“The true nature of a thing is whatsoever it becomes when the process of its development is complete.”
To use a familiar illustration, expressing potentiality,—As the oak lies in the acorn, so all the after developments of our European music, their beauty, grandeur, massiveness, lie in that little scale of A minor; repeat it in transpositions of pitch from each note, repeat it in duplications above and below, and we know that we have therein the whole range of tones comprehensible by the human ear. Mr. W. Chappell, it is true, shews that the Greeks had no major scale, yet all conceivable scales are there, that one being the plasmic germ of all.
The process of the development of music from the reed pipe and from the string of a bow may seem insignificant as a subject of enquiry, but the philosopher will not think so. There is an apt parallel or analogy in “wheat”—“the staff of life,” which I cannot omit reference to. Wheat was not found in the predynastic tombs of Egypt nor was it indigenous to that land, but was introduced into the Nile valley from the East. De Candole in his botanical researches, “The Origin of Cultivated Plants,” has shewn that the indigenous home of wheat was in the western slopes of the Persian mountains. Thence the cereal has spread in the course of ages over the whole earth. To this centre of human origin, to Iran and Media (now called Persia) the indications of my search all point for the source of music, here in this primal region the rude beginnings of the art of music were first heard, and the sounds thereof have gone out into all lands.
Greece, as was fitting, has occupied a large share of attention in these pages, her history seems a part of ours; her heroes are our heroes, her philosophers our philosophers, her poets our poets. The names of Homer and Pindar have come down the great highway of time, hailed and recognised as the names of chief Masters in Song, givers to whom the world is indebted; yet I think that to the man in the street who cares for music, there are two other names that would come to mind to stand first as the representatives of Greek song,—Sappho and Anacreon,—the man may not have known even the sound of the language in which they sung, yet English Song has made these names household words.
So when I see Sappho with her lyre pictured on the vases, and memory revives her story, or when, on an amphora, I see Anacreon depicted, trudging along, with his lyre slung on a stick across his shoulder, like a rustic traveller carrying his day’s provender, and with his dog following,—they appeal to me as familiar friends. Then, too, I remember how a Greek poet apostrophised Anacreon,—
Still we linger over the land of Greece, its haunting charm persists from youth to old age. Mr. F. G. Frazer, in his Pausanias, recalls the beautiful thought of Schiller, how, like that poet, the traveller,
A glance at the map of Asia will show you a long trend of mountains from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. This vast plateau lies like a great backbone across Asia; the Caucasus, the Armenian mountains, the Zagros mountains, the Iranian mountains; on the eastern slope of these the Hindoo Cush, and the great Divide.
It is a curious fact worth thinking about that the Lute crossed over the ranges of the Hindoo Cush to the Valley of the Indus and to the Ganges and became the parent of the Ravanastron, or Indian Violin, and other tribes of bowed string instruments. The Lyre and the Harp never passed, nor the double flutes (except as left by Alexander the Great after his conquest) and the same with China. The feeling of the Hindoos has settled upon instruments with many frets and moveable bridges, and unfortunately the relics of the real old days of that land have not been preserved.
On the Western side of this mountainous range I have shewn the type of stringed instruments that prevailed, from Chaldea and Babylonia to Egypt, from Assyria and Asia Minor to Greece, the chief feature of the lyre and the harp being an open frame with a body that is founded on a boat-shape. These open-frame instruments are not found on the Eastern side. Why? it remains an open question. Yet the long-necked Lute or Nefer became acclimatised there in India. Was the instrument the cause of the character developed in their music? It is easy to see how it would lend itself to minute division, originating twenty intervals within an octave. Race, climate, and geography, are the great factors in the developments of the art of music.
