Touring in 1600: A Study in the Development of Travel as a Means of Education

INDEX

All names of travellers are indexed, but only those towns concerning which some distinctive detail has been given.

Aarssen, F. van; 395.
Abdy, Sir T.; 393.
"Acta Sanctorum" quoted; 179.
Allen, Cardinal; as protector of English at Rome, 111.
Alps; see Mountaineering.
Ambassadors; see under Embassies, Busbecq, Chaworth, Chiericati, Contarini, Fanshawe, Foix, Glover, Guicciardini, Lionello, Lippomano, Muscorno, Myszkowski, Navagero, Pindar, Sherley, Willes, Wotton.
Amsterdam; 117, 281, 329.
Antwerp; 122, 252, 291.
Aragona, Luigi d' (cardinal); travelling expenses, 317;
itinerary, 396.
Art; an "Ephesus" statue of Diana, 149;
art-student abroad, his difficulties and advantages, 150-1, 376-7;
Turkish arts and crafts, 191.
Aschhausen, J. G. von (bishop of Würzburg); travelling expenses, 317.
Ashley, John; 393.
Aubigné, Agrippa d'; his "Les Tragiques" quoted, 349.
Audebert, Nicolas; 140, 145;
his MS., 394.
Augsburg; 119, 141, 152, 291, 350.
Average Tourist (see Education, and Tutors, and, for examples, Aarssen, Audebert, Bertie, Browne, Coligny, Davison, Hoby, Lauder, Raleigh, Rohan, Roos, Sobieski, Wotton);
the special type of the age, 25;
and its development, 26, 319;
psychology of, 29, 30, 32, 378-9;
instructions to, 37-9, 48, 57-8, 95;
and Protestantism, 53-6;
objective, 95, 100-1, 114, 118, 130, 132;
what he would have to spend, 314-8;
subsidized by Queen Elizabeth, 319.
Awliyáí Efendi; quoted, 249, 284.
Babeau, A.; his "Voyageurs en France" quoted, 270, 284.
Bacon, Francis; quoted, 3, 148, 319.
Barbaro, Giosaffate; 29.
Barberini, Rafael; 383.
Bargrave, R; 393.
Bassompierre, François, Maréchal de; 108.
Bathing-resorts; of western Europe, 3, 267-9;
Turkish, 196;
the Jordan, 235.
Battista, Giovanni (pilgrims' guide at Jerusalem); 230, 239.
Beasts of prey; risk from, 355.
Beatis, Antonio de; 396;
quoted, 162, 299, 381, 385.
Bergamo; 114.
Bernini, the artist; 98.
Bertie, Robert and Henry; 396.
Bisoni, Bernardo; 396.
Blount, Sir Henry, philosopher-errant; his aims, 8;
quoted, 33, 182, 187, 202-3, 213, 358, 360.
Bodley, Josias; 51, 400.
Bologna University; 103, 310-1, 394.
Boorde, Andrew; his "Introduction of Knowledge" as marking the beginning of the period here dealt with, 26;
quoted, 27, 50, 154, 173, 247, 348.
Bosio, Antonio; his re-discovery of the Catacombs at this time, 108.
Bouchet, Jean (Rabelais' "Xenomanes"); 56.
Boyle, Robert; 185.
Brereton, Sir William; in Holland, 83, 116, 140, 397.
Breuning, von Buchenbach, H. J.; 397.
Bridges; 82, 288-90, 328.
Brittany; neglect of, 144.
Brooke, N.; (18th century), 191.
Browne, Edward (son of Sir Thomas); 288, 339.
Brunel, Antoine de; 395.
Bruno, Giordano; at Geneva, 112;
in London, 134.
Buchell, Arend van, antiquary; 246, 275, 329, 385, 397.
Busbecq, A. G. de; Imperial ambassador at Constantinople, and in France, 14;
his letters, 14, 398;
tries to naturalize camels, 140;
quoted, 20, 81, 187, 192, 289.
Busino, Orazio; 398.
Cagots; 138.
Cairo; largest city then known, 8;
Bulak asses, 220;
and other details, 221, 237, 325;
usual excursions from, 222-7.
Callot, Jacques, the artist; 321.
Camden, W.; quoted, 41, 119, 164.
Campan, the Jesuit; 403.
Captivity and Ransoms (see Pirates); 56, 71, 101, 201, 203, 346, 356-62, 366.
Caravans; 216-9, 228-30, 235-6, 249, 292.
Carve, Thomas; 398.
Casola, Pietro; 398.
Cecily, princess (of Sweden); marries on condition her husband takes her to see Queen Elizabeth, 11;
her journey, 11-3;
and narrative, 398.
Cellini, Benvenuto; adventures, 81, 298;
quoted, 363.
Chamberlain, John, the letter-writer; 63.
Channel-crossings; havens, 60-2;
experiences of, 12, 60-4;
size of vessels, 64;
charges, 328.
Chapman, George; quoted, 25.
Charles II; his experience of Spanish fare, 262.
Chartres; a pilgrimage to, 20.
Chaworth, Sir G.; outlay on his embassy to Brussels, 318;
his account of it, 398.
