-
Elecampane powder, two ounces; sweet fennel-seed powder, three
ounces; black pepper powder, one ounce; purified honey, and brown
sugar, of each two ounces; the size of a nutmeg, two or three times
a day.
-
Sulphate of zinc, twelve grains; wine of opium, one drachm; rose
water, six ounces.
-
Sulphate of magnesia, six drachms; sulphate of iron, ten grains;
diluted sulphuric acid, forty drops; tincture of cardamoms
(compound), half an ounce; water, seven ounces: a fourth part night
and morning.
-
Decoction of oak bark, a pint; dried alum, half an ounce: for an
injection, a syringeful to be used night and morning.
-
Compound gamboge pill, and a pill of assafœtida and aloes, of
each half a drachm: make twelve pills; two twice or three times a
week.
-
Griffiths' mixture—one tablespoonful three times a day.
-
Ergot of rye, five grains; in a powder, to be taken every four
hours. This should only be taken under medical advice and sanction.
-
Powdered opium, half a grain; camphor, two grains in a pill; to
be taken every three or four hours whilst in pain.
-
Syrup of balsam of tolu, two ounces; the muriate of morphia, two
grains; muriatic acid, twenty drops: a teaspoonful twice a day.
-
Salts of tartar, two scruples, twenty grains of powdered
cochineal; 1/4 lb. of honey; water, half a pint; boil, and give a
tablespoonful three times a day.
-
Calomel, ten grains; Castile soap, extract of jalap, extract of
colocynth, of each one scruple; oil of juniper, five drops: make
into fifteen pills; one three times a day.
-
Infusion of orange peel, eight ounces; carbonate of soda, one
drachm; and compound tincture of cardamoms, half an ounce: take a
tablespoonful three times a day, succeeding the pills.
-
Carbonate of iron, three ounces; syrup of ginger, sufficient to
make an electuary: a teaspoonful three times a day.
-
Take of Castile soap, compound extract of colocynth, compound
rhubarb pill, and the extract of jalap, each one scruple; oil of
caraway, ten drops; make into twenty pills, and take one after
dinner every day whilst necessary.
-
Spirit of rosemary, five parts; spirit of wine, or spirit of
turpentine, one part.
-
Take of thick mucilage, one ounce; castor oil, twelve drachms;
make into an emulsion: add mint water, four ounces; spirit of nitre,
three drachms; laudanum, one drachm; mixture of squills, one drachm;
and syrup, seven drachms; mix; two tablespoonfuls every six hours.
652. Medicines (Aperient)
In the spring time of the year, the judicious use of aperient
medicines is much to be commended.
653. Spring Aperients
For children, an excellent medicine is
-
Brimstone and treacle, prepared by mixing an ounce and a half of
sulphur, and half an ounce of cream of tartar, with eight ounces of
treacle; and, according to the age of the child, giving from a small
teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful, early in the morning, two or three
times a week.
As this sometimes produces sickness, the following may be used:
-
Take of powdered Rochelle salts one drachm and a half, powdered
jalap and powdered rhubarb each fifteen grains, ginger two grains,
mix. Dose, for a child above five years, one small teaspoonful;
above ten years, a large teaspoonful; above fifteen, half the
whole, or two teaspoonfuls: and for a person above twenty, three
teaspoonfuls, or the whole, as may be required by the habit of the
person.
This medicine may be dissolved in warm water, mint, or common tea. The
powder can be kept for use in a wide-mouthed bottle, and be in
readiness for any emergency. The druggist may be directed to treble or
quadruple the quantities, as convenient.
654. Aperient Pills.
To some adults all liquid medicines produce such nausea that pills are
the only form in which aperients can be exhibited; the following is a
useful formula:
-
Take of compound rhubarb pill a drachm and one scruple, of
powdered ipecacuanha ten grains, and of extract of hyoscyamus one
scruple; mix, and beat into a mass, and divide into twenty-four
pills; take one or two, or if of a very costive habit, three at
bedtime.