Here, with reluctance I bring this volume to a close, for its pages have already extended in number much beyond the limit of the original intent. During the progress of the work new materials have come to hand giving an additional interest to the subject, information and illustrations acquired too late for incorporation in their relevant places, and too important in their bearing upon the investigation to be lightly sketched in, with but scant recognition of value. There is much yet to be added to the search for the origin of the Apollo Lyre; both the three-stringed and the four-stringed I have found depicted on a vase, of a date at least 900 B.C., and Dr. A. J. Evans has favoured me with a drawing of a pictograph seal, representing an eight-stringed lyre, found in his explorations at Knossos in Crete, and he writes me that he now places the date 2,000 B.C. From Egypt there comes a picture of large cross-string harps, a construction undreamt of as an ancient idea, but veritably so, discovered by Dr. Flinders Petrie at Abydos, in the Tombs of the Kings. The illustration which he has given me is of great interest.
Then the American explorers in Babylonia have unearthed a tablet sculptured in relief showing musicians, and one sitting, playing a harp of eleven strings; Mr. St. Chad Boscawen gives the date of this slab circa B.C. 3,000, it was found at Tel-lo, the ancient Sirpurra. Another valuable find, much earlier in date, was a terra-cotta relief depicting a shepherd seated playing his lute, and his dog with a curly tail standing beside him (probably this lute-lover was an earlier Anacreon), the lute so like the Egyptian Nefer, and the attitude in holding the instrument exactly the same; for so remote a time the drawing of the figures is little less than marvellous. This relic was found in the schoolroom attached to the temple library at Nippur, it confirms the conjecture I put forth that the Nefer form was derived from Babylonia—I called it the paddle form.
Each year fresh treasures may be unearthed, so energetic are the new explorers, sons of nations, all rivals in archæological work, each emulating the other in adding new riches to the Museums to hold in trust for the world’s coming ages, adding to the known past other more distant millenniums.
With so much material accumulating throwing new light upon the subject, I contemplate a sequel to this volume, to be ready, if health aids the fulfilment of my wish, by the coming Christmas, and to be entitled “Our Musical Inheritance.”
Index.
- A, the master note in Greek pitch, 335
- Aalst, Van, on Migration of the Chinese, 8, 163
- Abydos Tombs, Petrie’s discovery of cross-string Harps, 351
- Abysinnian Kissar Harp, 294
- Adonis, Phœnicean, 33
- Afghanistan, carvings of double flutes, 9
- Agriculture, of early Chinese, 168
- Akkad, the early settlement, 167-172
- Akkadean Language, 169
- Alexander the Great, 350
-
Alexandrian Library, 10, 342-3,
- philosophers, 343-4
- Alypius, his scales, 149
-
Amenhotep, 111
- Statue of called the Memnon, 322
- Amiot, Pere, Chinese Music, 158
- Amphoræ, Vases for oil, 78
-
Anacreon, his ten stringed lyre, 312, 335
- his songs, 349
- Ancestor Worship the religion of China, 168-9,
- Antigenedes on reed growth, 119-121
- Apollo, his invention of the lyre, 14
- Arabia the Divine land 11, 161
- Archilochus, musician 339
-
Archytas, his major third 340,