Chiericati, Francesco; 384, 399.
Cirot, G.; his biography of Mariana quoted, 48.
Clara Eugenia, the Infanta;

journey from Milan to Brussels, 11, 399;
quoted, 135, 296-7, 303, 306.
Cleland's estimate of annual cost of travel; 315.
Clothes; 37, 133, 359, 365-8.
Coaches and Waggons; 79, 290-3, 333.
Coinage; small change and its bearing on expenses, 341;
substitutes for, 346;
multiplicity of, a great hindrance to travel, 368-72.
Coleridge, S. T.; quoted, 45.
Coligny, Francis and Gaspard de; their estimate for a year in Italy, 315.
Communications; see under Bridges, Caravans, Coaches, Escorts, Ferries, Litters, Locks, Mountaineering, Riding, River-travel, Road-travel, Sea-travel, Sign-posts, Vetturino.
Compostella; 173-4, 320.
Constantinople; 122, 194-7, 200-1, 215-6.
—— Bibl.; MSS. Rawlinson, C. 799;
Stowe, 180;
and Bertie, Busbecq, Carmoly, Cobham, Courthop, Dallam, Khitrowo, Moryson, Mundy, Röhricht, Vargas.
Contarini, Tommaso; takes peat from Flanders to Italy, 140.
Conversation-difficulties; see Linguistics.
Coryat, Tom; in Palestine, 232, 329.
Cost of Travel in 1600.

—— Direct (see Coinage, Fares, Finance, Food, Guides, Licences, Lodging, Luggage, Outfit, Passports, Pilgrimage—Jerusalem, River-travel, Tolls);
estimates of annual, 314-7;
means of economizing, 318-25;
foreigners more liable to overcharge then than now, 330;
"conducted" travel, 216, 331-2;
crossing the Alps, 332-4;
duration of journeys the chief factor in expense, 332-5;
in relation to food and lodging generally, 338-41.
—— Indirect (see Beasts of Prey, Captivity, Clothes, Droit d'aubaine, Escorts, Illness, Legal Status, Manners and Customs, Pirates, Plague, Robbers, Touring—greater strain of travel, War);
defined, 313;
epitomized in "Litany," 347.
Courthop, Sir G.; 399.
Cuelbis, Diego; 393.
Cuellar, Captain; 175-6, 399.
Dallam, Thomas; 9, 65, 214, 308, 400.
Dallington's estimate of annual cost of travel; 315.
Daniel, Samuel; quoted, 379, 389.
Dante; did not add to the attractions of Florence, 103;
quoted, 293.
Danzig; 131, 155, 211.
Davies, Sir John;
quoted, 177, 386.
Davis, William; a Protestant sailor, cared for at Rome, 112.
Davison, Francis; cannot live abroad on 100 marks a year, 316;
quoted, 344.
Della Valle, Pietro; a model traveller, 6;
life-story, 7;
his many interesting experiences on the way to Jerusalem, 205-35;
quoted, 50, 88, 90, 191-4, 198, 200, 269.
Denmark; 155, 244.
Digby, Sir Kenelm; dies in Paris, confiscation of property by "droit d'aubaine," 364.
Douglas, Thomas; remits broadcloth to Algiers as a substitute for money, 346.
Dresden; 120, 149.
"Droit d'aubaine"; enforcement and disuse of, 364;
its equivalent in Turkey, 196.
Education; as related to travel (see Average Tourist, Ideas, Touring—uses of, and, —causes of, Universities), growth of the idea, circ. 1542-1642, as constituting the unity of subject of this book, 25, 26, 158;
then and now, 377.
Elizabeth, Princess (James I's daughter); a visit to, 129.
Elizabeth, Queen; sends an organ to "Grand Turk," 9;
is visited by Princess Cecily, 12;
her twofold attraction for foreigners, 125-7;
as a linguist, 47;
and "der Einlasse," 141;
subsidizes travel, 318 (cf. 346 and 386).
Embassies (see Ambassadors, and Spies) facilitate touring to the point of becoming the chief cause of it, 15;
system of resident ambassadors developed in 16th century, and why, 15-6;
economical advantages to the tourist, 318, 337, 344, 365;
French maritime towns send one to Constantinople, 186, 197, 357.
Empire, the; communications in, 80, 289, 291;
sub-divisions for tourist purposes, 117;
characteristics of, 118-21;
inns, 242-3, 245, 250, 255-9, 268-9, 283;
expenditure in, 336-7, 339-40, 349-53;
coinage, 370.
—— people of; popularity of travel among, 29;
as seen by foreigners, 118-21, 255, 265, 366.
—— Bibl.; MS. Tournay 160, Beatis, Bisoni, Breuning, Buchell, Carve, Clara Eugenia, Cust, Guzman, Hoby, Maulde, Montaigne, Moryson, Rye, Sastrow, Sobieski, Taylor, Vargas, Wotton, Zetzner; IV. 1. note 14, VIII. notes 28 and 35.
England (see London); as seen by foreigners, 123-30, 267, 343-4;
their reasons for coming, 125-6;
and usual route, 127;
inns, 245;
communications, 291;
expenditure in, 330-1, 337-8, 349.
