and articles which have appeared since the publication of the German original of this monograph, or which escaped its author’s notice. For many titles I am indebted to Joucla’s Bibliographie de l’Afrique Occidentale Française, and to a Bibliography of the Sudan printed by Dr. Karl Kumm, a copy of which was kindly sent me by the author; also to Struck’s ‘Linguistic Bibliography of Northern Nigeria’, in the African Society’s Journal. Items which I have not been able to examine myself are marked with an asterisk (*).—P. A. B.]
Adelung, J. C., and J. S. Vater. Mithridates. Berlin, 1812, Part III, pp. 232-5.
Al-Bakri. Reprint of de Slane’s edition. Algiers, 1910.
Alexander, Boyd. From the Niger to the Nile. London, 1907.
—— Article on Lake Chad in African Society’s Journal for April 1908.
—— Boyd Alexander’s Last Journey, edited by Herbert Alexander. London, 1912.Alexander, Dr. David. Article on Bornu ‘dubbo-dubbo’ or Punch and Judy, in Man for 1911.
Annual Biography and Obituary. Volume for 1829, contains short obituaries of Denham and Clapperton.
Balbi, Adr. Atlas ethnographique. Paris, 1826, Tab. xxxix, No. 310. Maiha.
Barrès, M. Une Âme de Colonial. Lettres du Lieut.-Col. Moll avec une préface de M. Maurice Barrès. Paris, 1912. Cf. Eschevannes. [Does not directly concern British Bornu, where, however, Col. Moll was both known and admired.]
Barth, Dr. Heinrich. Central African Vocabularies. 3 vols. Gotha, 1862 (in English and German).
—— Die Ausfragen des überlebenden Dieners Dr. E. Vogel’s über den Tod seines Herrn, article in Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, 1863, p. 248. [This includes the official report from Major Hermann, British Consul at Tripoli. Amongst other things we learn that Vogel usually wore a tobe and a turban, but that when he did don European dress it consisted of a gold-laced cap, dark braided coat and black overalls.]
—— vid. also under Beurmann, and under Schubert.
Benton, P. A. Kanuri Readings. London, 1911.
—— Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London, 1912.
Berlin, Dorothea. Erinnerungen an Gustav Nachtigal. Berlin, Gebrüder Paetel, 1887.
Beurmann, Maurice von. Tod nebst Übersicht seiner Reisen (1861-3), sowie derjenigen von Overweg (1850-2) und Vogel (1853-6), article by Barth in Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 1864, p. 25. Map. [Beurmann visited Bauchi (Jacoba) and returned via Fika in November, 1862. He also accompanied a slave raid to Marghi and Chibuk in the same year.]
—— Briefliche Mittheilungen an Dr. H. Barth und Prof. Ehrenberg aus Kuka, 7. Sept. und 24. Dec. 1862, printed in Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, 1863, p. 273.
*Bruel, G. L’Occupation du bassin du Tchad. Moulins, 1902.
Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, 1908, vi. 47 and 175, and 1910, viii. 352 and 402.
Burdon, Major J. A., C.M.G. Historical Notes on Certain Emirates and Tribes, selected and arranged by. Printed by Waterlow, 1909.
Burton, Sir R. Negro Wit and Wisdom. London, 1865.
Carbou, H. Méthode pratique pour l’étude de l’arabe parlé au Ouadai et à l’est du Tchad. Paris, in-8, 1911.
—— La Région du Tchad et du Ouadai. 2 vols, Paris, 1912. [Includes notes on the Tubu language.]
Castelnau, F. de. Renseignements sur l’Afrique Centrale et sur une nation d’hommes à queue qui s’y trouverait, d’après le rapport des nègres du Soudan, esclaves à Bahia. Paris, 1851. [Contains information from various slaves from Bornu taken to South America, and plates of tribal marks. Also vocabularies of Hausa, Filani, Courami, and Java.]
Chevalier, A. Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-4. Paris, 1907.