- contemporary with Plato 342-3,
- Arghool, Egyptian reed flute 35-36,
- Arica, Peruvian flutes from 18
- Aristophanes on flutes 73
- Aristotle, on the Bombyx flutes 99,
-
Aristoxenus, musician and philosopher 341,
- his works 343
- Art is the superfluous 285
- Arunda Donax, for reeds 49
- Ashmolean Museum, the Lady Maket pipes now in 41
-
Asia Minor 238,
- minstrels in 337
- Asiatic music distracting 21
- Assur-ban-ipal, slabs at British Museum 295
- Assyrian, Double pipes 55, 60,
- Athenæus Pronomus 92
- Athene, the Goddess, 128, 138
- Athens, founding of 327
- Athens Museum, Apollo 322
- Auletris, flute player 73
- Auloi, Greek flutes 73
-
Babylon, Berosus on 170 - Babylonia 304, 314
- Bach, J. S., use of the thumb 85
- Bailey, J., Festus quoted 133
- Ball, Rev. J. C., Turano Sythic speech 169
- Bamboo Books, The ancient Chinese 276
- Bamboo Forests in China 193
- Bark, boats made of 286
- Beethoven, his folk song themes 83,
- Berlin Museum, Egyptian lyre in 298
- Berosus on Babylon 170
- Bird’s Nest or Chinese Sheng 10, 182
- Blaikley, J. D., experiments on Egyptian flutes 57
- Bombyx flutes 99, 102
- Book of Changes, Chinese 191
- Borneo, Cane Harps from 303-4
- Boscawen, St. Chad, on Chaldea 4,
- Bow with boat form of early lyres 285, 289
- Boxing, Etruscan to sounds of flutes 78
-
British Museum, relics in:
- Apollo, Statue of 15
- Pans Pipes or Syrinx 17
- Peruvian Pan pipes 18
- Peruvian Stone Syrinx 17
- Egyptian Gingras, part of 28-33, 48
- Cymbals found in Egyptian mummy 29
- Wall painting of Egyptian ladies playing the double pipes 46
- Copy of a Corneto painting 60-67
- Song on a Chaldean tablet 62
- Fragment of flute bulb 80
- Greek Monaulos, two specimens 84
- Chinese Encyclopia shelved there 190
- Leva flute pipe 246
- Harps on Assyrian slabs 262
- Roman Cornu and Trumpets 270
- Litmus 271
- Egyptian Boated lyres, 288
- Three thousand gems, 311
- Bronze of Hermes, 308
- Chelys lyre, parts of, 310
- Herculanæum, painting of Apollo with harps, 318
- Calliope, Hymn to the Muse, 145, 163
- Bruce, the Traveller, Grand Harp painting found by, 290
-
Brussels Museum, Catalogue of, 240
- Krena Flute from, 246
- Buddha and Confucius, 256
- Bulb found by Maspero, 124-5
-
Bulbs for flute mouthpiece shewn on vases, 121
- fragment of, in British Museum, 80
-
Burney, Dr., on Hermes lyre, 308
-
his picture of one kind of lyre, 318
-
his picture of one kind of lyre, 318
- Caspian Sea Mountains, 350
- Capistrum for flute player, 70
- Caucasian Mountains, 219, 350
- Cecrops, founder of Athens, 65, 327
- Cephisis, River of, 128-9
-
Cesnola collection at New York, 71, 100
- his Salamis flute, 115
-
Chaldea, land of, 6, 8
- Songs, 62
- Chaldean Race, 170, 350
- Chappell, W., on fragment of Egyptian pipe, 33
- Charites, City of, 128, 137
- China, her past, 3, 4
-
Chinese Musical Instruments.
- Outspread Phœnix, 18, 157, 160
- Bird’s Nest or Sheng, 152, 176, 203
- Stone Chime, 160, 163
- Gong chime, 162, 235
- Yellow Bell and Forest, 175
- Tetrachord of Bells, 216
- Clarionet or Kwant-ze, 219
- Monster Bell, 233, 234
- Flutes, 236, 237, 244, 246
- Dragon flute, 239
- Se, 227, 251, 257
- Hwang-chong-tche, 241, 243
- Guitars, 250, 280
- Violin of gourd or cocoanut, 251
- Dulcimers, 253
- Kin or C’hin, 259, 260, 261
- Trumpets, 264, 268
- Rattling Tiger, 272
- Drums, 272
-
Chinese Notation, 10
- Flat-fourths, 39, 53, 177, 205