—— Bibl.; Bisoni, Brereton, Breuning, Busino, Cecily, Einstein, Rye, Sobieski, Zetzner.
English abroad; 346, 356, 386 note 5;
increase in their numbers and its significance, 25-8;
in Italy, 28, 74, 112;
innkeepers, 273-4.
Ens, Gaspar; one of his guide-books quoted, 49.
Escorts (see Communications); 38, 353-4, 357;
Janizaries, 198-9, 216, 325.
Espinel, Vicente; his "Marcos de Obregon" quoted, 49.
Este, Luigi d' (Cardinal); 386.
Evelyn, John; visits the Catacombs, 109;
goes to see a prisoner tortured, 137;
his credulity, typical, 146;
cost of his "Grand Tour," 315;
quoted, 18, 80, 95, 99, 140, 274, 285, 354.
Executions, etc., as "sights" (see Robbers); 136-7.
Exile; as a cause of travel; 23-4, 26.
Fairs; 114, 144.
Fanshawe, Ann, Lady; her journeys and memoirs, 13, 400;
quoted, 79, 170, 262, 352, 370.
——, Sir Richard; 13, 315, 370.
Fares (in Europe); 328-36.
Ferries and fords; 287-90, 329.
Finance (see Coinage, Cost, "Putting-Out");
equation of money-values, how reckoned, 313-4;
methods of ensuring supply of ready-money, 341-2;
how coin was carried, 342-3, 372;
legal limits to amounts carried and how to evade them, 343-4;
fluctuations in values, 338-9, 344-5, 369;
remitting by advice, 344-6, 348;
letters of credit, barter, and loans, 346-7.
Finland; wizards on the coast of, 75.
Flagellants; 138.
Florence; as attractive then as now, 103;
its Zoos, 139;
inns, 271, 277.
Florio, John; his "First-Fruits" quoted, 27.
Foix, Paul de; 13.
Food; on board ship, 66, 68, 79, 264-5;
in Turkey, 249;
drinks, 252-5, 263;
meals and meal-times, 255-66, 278-80, 333;
cost, 338-41, 349.
France; routes, 84, 115, 122;
on the rivers in, 79, 82-5;
attractions of, 114-6, 268;
inns, 255-6, 260, 266, 270-2, 274, 276, 281;
on the road in, 285, 289, 291-2, 300, 330, 354;
expenditure in, 315, 330, 348-9.
—— Bibl.; MSS. Rawlinson D. 120, 1285, Add. 34177, Egerton 34, Harleian 288, 942/3, 1278, Lansdown 720, Tournay 159, 160;
Aarssen, Babeau, Beatis, Bertie, Bisoni, Buchell, Busbecq, Busino, Courthop, Cust, Fanshawe, Hoby, Lauder, Locatelli, Montaigne, Mundy, Zetzner; IV. 1. note 4, VIII. note 45.
Frederick II (Elector Palatine); 399.
Fürer, Christopher, pilgrim; 325, 358.
Galileo, G.; 72, 97.
Galley-slaves; treatment of, 76, 137-8, 362.
Games new to travellers; 153.
Genoa; 99, 143.
Germany; see Empire.
Gesner, Conrad; as a mountaineer, 304.
Giustiniani, Vincenzo (Marchese di Bassano); 396.
Glover, Sir Thomas; in Thrace, 309.
Gölnitz, Abraham; quoted, 129, 252, 256, 269, 285, 343, 387.
Good, ——; an Englishman in Ireland, 384.
Gourville, J. H. de; "Mémoires" quoted, 266, 311.
Gracián, Jeronimo, St. Teresa's confessor; enslaved, 186.
Gramaye, J. B.; at Algiers, 356.
Greece; lack of interest in, 213.
Greene, Robert; quoted, 366.
Gresham, ——(?); obtains news from hell at Stromboli, 91.
Gruberus; a typical guide-book writer, 35, 204.
Guicciardini, Francesco; 16;
on Spain, 170.
Guide-books; general characteristics of, 35-40, 42-3, 333;
itineraries as guide-books, 43-6;
advice from, 57-9;
doggrel from, 106, 121, 154, 204;
a Jewish one, 236;
cost, 338.
—— Bibl.; Einstein.
Guides (see Escorts and Tutors); 333;
in Mohammedan lands, 210.
Guzman, Alonzo de; his autobiography, 23, 401;
quoted, 51, 280.
Hall, Joseph (bishop); his abuse of travel—in word and in deed, 374.
Harington, Sir J.; 142.
Hentzner, P.; typical character of his "Itineraria," 44;
quoted, 60, 120, 343, 353.
Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury; 61, 275.
Hoby, Sir Thomas; 336, 401.
Holland; see United Provinces.
Horsey, Sir Jerome; 244.
Howell, James; his "Instructions for Foreign Travel" taken as marking the end of the period here dealt with, 26;
estimate of cost of travel, 315;
quoted, 36, 71, 122, 276, 303.
Hungary; 156, 289, 311, 339.
—— Bibl.; Szamota, Vargas.