Chudeau, R. Missions au Sahara. 2 vol. Paris, 1908-9. [Only the second volume concerns the Sudan. Not much about Bornu. General survey of geology, meteorology, &c.]
*—— Les Bœufs du Nord du Tchad. (As. Fr. Av. Sc. Clermont-Ferrand, L. xxxvii, pp. 1061-3, 1 fig.)
Clapperton, H. Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo. London, 1829.
—— vid. Denham.
Cordenoy, H. J. de. Gommes, Résines d’origine exotique et Végétaux qui les produisent. Paris, Challamel, 1900.
Cornet, Capitaine. Au Tchad. Paris, 1910. Plon Nourrit. [Deals chiefly with the Shari and with the country north of Chad.]
Cuhn, E. W. Reisen in das Innere von Africa. Leipzig, 1790, p. 256; cf. p. 242.
Cust, R. N. Modern Languages of Africa. 2 vols. London, 1883.
Dechambre, P. Les Moutons de l’Afrique Occidentale, article in Revue coloniale for August, 1905. [The same article is also printed in the Bulletin de la Société languedocienne de Géographie, vol. xxviii, Montpellier, 1905.]
—— Les Bovins du Soudan, article in Revue coloniale for June, 1905. [Deals chiefly with Senegal Fulani cattle and their diseases.]
*Dechambre et Heim. Notes sur quelques races bovines de l’Afrique Occidentale. Paris, 1908. A. Challamel.
Decorse, Dr. J. Le tatouage, les mutilations ethniques et la parure chez les populations du Soudan, article in L’Anthropologie, 1905, p. 129.
*—— Élevage de l’autruche en Afrique Occidentale française, in Agric. prat. des pays chauds, vii, 1907, 2e semaine, pp. 121-33.
—— Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, 1902-4 : Du Congo au Lac Tchad. Paris, 1906.
Decorse et Demombynes. Budduma and Kury Vocabularies, in Actes du XIVe Congrès des Orientalistes. Alger, 1905.
—— Rabah et les Arabes du Chari. Paris, N.D.
Delevoye, Enseigne de Vaisseau, Second de la Mission Lenfant (1903-4). En Afrique Centrale (Niger-Benoué-Tchad). Paris, 1906. [On p. 127 he mentions meeting McCarthy Morrogh at Ngornu and giving him the first dish of fried potatoes ever seen on Lake Chad!]
*Destenave. Le Lac Tchad, article in Revue générale des Sciences, 1912, pp. 649, 661, and 717.
*Dubois. Bas Chari, rive sud du Tchad et Bahr el Ghazal, article in Annales de Géographie, xii, July 1903.
Dujarric, Gaston. Vie du Sultan Rabah. Paris, 1902.
Edrisi. Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne. Texte arabe et traduction par R. Dozy et M. J. de Goeje. Leyden, 1866. E. J. Brill.
Encyclopaedia of Islam (now in course of publication by Luzac & Co., London). [The article on Bornu is not up to date and contains various misprints.]
Escherich, K. Die Termiten oder weissen Ameisen, Leipzig, 1909. [Many illustrations.]
Eschevannes, C. d’. Henry Moll, d’après sa correspondance. Imprimerie de l’Union Typographique. Domois-Dijon. [1911?] [Col. Moll was killed in action at Dridjelé in Wadai on Nov. 9, 1910. He had previously been stationed in Zinder, 1901, was on the Anglo-French Niger-Chad Boundary Commission, 1903-4, and from 1909-10 was in charge of the Territoire Militaire du Tchad. Cf. Barrès.]
Falconer, J. W. Geology and Geography of Northern Nigeria. London, 1910. [The author was head of the Government Mineral Survey Party, and is now Lecturer on Geography in Glasgow University.]
—— On Horseback through Nigeria. London, 1911.
*Franco, de. Étude sur l’élevage du cheval en Afrique Occidentale française. Melun, imp. administrative, 1905.