- Confucian hymn, 151
- Ear for pitch, 159
- Scale of P’ai-hsiao, 159
- Chronology, 170
- Foot measures, 172, 177
- Measures and Weights, 178, 197
- Enormous Encyclopedia, 190
- Book of Changes, 191
- Yellow Emperors foot, 196
- Old Ritual, 228
- Bell foundry, 232-233
- Coins, 242
- Strings, 252
- Classics, 276
- King Seang Wei, his buried books, 276
- Duke Tan Foo ancestral temples, 276
- Ritual Music, 277
- Sect of the learned, 277
- Love songs, 279
- Orchestras, 280
- Oldest written music, 282
- Chord, as a musical term, 332
- Chorebus, the poet musician, 335
- Citharist players, The charm of, 346
-
Civilization, Primitive, 168
- Origin of, 171
-
Clarionet, Japanese, 112
- Chinese, 219
-
Cleonidas on seven stringed lyre, 313
- His writings, 341
- College of Mandarins, 190
- Confucius, Hymn to, 151
- Corneto Etruscan painting, 60, 67
- Cretan Seal of Apollo’s Lyre, 351
- Crete, stepping stone to Greece, 328
- Crissa, Plains of, 130
- Cromornes, their caps, 224
-
Cyprus, held by Egypt, 328
- Danaus, founder of Argos, 65, 327
- Dayr-el-Bahari Temple of, 10
- De Candole, origin of wheat, 348
- Debrett’s peerage Ancestor Worship, 283
- Delphi, Temple of, 131
-
Demaratus, Merchant of Corinth, 68
- in Terpanders time, 334
- Dennis on Etruscan Vases, 71
- Diagram of Nations, 5
- Diatesseron, The Greek fourth, 332
- Diaulos, Greek flutes, 49, 80-85
-
Didymus, his minor tone, 344
- his diatonic scale, 344
- Dion, Statue of Hermes, 130
-
Dionysius on rhythm, 144
- Greek hymn by, 146
- Diosopolis Parva, Horn from, 225
- Dirce, Fountain of, 129
- Disjunct or Greater System, 341
-
Dragon, Chinese, 3
- flute, 239
-
Dulcimer, Chinese, 253
- Ear, Artists habit of reliance on, 333
- Edkins, Dr., Akkadian and Chinese languages, 169
- Edwards, Miss, at a Nubian funeral, 61
- Egypt, Exploration Fund, 225
- Egyptian Music unwritten, 304
- Egyptian Musical Instruments.
- Elam, Land of, 167
- Elgin, Lord, Lyre from Athens, 319, 323
- Ellis, Dr. A. J., on Persian Scale, 7,
- Emerson on the Builder, 181
- Emperors Chinese.
- Empress, Chinese, Nu-wo, 188
- Encyclopedia of the Chinese, 190
- Engel, Carl, on the Sheng, 201
- Equal Temperament System of, 346
-
Erato, The Muse her Psaltery, 317
- and Trigon, 321
-
Eratosthenes, writings on music, 344
- on flutes with boxing, 78
- Erech, city of the dead, 283
- Etrurian Kings of Rome, 67
- Etruscan double flutes, 60
- Euphrates Valley and River, 167, 168, 169-170, 307
- Euterpe, the Muse playing her flutes, 77
- Evans, A. J., Knossos lyre seal, 351
- Experiments with the Sheng pipes, 199
-
Ezra and Moses, 190
- Feng tribes early in China, 163
- Filmore, J., on Indian melodies, 247
- Finding the Chinese Lüs, 165
- Fingers, the fates of music, 21, 33
- Flageolet pipe, 98
- Flute of Ismenias, 93
- Flute player with Phorbia, 70
- Flutes.
- Fourths, Ancient flat, 30, 53
-
Free reeds, Midas flutes, 138
- Weber’s laws of, 140
-
Funeral in Nubia, Wailing music at, 61
- Galpin, Rev. F. W., his museum, 246
- Gardner, E. A., date of Praxiteles, 343
- Garibaldi’s welcome, 133
- Gaudentius on rhythm, 144
- German flute, conical, 219
- Gingroi, Lady Maket’s, 4, 28, 33
- Glossocomeia, reed box, 43
-
Gods, Sleeping, 233
- procession on Olympus, 350
- Goethe, J. W., on May of life, 153
- Greco-Etruscan flutes, 69
- Greek Church, Music of, 106
- Greek Music, Modes their growth, 84
- Greek people, composite race, 65
- Greek Vases.