Ideas of the Day in relation to travel:—influencing travellers;

political (monarchical), 25, 31, 33, 95, 115-6, 118, 164;
historical, 40, 109, 110, 166-7, 185, 206;
æsthetic, 103, 214, 302-7;
lack of sympathy or sentimentality (see also theology, intolerance), 136-7, 144;
critical, 145-6, 148, 214-5, 239, 301;
pedagogic, 38-40, 58, 60, 95, 378-9;
relating to the Empire, 119, 351;
to Spain, 162-70, 261-3, 351;
to Ireland, 175-9;
to the Turks, 182-9, 193;
to Jerusalem, 205-6;
to Italy, 95-100, 103, 302;
to the fascination of Queen Elizabeth, 125-7;
where to stay, 101, 163.
—— modified by travel (see Touring, uses of); 27;
historical, 33, 105, 167;
town-planning, 117, 378;
economic and domestic, 113, 116, 120, 140-2, 169-70, 201-2;
political (democratic), 119, 120;
trustworthiness of relics, 19;
Scottish opinion of Scots, 32;
concerning Italy, 100;
and Venice, 105;
of Christians about themselves, 171, 199;
Turkish craftmanship and character, 191.
Illness (see Plague, and Touring, hardships of);
provision against, 66, 360-2;
mortality at sea, 67-8;
and on the Alps, 295-6;
hospitals, 112, 362;
abundance of vermin, 59, 67-8, 121, 241, 309, 360.
Imperiali, Gian Vincenzo; 381.
Inns (see Food, and Lodging); 46, 351, 372;
the best, 240-1, 268;
inn-signs, 240, 250-2;
innkeepers, 241, 245, 273-80;
and their case against the tourists, 272-83;
the personnel, 245, 275, 281;
utensils, 266-7;
government supervision strict, 271-2;
town watchmen notify innkeepers of new arrivals, 282;
"Khans," 247-50;
free quarters, 249, 265, 280-1, 319-20, 325.
Ireland; 175-181, 378 (Dublin);
scarcity of knowledge about, 41, 179-80;
accommodation, 245, 265.
—— Bibl.; Carve, Chiericati, Cuellar, Falkiner, Moryson; VI. note 7.
Italy (see English abroad); high reputation in 16th century, 6, 95-100, 254, 302;
adverse criticism, 100, 373;
communications in, 82-3, 85-7, 285-94, 329-32;
usual routes through, 102, 114;
inns, 241, 252, 256, 259-60, 271-2;
baths, 267-8;
expenditure in, 330-1, 336;
coinage, 369, 372.
—— people of; 114, 366;
travelling coming into fashion with Venetians, (1603), 26;
courtesans, 106, 143.
—— Bibl. All but a very few entries refer to Italy to some extent.
Jemsel, Samuel; a Jewish pilgrim (1641), 236.
Jerusalem (see Pilgrimage);
relation to mental life of the time, 205-7;
monastery of S. Salvatore at, 210, 230, 323;
as seen by foreigners, 230-4, 360;
extortion at, 323-5.
—— Bibl. MS. Rawlinson D. 122;
Carmoly, Casola, Cobham, Diarium, Khitrowo, Moryson, Röhricht, Serrano.
Jews; interest in, 8, 217;
as linguists, 50;
their badges, 139;
centres, 214, 236;
as travellers (to Palestine), 235-8.
Johanna, Frau (of Antwerp), a pilgrim; enslaved, 359.
Jonson, Ben; as tutor, 56;
quoted, 103.
Jouvin de Rochefort; 384.
Jusserand, J.; his "English Wayfaring Life" and comparison of its types with those of 1600, 17.
Kiechel, S.; 384.
Knight-Errant; of fiction as a cause of travel, 22;
typified by Alonzo de Guzman, 23;
one in a cart, 291.
Kochanowski, Jan; Polish satirist, 373, 378.
Koris, Joel; 393.
La Brocquière, Bertrandon de (15th century); quoted, 99.
Lascells, Richard, pedagogue; 394.
Lassota, Erich; 383.
Latin; see Linguistics.
Lauder, John, of Fountainhall; his diary, 31, 401;
studies law—and other things—at Poitiers, 31-2;
seasick, 77;
quoted, 49, 53, 272, 370.
Legal status of the traveller (see Droit d'aubaine); 246, 271, 365;
at Geneva, 112.
Leipzig; 4, 136.
Levant Company; 8.
——, Islands of the; particularly attractive to travellers, 88;
some details, 88-94.
Leyden; 4.
Licences to travel; see Passports.
Linguistics; Latin, its uses and limitations, 46-49, 215;
Italian and French as international languages, 49, 50;
"lingua franca" and other hybrids, 50-1;
misunderstandings, 46, 49, 51, 52, 230-1, 249;
tourist-pronunciation as a guide to phonology, 52;
towns, etc., in favour for purity of language, 103, 115, 121;
Jews as linguists, 50;
books as aids to conversation, 52, 245;
ignorance of, and lack of interest in, Greek, 213;
in Turkey, 193, 249.
Lionello (secretary to Venetian ambassador);

expenses, London, Edinburgh, 331.
Lippomano, G.; in Poland, 132;
in France, 353.
Liske, K.; his "Viajes ... por España" quoted, 383, 387, 404.