*Freimark, H. Das Sexualleben der Afrikaner. Berlin, 1911.
Gaden. Notice sur la résidence de Zinder. In-8, Paris, Lavauzelle, 1903. 2 francs. [Zinder is the capital of Damagaram, formerly subject to Bornu. M. Gaden’s brochure describes the district historically, geographically, &c., and is illustrated.]
—— Les États musulmans de l’Afrique Centrale et leurs rapports avec la Mecque et Constantinople, article in Questions diplomatiques et coloniales for October, 1907. [Deals chiefly with the manufacture and export of eunuchs.]
Garde, G. Description géologique des régions situées entre le Niger et le Tchad. Paris, 1911. 8 francs 50 centimes. [The author was the geologist attached to the Anglo-French Boundary Commission in 1907.]
Guenther, Konrad. Gerhard Rohlfs. Lebensbild eines Afrikaforschers. Freiburg i. Br., 1912. E. Fehsenfeld. [Includes numerous photos of Rohlfs, his wife, his house, family tomb, &c.]
Guilleux (Sergent). Journal de route d’un caporal de tirailleurs. (Mission Foureau-Lamy.) Belfort, 1905. Schmidt. [The author took part in the defeat of Rabeh at Kusseri and the pursuit of Fadel Allah to Issege, but went on leave before the final defeat and death of Fadel Allah at Gujba. The author, or possibly a journalistic friend, writes in a very flamboyant style. The key-note of the book may perhaps be described as patriotism—with a touch of pornography; ‘Charge, Chester, charge,’ on one page, and ‘Woman in our hours of ease’ on the next.]
Held, T. v. Märchen und Sagen der afrikanischen Neger. Jena, 1904, p. 171.
Hertslet, Sir E. The Map of Africa by Treaty. London, 1910.
Hoeffer, F. Afrique Centrale: Soudan, Bornou, &c. In-8, 1848. F. Didot. [This forms vol. v of L’Univers Pittoresque, and is a mere réchauffé of Denham and Clapperton.]
*Joalland. De Zinder au Tchad et à la conquête du Kanem, article in B. S. Bretonne G. Lorient, 1901, xix, 160-80.
Joucla, Edmond. Bibliographie de l’Afrique Occidentale française. Paris, 1912.
Knox, Alexander. The Climate of Africa. London, 1912.
Koelle, Rev. S. W. African Native Literature in Kanuri. London, 1854.
—— Kanuri Grammar. London, 1854.
—— Polyglotta Africana. London, 1854. [Dr. Karl Kumm informs me that many of Koelle’s unpublished manuscripts are now in his possession.]
Koenig, M. Vocabulaires appartenant à divers contrées ou tribus de l’Afrique, recueillis dans la Nubie supérieure, printed in Rec. de Voyages et de Mémoires pub. by the Soc. de Géogr., T. 4, Paris, 1839 (Arthus-Bertrand), pp. 129-97. Idiomes de Dar-Four et de Barnou, pp. 181-9.
Kumm, Dr. Karl. From Hausaland to Egypt. London, 1910. [The page of Kanuri sayings is composed of a few phrases from Koelle which were confirmed by the author’s informants. The list of Bornu tribes is very incorrect. The best thing about the book is the very fine series of plates of butterflies.]
*Lacoin. Région de l’Oubanghi, du Chari et du Tchad, article in the Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 4th series, iii. 484.
Lacroix. Résultats minéralogiques et géologiques des récentes explorations dans l’Afrique Occidentale française et la région du Tchad, article in the Revue coloniale, nouvelle série, No. 25, pp. 207-13. Paris, 1900.
Lame, Capt., et Lieut. J. Ferrandi. Fort Lamy, chef-lieu du territoire du Tchad, article in Renseignements Col. Afrique française (1912), 101-11.
Landeroin. Vid. Tilho.
Louvet. Sur le mode de production de la gomme arabique dans les forêts de gommiers. In-8. 1876.
Lugard, Sir F. D. Annual Reports on Northern Nigeria. 1901-6.