-
Guitar, Chinese, 251
- Hall, H. R., oldest Athens, 329
- Harp, Evolution of, 285
- Harps, Chaldean, 4
- Hathor, The Goddess beautiful, 11
-
Hautboy, reed, 35
- Asiatic, 57
- Hellenes or Greeks, 65
- Helmholtz on harmonics, 159
- Hemitone of Pythagoras, 336
-
Hermes, God on the Nile, 309, 312
- Statue of, 130
- Herodotus, Song of Maneros, 64
- Hichi-richi, Japanese Clarinet, 112, 220
- Hindoo Cush, 350
- Hindoos, frets and bridges, 350
- Hipkins, A. J., Scale of Gingroi, 53
- Hippocrene water, 325
- Homer and Pindar, 127, 349
- Hope, Costume of Greeks, 316
- Horn, pipe of, 225
-
Horns, Assyrian, Egyptian, 266
- Greek and Roman, 267
- Houscheng, Persian King, 8
- Hunt, Leigh, on old Nile, 24
- Hyagnis, Poet Musician, 330, 335
- Hydria, Greek vase, 78
- Hymettus, glow of, 325
- Hymn to Calliope, 145
-
India, carvings of flutes, 9
- Ravanastron on violin, 350
-
Indians, North West Americans, flutes of, 246
- in Bolivia, 245
- Indus and Ganges rivers, 350
- Ion of Chios, his conjunct system, 340
- Iranian Mountains, 167, 349, 350
- Iscariot, Judas, a musician, 43
-
Ismenias, his costly flute, 93
- Jade, Chinese, 161
- Japanese clarionet, 112, 220, 223
- Jebb, Prof. on Delphian tablet, 152
-
Johnston, Sir H., Uganda boat, 286
- the Kavibondo Harp, 293
-
Jubal, pipes of, 4, 209
- Kanon or monochord, 347
- Keats, John, on a Grecian Urn, 76
- Kin or Scholar’s Lute, 253
- Kissar, Abyssinian Harp, 294
- Kissirka lyre, 295
- Knife Grinders Chinese Trumpet, 271
- Koto, Japanese, 227
- Krater Greek Vase, 71, 81, 83
- Krena, pipe, 245
- Krishna, a flute player, 9
- Kuênlun Mountains, 172
-
Kylix, Greek Vase, 83
- Lacroix, Decadence of Greek Musical Art, 4
- Lamia and her flutes, 73
- Lang, Hymn of Hermes, 308
-
Languages.
- Chinese and Akkadian, 169
- Lekythos, Satyr and flutes on, 76
- Lesbian Lyre, 340
- Leslie, Prof., on the Ear, 231
- Leyden Museum, Harp at, 291, 299
- Lichanos, finger for, 334
- Ligature of Japanese Clarionet, 219
- Ling-lun, his quest, 121
- Linus, Song of, 63, 331
- Lucretius on wind and reeds, 153
-
Lute or Nefer, form of, 289, 299, 351
- from Nippur, 352
- Lychanos, his added string, 335
-
Lyres.
- Queen Hatasu’s three stringed, 13
- at British Museum four stringed, 288
- Upright form, 289
- boated and cross bar, 289
- in Paris Collection, 292
- open frame lyre of the Stranger’s, 293, 294, 307
- Abyssinian, 294
- Magadis, 297
- Hermes, 308, 312
- Greek Chelys, 309
- Act of Tuning, 316
- subordinate to Voice, 333
- Lesbian, 340
- Apollo’s, 14, 318
-
by Praxiteles, 323, 336, 342, 350
- Maclean, Dr., on Greek music, 153
- Magadis lyre, 297
- Mahaffy, J. P., on Delphic Tablet, 149
- Mahillon, C. V., on Pompeian flutes, 99, 110, 112, 114, 116
- Maket, the Lady, her Egyptian flutes, 50
- Malagasy braiding, 313
- Malay pipes, 246
-
Mamms or Twin flutes, 47
- Goddess Mama, 63
- Man a measurer, 19
- Mandarin’s College at Pekin, 190
- Maneros, Song of, 64
- Mantinea in Arcadia, 323
- Marsyas, the elder, 330
- Marsyas contest with Apollo, 323
-
Maspero, on bulb forming for flutes, 122, 123
- flute found with eleven holes, 124
- Measures of Organ pipes, 179-197
-
Medea founded by Mongols, 168
- home of early races, 349
- Meledosa the Muse, her flutes, 79
- Memnon, Singing Statue of, at Thebes, 322
- Mercury, scale of lyre, 331
-
Mese or middle note, Aristotle on, 103
- called the Sun, 336
- Mesopotamia, 167, 169, 308, 328
- Midas the glorious, 126
- Migrations of Chinese, 8
- Milton on noise, 230
- Minor tone of Didymus, 344
-
Monaulos, the single flute, 86
- specimen in British Museum, 89
- Mongolian race, 168
- Mongols new home, 165
- Monochord of Pythagoras, 103, 105, 347
-
Murray, A. S., on Tomb treasures, 43
- his help, 88
- Musæus, poet musician, 330
- Museums.