Lithgow, William; becomes a bad traveller and a worse writer, 10;
extent of his travels and consequent value of his comparisons, 10-1, 89, 123;
quoted, 54, 72, 88, 179, 203, 219, 232-5, 323, 342.
Litters the least uncomfortable method of travel; 290.
Locatelli, S.; 401.
Locks (on rivers); then being introduced, and where, 82, 83, 116.
Lodging; towns the stopping-places, 101;
monasteries, 225-6, 230, 319;
downstairs, 143, 244, 247, 266;
upstairs, 37, 59, 240-50, 265, 269-71.
London and Londoners; 120, 134, 140, 153, 289.
Loreto; 107-8.
Loyola, Ignazio; journeys to England and Flanders as a beggar, 320.
Lübeck; 120, 152, 251.
Ludwig V of Hessen-Darmstadt; pays a knight to journey with him, 317.
Luggage; (see Outfit); 291, 335-6.
Lyons; 84, 343, 376.
Madrid; 165, 174.
Malta; 91, 113, 399.
Manners and Customs (see Droit d'aubaine, Inns, Theology, intolerance, Vetturino, and under the various nationalities);
in the Levant, 88-90;
treatment of foreigners, 111-2, 132-5, 159, 170-1, 176, 197-8, 213, 231, 296, 311, 330, 343-4;
drunkenness, 133, 160, 192-3, 242, 254-5, 291, 340;
odds and ends, 135-54, 171, 174, 190, 246, 250, 277, 282, 312, 321, 332, 366;
carrier-pigeons and incubation in use among Mohammedans, 193.
Manwaring, ——; an Englishman ill-treated at Aleppo, 198.
Maps and Plans; 52, 333;
rivers marked, but not roads, 78.
Marlowe's "Tamburlane"; quoted, 185.
Maulde, François de (Modius); 402.
Mechanical devices as "sights"; water, 151-2, 174;
other kinds, 141, 152.
Messina; its municipal bank, 113.
Milan; 100, 147, 337;
its importance then, 102, 120.
Mines; 155-6, 294.
Missionaries-errant; scarcity of, 24.
Mole, John, a Protestant tutor; imprisoned thirty years at Rome, 54.
Money-matters; see Cost.
Montaigne, Michel de; as a traveller, 3-4, 105;
usefulness of his knowledge of Latin, 47;
his theory of travel, 57;
his narrative, 402;
quoted, 43, 107, 138, 186, 266, 268, 285, 338, 376.
Montpensier, Mlle. de; 270.
Montserrat; 19, 173, 281, 366.
Morelli, Jacopo; essay on little-known Venetian travellers quoted, 29.
Morgenthal, Hans von; 382.
Moryson, Fynes; his journeys, 4-5;
writings, 5, 402;
at Rome and Geneva, 111;
expenditure, 316, 323, 348;
quoted, 52, 65, 78, 100, 120, 131, 137, 140, 142, 153, 179, 186, 192, 198-9, 201, 231, 245, 257-60, 296, 298, 321, 326, 330, 343, 353, 385.
——, Henry; journey to Jerusalem, death and epitaph, 4-5;
"puts out" money, 326.
Moscow; 157.
Mountaineering; Alpine passes in use and details of crossing, 294-9, 306, 332, 334;
other passes, 212, 299, 300;
ideas about, for and against, 300-6.
—— ascents; Horeb and Sinai, 226-7;
Quarantana (Palestine), 235;
Les Jumelles (Pau), 300;
Roche Rommelon (Alps), 301-2.
Mundy, Peter; 14, 402;
quoted, 82, 217, 260, 307, 386.
Münster; his "Cosmography," 43, 146.
Murder of travellers; see Robbery.
Muscorno (secretary of Venetian ambassador in England); cost of journey thither, 335.
Muscovy; 156-62, 327, 342;
communications in, 80, 156, 293, 355;
lodging, 244, 266, 319;
fare, 253, 264;
an innkeeper of Nerva, 280;
expenses of an Englishman's journey thither, 335;
coinage, 371.
—— people of; hostility to travel, 159, 367;
as seen by foreigners, 159-61, 346;
on the way to Jerusalem, 211, 224-5.
—— Bibl.; Adelung, Khitrowo, Mundy, Possevino.
Myszkowski, Marshal of the Polish Diet; in England, 128.
Naples; 7, 113, 120, 138, 252, 292, 320, 343;
a St. John's Eve ceremony at, 145.
Nashe, Thomas; quoted, 33.
Navagero, Andrea; in Spain, 48, 337.
Netherlands, Spanish; 122.
—— Bibl.; MS. Tournay 159; Beatis, Bisoni, Breuning, Buchell, Carve, Chaworth, Clara Eugenia, Cust, Hagemans, Hoby.
Newberie, John; his tale of the Isola dei Diavoli, 93.
Nîmes; its amphitheatre in 1682, 376.
Noë, Father; his guide-book, 42-3;
quoted, 77.
Northumberland, ninth earl of;
letter to his son about travel, 58.
Norway; 346, 406.
Nützel, Karl; ("the German Ulysses") pays 300% for a loan, 346.
Ogier, Charles; 385.