Lugard, Lady. A Tropical Dependency. London, 1905.
Lyon, Capt. G. F., R.N. Travels in Northern Africa. London, 1821. [Contains fine coloured plates. On p. 122 there is a short Kanuri vocabulary and account of Bornu, obtained from traders. The following fact I have not seen mentioned elsewhere: ‘Until a few years ago, when the country became much improved under the mild government of a very religious Moslem [i.e. Lamino], it was the custom to throw into the stream [i.e. the Wobe] at the time of its rise a virgin richly dressed, and of superior beauty. The greatest people of the country considered themselves honoured if the preference was given to one of their daughters, and the learned men augured a good or bad year from the ease or difficulty with which their victim was drowned.’ The book also contains Fulani, Hausa, and Tubu vocabularies.]
M‘Diarmid, John. Sketches from Nature. Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd; London, Simpkin & Marshall, 1830. [M‘Diarmid was editor of the Dumfries Herald. pp. 322-36 give a short account of Clapperton, quotations from which are included in Nelson, q.v.]
Macleod, Olive. Chiefs and Cities of Central Africa. London, 1912.
Magazin der merkwürdigen neuen Reisebeschreibungen. Berlin, 1790-1811. 8vo. Vol. v, p. 330. Bornu Vokabeln.
*Marquardsen. Oberflächengestaltung und Hydrographie des Sahara-Sudanischen abflusslosen Gebietes. Inaug. Diss. Göttingen, 1909.
Massari, A. La traversée de l’Afrique de la mer Rouge au golfe de Guinée, article in Bull. de la Soc. belge de géogr., 1883, p. 845. [Massari was a naval officer and Matteucci a doctor. Their expedition was partly financed by Prince Borghese. They started from Suakin on the Red Sea, passed through Wadai, Kuka (where they remarked on the gaiety and looseness of morals of the inhabitants), Kano, Bida, and Egga, where they stayed at the English factory, and so down the Niger and home. They landed at Liverpool on August 5, 1881, seventeen months after disembarking at Suakin. Dr. Matteucci was attacked by fever in the train between Liverpool and London, and died the following day. I have not been able to discover the date of Massari’s death, but as he lectured to the Belgian Geographical Society two years after his return to Europe, he evidently did not die so soon as is implied in note [38] of the present work.]
Mecklenburg, Duke Adolf Friedrich zu. From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile. London, 1913. 2 vols.
Mercier, Capt. Émilien. Le pays du Logone-Chari. La Voie de la Benoué, article in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. Marseille, 35 (1911). [Deals with the question of transport of supplies for French Chad territories via the Benue.]
Migeod, F. W. H. The Languages of West Africa. 2 vols. London, 1911.
Moll. Vid. Eschevannes and Barrès.
Monteil, C. Vid. Pierre.
Nachtigal, Dr. G. Trauerfeier für Gustav Nachtigal, 17. Mai 1885. Berlin, 1885. [Reprinted from Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, No. 7, 1885.]
*—— Résultats d’un voyage dans le Soudan, in-8, 1875. 1 fr. 25.
*—— Nachrichten von Dr. Nachtigal, in Petermann’s Mitteilungen, ann. 1871, pp. 326, 450, 67, 201; Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, ann. 1873, p. 61; ann. 1871, p. 130; ann. 1873, pp. 249 and 311; ann. 1874, p. 39; ann. 1874, x. 2, p. 109; Globus, ann. 1873, pp. 215 and 231; ann. 1873, pp. 119, 137, and 153; Kölnische Zeitung, July 20 and 28, 1873; Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Hamburg, ann. 1876, 1877, p. 305; Tour du monde, 2e semestre, 1880; Geographical Magazine, ann. 1875, p. 178.