-
Musical Scale by Measures, 19, 20
- by Vibrations, 347
-
Mycenœan Greece, 329
- Napoleon, work on Egypt, 225
- Nations, diagram of, 5
- Nauman, History of Music, 317
-
Nay, Egyptian flute, 58
- player on, 59
- Nefer or lute, 299
- Neith, the goddess Egyptian, 327
- Nemesis, Hymn to, 146
- Neuter Third, 53
- Newton, Sir C., flute from Halikarnassos, 97
- Nile, Leigh Hunt on, 24
- Nineveh, slabs from, 304
- Noah, era of, 163
-
Noise love of, 229
- Milton on, 230
- Notation, Greek method of, 144, 334
-
Nubian funeral wailing, 60
-
Kissirka lyre, 295
-
Kissirka lyre, 295
- Olympos, his scale, 201, 216, 311, 330
-
Olympus Mountain, 325
- procession of the Gods, 350
- Olympus, the Phrygian, disjunct scale, 339
- Orestes of Euripides, 151
-
Organ pipes, 16
- measuring of, 179
-
Orpheus, cithara of, 311
- hymn to, 330
- Oscan people, 116, 142
- Osiris Egyptian God, 23
- Ouseley, Sir F. G., ear for pitch of Chinese Bells, 216
- Outspread Phœnix, Chinese, 17
-
Oval holes of ancient pipes, 224
- Panopolis, flute from, 122
- Pan’s pipes, 16, 164, 201, 237, 246
- Parnassus, 325
- Parthenon, Friezes, 75
- Pausanias on Greece, 321
- Pelasgians, 67
- Persia fire worship, 8
- Persian scale from the Greek fourth, 113
- Pentatonic scale origin in the tetrachord, 248
-
Peruvian Pan’s pipes, 17-18,
- Stone Syrinx, 18
- Petrie, J. Flinders, discovery of flutes, 27
- Phan, Siamese reeds, 208
- Phideas, sculptor, 342
- Phœnician Adonis, 33
- Phœnix, 164, 201
- Phorbia or Capistrum, 70, 140
- Phrygian mode, 335
- Phrynis, added string, 312
- Pindar, Ode to Midas, 126
- Pipes, pastoral, 34
- Pitch pipes of Japanese, 214
- Plagiaulos Greek pipe, 97, 133
-
Plato, many stringed lyres, 321
- compass of lyres, 342
-
Pliny on reed growth, 119
- on Terpander, 335
-
Plutarch, on song of Maneros, 64
- reciting pipes, 333
- Polyphemus, fingers, 19
- Polytheistic ideas, 171
-
Pompeian flutes, 107
- Mahillon’s discovery, 110-117,
- Pompeii, buried city, 107, 320
- Praxiteles, Sculptor, his Apollo, 322, 342
- Pronomus, his flutes, 73, 92
- Proslambanomenos, 340
- Ptolemy, Claudius, on minor tone, 91
- Ptolemy Philadelphus, his Band, 58
- Punt, the land of, 11
- Pythagoras, on intervals, 7
- Pythic games, 126, 130, 334
- Quechas, Indian pipe of, 245
- Queen Hatasu, her Temple, 10-12,
- Ravanastron, Indian, 350
- Red Sea, Canal to, 11
- Reed, the arghool, 35, 55
- Reed, Hautboy, 35
-
Reeds and pipes earlier than strings, 23
- growth of, 119
- Reinach, harmonization of Delphic music, 147
-
Religion of Akkadians, 169
- of Chinese, 168