O'Sullivan, Philip, the historian; quoted, 179.
Outfit; (see Clothes and Luggage), 37, 135;
for Jerusalem pilgrimage, 66, 325.
Overbury, Sir Thomas; quoted, 350.
Padua; (see Universities), 4, 231, 320-1, 329.
Paris; 115, 145, 153, 251-2, 289-91, 362, 372, 397.
Parsons, Robert, the Jesuit; at Geneva, 112.
Pasquier, Etienne; his verdict on touring, 375.
Passports and Licences; official restrictions, 54-5;
"charte-partie," 76;
licences to wear weapons, 135;
in Mohammedan lands, 198;
Jerusalem "Placets," 209;
licences to beg used by tourists, 320-1;
cost of English ones, 337-8;
"bills of health," 360-1.
Patron Saints; of travellers, 44;
of those who stay at inns, 251;
of seafarers, 75.
Payen of Meaux; quoted, 363, 383.
Payne, R.; 385.
Perlin, a French visitor in England; quoted, 344.
Perrault, Claude, architect of the Louvre; sticks in the mud, 285.
"Picaro"; a special 16th century type of vagabond, 21-3.
—— Bibl.; Chandler.
Pilgrimage (see Chartres, Compostella, Loreto, Montserrat, Saumur, Theology);
consecration for, 7;
an epidemic in France, 20;
to what extent in vogue, 18-20, 179, 208, 320;
relics to be seen, 145-8, and chap. v. part 2;
the degree and kind of attention relics received, 145-8, 239;
to St. Patrick's Purgatory, 179.
—— to Jerusalem; (see Jews, Passports, Sea-Travel—pilgrim-galley)
the most popular guide-book for, 42;
routes, 207, 209-14;
and their characteristics, 210-30;
information bureau at Venice, 209;
motives for, 208;
decline of, and why, 208-9;
licences for, 209;
finance of, 209, 216, 229, 321-6, 365;
at Jerusalem, 230-4;
Easter excursions to Emmaus, Jordan, and Hebron, 234-6;
Knighthood of the Holy Sepulchre, 239;
lodging, 247-50, 323;
enslavement of pilgrims, 358-60.
Pindar, Sir Paul; 13, 14.
Pirates; the chief centres, 72;
frequency of, 72-74;
tales of, 74, 106, 185-6.
Plague; 201, 299, 360-1.
Plotius; a typical guide-book writer, 35.
Poland; 130-2, 263, 303, 337, 364, 373;
inns, 243-4, 278;
bridge at Yarunov, 289;
expenditure in, 339-41.
—— Bibl.;
MS. Rawlinson, C. 799;
Adelung, Cust, Łosinski, Moryson, Mundy, Possevino, Zetzner;
IV. 1. note 14;
VI. note 2.
Possevino, Father (the Jesuit); 51, 310, 402.
Prague; 140.
Psalms; in use by travellers, 44, 64.
"Putting-Out" money (travellers' insurance); 325-7, 357-8;
for mortality among travellers, see under Illness, and Robbers.
Quevedo Villegas, F. G. de; quoted, 21, 275, 308.
Rabelais; quoted, 44, 57, 77, 139, 355, 382.
Raleigh, (Sir Walter)'s son abroad with Ben Jonson; 56.
Reresby, Sir John; quoted, 149, 350.
Retz, Cardinal de; quoted, 76, 94.
Riding (see Communications); 44, 333;
Bulak asses, 220;
camels, 228-9;
post-horses, 292, 330-1.
Rivadeneyra's "Cisma de Inglaterra" quoted, 41;
life of Loyola quoted, 286, 320.
River-, and Lake-Travel; 79-87;
frequency of, 156;
relatively cheap, 328-9.
Riviera, the; unvisited, and why, 101, 260, 312.
Road-travel (see Communications, Luggage and Riding);
inconveniences of, 79, 84, 328-9;
on the way to Jerusalem, 210-30;
transition-stage of, 284-5;
anecdotes (state of the roads, etc.), 285-7, 308-12.
Roanne; starting-point for navigation on the Loire, 79.
Robbers and Murderers (see Executions);
in south-eastern Europe, 212, 214, 289;
Arabs, 218, 220, 223, 225, 228-9, 234, 323, 359;
at inns, 272;
highwaymen, 287, 292, 329-30, 348-54, 363;
a by-product of war, 311, 348-54.
Rohan, Duc de (1600); his narrative typical, 33, 119;
quoted, 117.
Rome; as seen by visitors, 108-12, 116, 252, 280, 292, 343, 364, 376;
numbers received into English College there, 28;
Protestants at, 54, 110-1;
hôtel Vasa d'Oro at, 240, 338.
Roos, Lord; 54.
Rösmital, Leo von; 399.
Russia; see Muscovy.
St. Amant, the French poet; quoted, 303, 304, 307.
St. Malo; guarded at night by savage dogs, 311-2.
Sanderson, John; smuggles mummies, 223.
Sandys, George; quoted, 28, 91, 92, 113, 187, 232, 323-5.
Sarpi, Paolo; quoted, 60.
Sastrow, B.; his autobiography, 20, 403;
quoted, 133, 321, 350-1, 385.