Nelson, Rev. Thomas. Biographical Memoir of the late Dr. Walter Oudney and Capt. Hugh Clapperton, both of the Royal Navy, and Major Alex. Gordon Laing, all of whom died amid their active and enterprising endeavours to explore the Interior of Africa. By Rev. Thomas Nelson, M.W.S. [i.e. Member of the Wernerian Natural History Society]. Edinburgh, Waugh & Innes; Whittaker, Treacher & Co., London, 1830. [Nelson was a personal friend of both Oudney and Clapperton, and had letters from both put at his disposal by Dr. James Kay, R.N., Professor Jameson, and Oudney’s sister. He also had personal information from Clapperton’s sister and other friends.]
Norris, Edwin. Dialogues and a small portion of the New Testament in the English, Arabic, Hausa, and Bornu Languages. [Translated by James Richardson, and edited by E. N.] London, 1853. Obl. 4to.
—— Grammar of the Bornu or Kanuri Language, with Dialogues. [Transcribed from Richardson’s MSS. Norris’s books are referred to in the preface to Koelle’s Kanuri Grammar.] London, 1853.
Orr, C. W. The Making of Northern Nigeria. London, 1911.
Oudney. Vid. Denham.
Pahde, Adolf. Der Afrika-Forscher Eduard Vogel. 1889, Hamburg. [A small pamphlet of 36 pages; it forms vol. lxxxii in Virchow and Holtzendorff’s Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge, Neue Folge, Serie iv. The author mentions that a black marble tablet has been affixed to the wall of the house in Krefeld, No. 122 Königstrasse, where Vogel was born.]
Palmer, H. R. The Bornu Girgam, article in Journal of the African Society, October, 1912. [A transcription and translation of a Kanuri chronicle. Of first-rate interest. A good many misprints.]
Passarge, Siegfried. Die Völker des Centralen Sudan. Berlin, 1895.
*Périn, G. Rapport sur la Mission Foureau-Lamy.
Petermann, Augustus. Progress of the Expedition to Central Africa. London, 1854. Folio.
Pierre, C., and C. Monteil. L’Élevage au Soudan. Paris, 1905. [Deals with all kinds of cattle and stock raising, primarily as regards the Upper Niger, but applicable elsewhere. Admirable illustrations.]
Pott, A. F. Sprachen aus Afrika’s Innerem und Westen, article in Z. D. M. G., vol. viii (1854), pp. 413-41. [A critique of Norris’s books.]
Prichard, J. C. Researches into the Physical History of Mankind. 3rd ed. Vol. ii, pp. 127 and 113. 1837.
Prietze, Rudolf. Die spezifischen Verstärkungsadverbien im Hausa und Kanuri, article in Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, 1908, 3rd fasc., p. 307-17.
Prins, P. Vers le Tchad. Une année de résidence auprès de Mohammed Abd-er-Rhaman Gaourang, Sultan de Bagirmi, Avril 1898-Mai 1899, article in La Géographie, bulletin de la Société de Géographie, Paris, 1900, March number.
Quarterly Review. Vid. Index vol. xl under Clapperton and Denham. [Vol. xxxiii contains a review of Denham’s book; and vol. xxxix of Clapperton’s second book, also two letters of Sultan Bello of Sokoto to Clapperton not printed elsewhere. On p. 112 of vol. xxxviii the Quarterly Review, commenting on the death of Clapperton and other explorers, remarks: ‘We trust there will now be an end to the sacrifice of valuable lives in prosecuting discoveries on this wretched continent, of which we know enough to be satisfied that it contains little at all worthy of being known.’]
*Redhouse. History of Events during Expeditions against the Tribes of Bulala. London, 1862. In-8. [This is quoted by Carbou in La Région du Tchad et du Ouadaï, and is included in his Bibliography, but I have been unable to trace it in the British Museum or in the Bodleian. Possibly it is really an article in some periodical.]
*Regelsperger. Du Niger au Tchad. La Mission Tilho, ses travaux et ses résultats, article in Le Mois col. et marit., 7e année, 1909. 1er vol., pp. 97-109.