- Rhodians ode to Pindar, 129
- Rhomaides, his photo of Apollo, 323
-
Rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, 170
- Cephisis, 128
- Rosellini’s Egypt, 300
- Rowbotham, J. T., Musical History, 120
-
Russians, their Bells, 232
- Sacadas, the flute player, 130
-
Sappho, her lyre, 312
- songs, 349
- Sarasate, Jubilee at Athens, 130
- Satyr playing Double pipes, 74
- Sayce, A., on Tel Amarna Tablets, 64
- Scales in music by finger measure, 19
- Schiller’s procession of the Gods, 350
-
Schubert Music, 180
- Symphony, 256
- Seba, Egyptian flute, 58
- Sepulchres of Etruria, 65
- Shelley, on Egypt, 323
- Sheng, Chinese, 9
- Sho, Japanese reeds, 227
- Siamese Phan, 208, 211
-
Silkworm flutes of bronze, 94, 96
- scale of, 105
- Simcox, E. J., on early Chinese, 168
- Solomon, King, his musicians, 304
- Song, of the goddess Mama, 62
- Southgate, T. L., experiment with flutes, 51
- Spartan lyre, 335
- Spirit of Earth and Heaven, 169, 171, 275
- Stainer, Dr. J., on Reed Box, 43
- Sticks, the true prophets of Sheng, 206
- Stradivarius, 94
- Subulone flutes, 69
-
Sumerian Race, 167
- religion, 170
-
Sycamore flutes, Greek, 89, 95
- Tak-Koto, Japanese, 208
- Tarentum in Sicily, 342
-
Temple of Dayr-el-Bahari, 10
- of the God Uras at Urasalem, 65
- Terpander, prize lyre, 311, 312, 315, 329
- Tetrachord Greek, 34
- Thaletes poet musician, 331
- Thamyris poet musician, 331
-
Thebe, foundress of the Theban Nation, 129
- flutes of, 129
- Thebes, tomb painting, 46
- Theodosius, Emperor, 5
- Theophrastus on reed growth, 119
- Thibet no evidence, 9
-
Thotmes, 60, 111
- his wars, 327
- Timotheus, poet musician, lyre of, 312
- Tokio Musical Institute, 219
- Tonic, Greeks had not, 334
- Tope at Jumal Garlic, 9, 60
- Traditions of the Scale, 327
- Trigon, Greek Harp, 321
- Trojan War, 329, 331
- Trombone, infantile, 137
- Trumpets, Assyrian and Egyptian, 264
- Tuning of lyres, 314
-
Tyrtæus, poet musician, 339
-
Uganda Boat, 286
-
Kavibondo Harp, 293
-
Kavibondo Harp, 293
-
Violins, Chinese, 251
-
Indian Ravanastron, 350
-
Indian Ravanastron, 350
- Wagener, Dr., Chinese weights and measures, 178, 197
- Wagner, Procession of the Gods, 229
- Wailing flutes or Gingroi, 28
- Weber, law of Free Reeds, 140
-
Wheat, De Candole upon its origin, 348
- not in pre-dynastic Egypt, 349
- Wilkinson, Sir J. G., Egypt, 290, 293
-
Williams, Abdy, Euripides Chorus, 151
- Yellow Bell, Chinese, 175
- Yellow Emperor, 172, 197
-
Yellow River, 166, 168
- Zagros Mountains, 350
-
Zummarah, Egyptian, 38
- description of the, 57