Saumur; 20, 115.
Schaumburg, Wilwolt von; 399.
Schweinichen, Hans von; 399.
Scotland; 5, 124, 127.
—— Bibl.; Brereton, Brown, Cuellar, Moryson, Zetzner.
Scots abroad (see Lauder and Lithgow); 131 (and note), 274.
Sea-sickness; 12, 59, 63, 77-9.
Sea-travel (see Channel-crossings, Levant, Pirates, Sea-sickness);
size of vessels and accommodation, 64, 65;
Eastward-ho! from Venice, 68;
incidental difficulties, 69, 70, 267, 312;
water preferable to land, 70, 71;
daily service, Genoa-Rome (1588), 71;
coasting the usual practice, 71-2;
storms, 11, 74-6;
sorcerers and good weather, 75;
the need of the "charte-partie," 76;
a "funeral" at sea, 93;
Turkish sailors, 197, 201.
—— pilgrim-galley (Venice-Jaffa); arrangements in theory and practice, 66-8, 208, 210;
concerning the date of its cessation, 207-8.
Seville; 172, 174, 281.
Shakespeare's knowledge about Italy, 86, 112, 114;
a conjecture about "Othello," 188;
Rosalind on the cost of travel, 313;
quotations, 154, 222, 307, 363.
Sherley, Sir Anthony; 291, 357.
——, Sir Robert; his many journeys, 13.
Sicily; 113, 147.
Sidney, Sir Philip; abroad, when, where, and why, 27;
quoted, 35, 58, 100, 314, 333, 351.
"Sights"; see Art, Bathing, Executions, Fairs, Flagellants, Galley-slaves, Games, Levant, Locks, Manners and Customs, Mechanical devices, Mines, Pilgrimage-relics, Unicorn horns, Volcanoes, Women, Zoos, and names of towns.
Sign-posts; 293-4.
Sigonius, the Italian scholar; could not speak Latin, 48.
Sinigaglia; inn at, finest in Italy, 241.
Smith, Captain John; 294, 385.
Smith, L. P.; his life of Sir Henry Wotton, 104, 405.
Sobieski, Jakób; in France and England, 128-30, 384, 387, 404.
Solre, Comte de (Sieur de Molenbais), 394.
Spain; 162-74, 261-3, 343, 364;
the usual itinerary through, 163;
communications in, 85, 289, 292, 300, 354;
inns, 242, 246-7, 261-3, 278-80;
expenditure in, 337, 340;
coinage, 371.
—— people of; the women, 170;
the men, 171;
few know Latin, 48;
a Spanish dentist, 362.
—— Bibl.; MSS. Rawlinson D. 1286, Harl. 3822, Egerton 311;
Tournay 159;
also Aarssen, Busino, Chiericati, Fanshawe, Farinelli, Fouché-Delbosc, Guzman, Sobieski, Wynn, Zetzner; I. note 3, VII. note 13, VIII. note 42.
Spenser, Edmund; as foreign correspondent, 17.
Spies; qualify for their work by travel, 16;
numerous but not communicative, 17.
Stampes, ——(?); 394.
Strassburg; 119, 133, 152, 286, 288.
Students; (see Universities, and, Average Tourist), 121, 134, 320.
Sweden; 155, 244, 406.
Switzerland; see Mountaineering.
—— Bibl. MSS. Rawlinson D. 120, B. M. Add. 34177; VII. notes 5 and 12.
Symonds, Richard; 393.
Tasso, Torquato; quoted, 141, 303, 382.
Taylor, John (the "water-poet"); 80, 137, 370, 404.
Theology in relation to Travel (see Pilgrimage);
as a cause of travel, 24;
a "religious test" for tutors, 53-4;
examples of intolerance, 28, 53, 75, 111-3, 133, 171, 362;
attractions of Mohammedanism, 55-6;
increases the interest of volcanoes, 97;
in Spain, 167.
Thou, J. A. de; accompanies de Foix to Italy, 14;
interview with Sigonius, 48;
nearly drowned on Lake Wallenstadt(?), 81;
quoted, 97, 180, 260, 274, 300, 350.
Tolls and Duties; 320, 328, 336-8.
Touring, [1542-1642]; spread of the idea, 25-30, 158;
bibliography of, 29, 389-91;
estimates of amount of (see Constantinople, English abroad, Ireland, Pilgrimage, Scots abroad), 29, 236;
towns the stopping-places, 101;
hardships of, and their effect (see Illness), 102, 163, 173, 179, 223, 242-4, 260, 286, 310-2, 375-6;
official supervision of (see Passports), 131, 158, 271-2, 343, 346, 351;
compensations, 377-9.
—— for and against (see Ideas, modified by travel);
opinions of Bacon, 3;
of Montaigne, 3, 57;
of Pasquier, 375;
new ideas and knowledge brought home, 14, 140, 378-9;
otherwise unobtainable, 17, 40, 140;
opposition to, 36, 158-9, 373-4;
how far reasonable, 375;
some weak points, 375-7;
tourist-books as a source of knowledge for us, 52, 72, 82, 86, 118-9, 124, 154-6, 162, 175, 189, 193, 202, 213-4, 232, 350.