Reibell (Com.). Le Commandant Lamy d’après sa correspondance et ses souvenirs de campagne (1858-1900). Paris, Hachette, 1903. [Only a few pages at the end concern events in Bornu.]
Rohlfs, G. Sprachstudien: Peterm. Mitt., Ergänzungs-Heft No. 25, p. 67.
—— Peterm. Mitt., 1867, p. 333.
—— Vid. under Guenther.
Royal Geographical Society’s Journal, vols. xxiv, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii passim.
Royal Geographical Society’s Proceedings, vol. ii, p. 30 (re Vogel).
St. John, Bayle. Travels of an Arab Merchant in the Soudan. Abridged from the French. London, 1854. [Mostly about Darfur and Wadai. The original French edition is by Nicholas Perron, Paris, 1845. The merchant’s name was Sheikh Muhammad Ibn Umar, and he was in the vicinity of Chad about A.D. 1805.]
Schubert, Gustav von. Heinrich Barth, der Bahnbrecher der deutschen Afrikaforschung. Berlin, 1897. Dietrich Reimer. [Contains portraits of Abbega and Dorugu (the latter of whom died in November, 1912, and is buried at the Nassarawa Government Schools near Kano), and facsimiles of various letters, including one from Livingstone to Barth, sending him a copy of his book.]
Scots Magazine. 1824. Pt. ii, p. 637. [An obituary of Oudney, consisting of an extract from a letter of Clapperton’s to Consul Warrington at Tripoli.]
Seefried, von. Untersuchungen über die Natur der Harmattantrübe, in M. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. 26 (1913), 9-12.
Seidel, A. Geschichten und Lieder der Afrikaner. Berlin, 1896, p. 311.
Stanley, H. M. Through the Dark Continent, 1878. Vol. ii, p. 494.
Struck, Bernhard. Bibliography of Northern Nigeria, in Journal of the African Society, 1911-12. [Very valuable.]
Strumpell. Adamawa Vocabularies, in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, iii-iv, 1910, edited by Bernhard Struck.
Talbot, P. A. Article on Lake Chad in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society for September 1911.
Tilho. Délimitation franco-anglaise entre Niger et Tchad (Mission Moll), article in La Géographie. Paris, 1906, 13. 332-6.
—— The French Mission to Lake Chad, article in the Royal Geographical Society’s Journal, September 1910.
—— Documents scientifiques de la Mission Tilho, 1910-11. Paris. [Of first-rate interest and value. Published by the French Ministry for the Colonies. Capt. Tilho’s colleague, M. Landeroin, is responsible for the historical and ethnographical sections.]
*Truffert. Région du Tchad, le Bahr el Ghazal et l’archipel Kouri, article in Revue de Géographie, June-July 1903.
Tully, Richard. Letters from Tripoli. London, 1819, vid. Appendix XXI.
*van Gennep, Ch. Monteil et G. Demombynes. Principes d’enquêtes dans l’Afrique Occidentale. Ethnographie et linguistique. [In preparation.]
Vogel. Nachrichten über Vogels Schicksal von Munzinger, in Petermann’s Mitteilungen, ann. 1862, p. 346.
—— Vid. under Pahde.
*Wauters, A. J. Les Voies d’accès au Lac Tchad, article in the Mouvement géographique, 29. (1912), 481-6.
MAPS
For the construction of the maps the following were used in addition to the authorities mentioned above:
Sketch-map in the Deutsches Kolonialbl., xvii. Jahrg., p. 594.
Map 2 in the Treaty Series, No. 14, London, 1906.
Map of Northern Nigeria in Colonial Reports Annual, No. 532.
The Surveys of British Africa, London, 1907, pp. 34 ff.
The sheet marked ‘Chad’ in the map of the Kameruns by Moisel, 1909.
LANGUAGES
Vid. Bernhard Struck, Bibliography of Northern Nigeria, in African Society’s Journal, 1911-12; and Benton, Kanuri Readings and Notes on Some Languages of the Central Sudan.
APPENDIX I
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA
Observed by Arnold Schultze during the Yola-Chad Boundary Commission of 1903-4 in Bornu and the adjacent countries.[487]
Fam. Danaididae
1. Danaida chrysippus, L., et var. alcippus, Cram. This species, which is widely distributed all over Africa and Western Asia, is to be found everywhere. Caterpillars are found on all the Asclepiadae, especially Calotropis procera.
2. D. limniace, var. petiverana, D. H. In South Bornu (on the ‘kopjes’) sporadic and rare.
Fam. Satyridae
3. Melanitis leda, B. South Bornu. Flights about evening time.
4. Ypthima simplicia, Butl. On the southern boundary at Uba.
Fam. Nymphalidae
5. Acraea neobule, var. seis Feisth. In South Bornu (‘kopjes’).
6. A. caecilia, Fbr. Dile. (South Bornu.)
7. A. pseudegina, Westw. (South Bornu.)
8. A. encedon, L. On the southern boundary at Uba.
9. Pyrameis cardui, L. This cosmopolitan insect is found especially in the Marghi ‘bush’ at the end of the rains feeding on elephant dung.
10. Precis orithya, var. madagascariensis, Guen. Very sporadic.
11. P. oenone, var. cebrene, Trim. As above.
12. P. octavia, Cram. et f. amestris, Dr. In South Bornu (on the granite hills).
13. P. antilope, Feisth. with f. simia, Wallengr. As above, but somewhat commoner.
14. P. chorimene, Guen. As above.
15. Catacropthera cloanthe, var. ligata, Rotsch. & Jord. South Bornu. On the plains and on the granite hills.
16. Hypolimnas misippus, L. Sporadic in South Bornu. Granite hills.
17. H. dubius, Pal. Rare, on southern boundary at Uba.
18. Byblia acheloia, Wallengr., with f. Crameri, Auriv. Very sporadic.
19. Neptis agata, Stoll. Boundary of Southern Bornu.
20. Hamanumida daedalus, Fabr. Everywhere.
21. Charaxes epijasius, Reiche. South Bornu sporadic. Caterpillars on Burkea africana.
22. Ch. achaemenes, Fields. South Bornu (‘kopjes’).
23. Ch. etheocles, var. viola, Butl. Everywhere, especially on the tamarind trees. Caterpillars on various Leguminosae.
24. Ch. candiope, God. Rare, on southern boundary at Uba.
25. Ch. varanes, Cram. Everywhere that the cardiospermum halicacabum, on which the caterpillars feed, grows, but always sporadic.
Fam. Lycaenidae
26. Dendorix caerulea, H. Druce, at Dile, South Bornu.
27. D. livia, Shy. Everywhere that there are acacias in bloom.
28. D. antalus, Hopffer. Idem.
29. Jolaus menas, H. Druce. On the southern boundary at Uba. Like No. 30, especially on the Vitex when in bloom.
30. J. ismenias, Shy. As above.
31. J. bicaudatus, Auriv. At Dile (South Bornu).
32. J. umbrosus, Butl. Found hovering round scattered trees on ‘firki’ soil. (The caterpillars of all the Jolaus species are fond of the Loranthus.)
33. Spindasis mozambica, Bertoloni. Boundary of South Bornu.
34. Cupido plinius, Fabr. Everywhere.
35. C. baeticus, L. This widely-distributed species is found hovering round the ‘ambach’ of the zone of marshy vegetation of Chad.
36. C. eleusis, Demaison. South Bornu.
37. C. cissus, God. Everywhere.
38. C. lysimon, Hubn. Idem.
Fam. Pieridae
39. Herpaenia eriphia, var. lacteipennis, Butl. South Bornu.
40. Pieris gidica, God. Everywhere; especially in the flooded districts of Chad.
41. P. creona, Cram. Idem. Caterpillars on the Capparis.
42. P. mesentina. As above.
43. Teracolus amatus, var. Calais, Cram. In Central Bornu, especially at Dikoa on the Capparis bushes, on which the caterpillars feed, as do those of all the Teracolus species.