—— special causes of (see Average Tourist, Embassies, Exile, Pilgrimage, and Tourist, types of);
commerce, and lack of means of communication at a distance, 18;
exploration, 18;
difficulty of obtaining information from abroad, 17, 25, 40-3;
current fiction, 22;
theological, 24;
Philip Sidney's reason, 27;
historical, 28, 284;
the chief cause, 34.
Tourist, types of, in 1600 (see under names mentioned in pages here following, and also, Average Tourist, Pilgrimage, and Tutor);
Subjective, 3-4;
Objective, 4-5;
Perfect, 6;
Philosopher, 7;
Unintentional, 8;
Intolerable, 9;
Feminine, 11-3, 59;
Ambassadorial, 14, 130-1;
mediæval types, and how far they survived, 17-23;
Spy and News-Gatherer, 17;
Commercial, 20, 131, 321;
Vagabond, 21-3, 321;
Exile, 23;
Missionary, 24, 286, 320, 402-3;
Various, 24, 92;
Journalistic, 80.
Transylvania; cheapness of food there, 340.
Travellers and Travelling; see Tourist and Touring.
Turberville, George; on Muscovy, 159.
Turks; relation to European States, 8, 182-9, 197, 204;
Christians' fear of, 22, 85, 113, 117-8, 188;
conversions by, 55-6, 356;
learn navigation from renegades, 73;
Danube mainly a Turkish river, 81;
increase of their sea-power during this period, 106, 184-6;
as seen by tourists, 90, 189-91, 200-2, 269, 343, 346, 360;
their teetotalism, 93, 190, 192;
likeness to the Japanese as contrasted with Christians, 191, 321;
signs of decay, 192;
other characteristics, 90, 189-91, 200-2, 269, 343, 346, 360;
"Khans," 247-50;
coinage used by, 369, 372.
—— their ruler, the Grand Signor; Dallam and, 9;
as an employer, 55;
supposed to possess a complete Livy, 194;
diversions of, 196;
how to see his palace, 196-7;
audiences with, 197.
—— Bibl.; see Constantinople and Jerusalem.
Tutors; 37, 180, 316;
Hentzner as, 43-4;
qualifications, 53;
Ben Jonson as, 56.
Ulm; 120.
Unicorn horns; fact, fiction, and prices, 149, 150.
United Provinces; 116-7, 348;
communications in, 83, 291, 294, 329.
—— people of; 132, 143.
—— Bibl.; Beatis, Bisoni, Brereton, Buchell, Cust, Hagemans, Hoby, Moryson.
Universities (see Bologna, Padua, Saumur, Students, Wittenberg); Alcalá and Salamanca, 48;
Italian ones idealized, 103;
Orleans, 115.
Vagabond; see "Picaro."
Valois, Marguerite de; 152;
her litter, 290.
Vargas, Juan de; 405.
Venice; 4, 136, 149, 153, 291, 329, 341, 360-2;
more English there than in the rest of Italy, 28;
as a model State, 100-1;
attractions of, 103-6;
small boys of, 133;
inns of, 252, 274, 276-7.
Verona; 113.
"Vetturino-system"; what it was, 331;
its rise and services, 332-4.
Vienna; 121, 147, 188, 288, 395.
Villamont, Sieur de; quoted, 65, 87, 104, 143, 302, 329, 382.
Villers, MM. de; 365, 383, 395.
Villingen, Pastor Peter, pilgrim to Jerusalem, 1565;
enslaved, 359.
Vinci, Leonardo da; a conversation with, 396.
Volcanoes; 91.
Waller, Edmund; 80.
War; (see Robbers); decreases use of Latin, 47;
even distribution of war and peace in this period, 124, 350;
as affecting tourist finance, 348, 364.
Weston, Sir Richard; learns much from the Dutch, 116.
Whetenal, Lady Catherine; 394.
Willes, Dr.; cost of journey, England, Muscovy, 335.
Wilson, Arthur; 63.
Winghe, J. de (of Tournai); 395.
Wittenberg; 121.
Women and Travel; (see Cecilia, Clara Eugenia, Fanshawe, Johanna, Whetenal);
at Rome in 1600, 18;
advice concerning, 59;
in a seven-day Channel-passage, 63;
position of, in Italy and United Provinces, contrasted, 142-4;
Jerusalem "Placets" not granted to, 210;
embarrassments of, when abroad, 269-71;
of Chios, 88-9;
Russian, 161;
Spanish, 170;
Irish, 177-8;
Turkish, 200.
Wotton, Sir Henry; quoted, 26, 71, 154, 299, 329, 341, 347, 349, 356, 405.
Wunderer, Johann David; at Pskov, 162.
Wynn, Sir Richard; 385, 405.
Zeiler, Martin; guide-book to Spain quoted, 48, 351, 364.
Zetzner, Johann Eberhard; 406.
Zinzerling, J.; his itinerary as a guide-book, 46;
quoted, 122, 134, 138, 150, 252, 291.
"Zoos" of Europe; 139, 140, 174, 196.

Touring in 1600: A Study in the Development of Travel as a Means of Education

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