44. T. chrysonome, Shy. As above. Very common.
45. T. vesta, var. amelia, Lucas. South Bornu.
46. T. protomedia, Shy. Everywhere, sporadic.
47. T. eris, Shy. As above.
48. T. jone, var. phlegas, Butl. Everywhere, and at all times of the year.
49. T. eupompe, Shy, with f. dedecora, Feld. As above.
50. T. evippe, L. and f. ocale, Boisd. Habitat as above, but rarer.
51. T. antigone, Boid., with f. phlegetonia, Boisd. As above.
52. T. euarne, Shy, with f. citreus, Butl. As above.
53. Eronia cleodora, Hübn, var. erxia, Hübn. Everywhere sporadic, especially on the cotton plant.
54. Catopsilia florella, Fabr. Everywhere. Caterpillars on the Cassia.
55. Terias brigitta, Cram., f. Zoe, Hopff. Everywhere, especially in the marshy zone of Chad, where the caterpillars are fond of the ‘ambach’.
Fam. Papilionidae
56. Papilio Schultzei, Auriv. Only on the boundary at Uba, and only at one small spot near inaccessible rocks.
57. P. pylades, Fabr. Everywhere on the damp sand-banks of rivers. Caterpillars on Anona senegalensis.
58. P. leonidas, Fabr. Boundary of Southern Bornu.
Fam. Hesperidae
59. Hesperia Zaire, Pl. South bank of Chad.
60. Chapra mathias, Fabr. Marshy zone of Chad. Caterpillars on Graminae.
61. Cyclopides formosus, Butl., var. tsadicus, Auriv. Dile. South Bornu.
62. Tagiades flesus, Fabr. As above.
Fam. Arctiidae
63. Utetheisa pulchella, L. Everywhere. Common in places.
Fam. Lymantriidae
64. Laelia euproctina, Auriv. South bank of Chad.
Fam. Sphingidae
65. Hersi convolvuli, L. Caterpillars common on the Ipomoea on the banks of Chad.
66. Acherontia atropos, L. Sporadic. Caterpillars on the Vitex.
67. Daphnis nerii, L. In damp places. Caterpillars on the Sarcocephalus species.
68. Macroglossum trochilus, Hübn. South Bornu.
(Hippotion celerio, L., and osiris, Dalm., are both met with in the neighbouring country of Adamawa, the former in great numbers.)
Fam. Saturniidae
69. Epiphora bauhiniae, Guér. Everywhere that the Zizyphus grows, on which the caterpillars feed. (Silk-spinners.)
70. E. Schultzei, Auriv. As above, but more on Lake Chad.
71. Gonimbrasia osiris, Druce. South Bornu. Caterpillars swarm on the Terminalia trees, and are eaten by the pagans.
72. Bunaea hersilia, Westw. In South Bornu (Marghi ‘bush’), caterpillars common on the elephant grass.
73. B. licharbas, Maas. Dile. South Bornu. Caterpillars on vetches.
Fam. Lasiocampidae
74. Taragama diluta, Auriv. To be met with resting on the ‘retam’ or broom on the banks of Chad.
Fam. Sesiidae
75. Sesia spec. Marshy zone of Chad.
Fam. Plusiidae
76. Plusia chalcytes, Esp. Boundary of Southern Bornu.
Fam. Heliothidae
77. Heliothis armiger, Hl. South Bornu. Caterpillars on Sesamum indicum.
78. Xanthodes Graëllsii, Feisth. Everywhere.
Fam. Ophiusidae
79. Leucanitis stolida, F. Everywhere in damp meadows.
80. Grammodes bifasciata, Petag. As above. Common in places.
81. G. algira, L. As above.
(The five last-named species are the commonest Heterocerae.)
82. Pseudophia tirrhaea, Cr. In Southern Bornu.