-
For persons requiring a more powerful aperient, the same
formula, with twenty grains of compound extract of colocynth, will
form a good purgative pill. The mass receiving this addition must be
divided into thirty, instead of twenty-four pills.
655. Black Draught
The common aperient medicine known as black draught is made in the
following manner:
-
Take of senna leaves six drachms, bruised ginger half a drachm,
sliced liquorice root four drachms, Epsom salts two and a half
ounces, boiling water half an imperial pint. Keep this standing on
the hob or near the fire for three hours, then strain, and after
allowing it to grow cool, add of sal volatile one drachm and a half,
of tincture of senna, and of tincture of cardamoms, each half an
ounce. This mixture will keep a long time in a cool place. Dose, a
wineglassful for an adult; and two tablespoonfuls for young persons
about fifteen years of age. It is not a suitable medicine for
children.
656. Tonic Aperient
The following will be found a useful medicine for persons of all ages.
-
Take of Epsom salts one ounce, diluted sulphuric acid one drachm,
infusion of quassia chips half an imperial pint, compound tincture
of rhubarb two drachms. Dose, half a wineglassful twice a day.
657. Infants' Aperient
The following may be used with safety for young children.
-
Take of rhubarb five grains, magnesia three grains, white sugar a
scruple, grey powder five grains; mix. Dose, for an infant from
twelve to eighteen months of age, from one-third to one-half of the
whole.
-
A useful laxative for children is composed of calomel five
grains, and sugar a scruple, made into five powders. Dose, half of
one of these for a child from birth to one year, and a whole one
from that age to three years.
658. Flour of Brimstone
Flour of brimstone
is a mild aperient in doses of about a quarter of an ounce; it is best
taken in milk. Flour of brimstone, which is also called sublimed
sulphur, is generally put up in ounce packets at 7d.; its wholesale
price is 4d. per pound.
A Spark may Raise an Awful Blaze.
659. Medicines
Preparations of them.—The following directions are of the utmost
value in connection with the
,
,
, and
.
They will be found most important to emigrants, attendants upon the
sick, and persons who reside out of the reach of medical aid, sailors,
&c., &c. They contain instructions not only for the compounding of
medicines, but most useful hints and cautions upon the application of
leeches, blisters, poultices, &c.
660. Articles Required for Mixing Medicines
- Three glass measures, one to measure ounces, another to measure
drachms, and a measure for minims, drops, or small doses.
- A pestle and mortar, both of glass and Wedgwood-ware.
- A spatula, or flexible knife, for spreading ointments, making pills,
&c.
- A set of scales and weights.
- A small slab of marble, or porcelain, for making pills upon, mixing
ointments, &c.
661. Medicine Weights and Measures.—Weights
When you open your box containing the scales and weights, you will
observe that there are several square pieces of brass, of different
sizes and thicknesses, and stamped with a variety of characters. These
are the weights, which may now be explained.
662. Troy Weight
Medicines are made up by
troy
weight, although drugs are bought by
avoirdupois
weight. There are twelve ounces to the pound troy, which
is marked
lb
.; the ounce, which contains eight drachms, is marked
ounce
i
; the drachm, containing
three scruples, is marked
drachm
i
; and the
scruple of twenty grains is marked
scruple
i
. The grain weights are marked
by little circles, thus:
five grains
Each of the grain weights, in addition to the circles denoting their
several weights, bears also the stamp of a crown. Care must be taken
not to mistake this for one of the numerals. Besides these weights
there are others marked
scruple
ss, which means half a scruple;
drachm
ss, meaning half a drachm; and
ounce
ss, meaning half an
ounce. When there are ounces, drachms, or scruples, the number of them
is shown by Roman figures, thus:—i. ii. iii. iv. v., &c., and
prescriptions are written in this style.
663. Measures—Liquid
Liquid medicines are always measured by the following table:
| 60 minims |
are contained in |
1 fluid drachm |
| 8 fluid drachms |
are contained in |
1 fluid ounce |
| 20 fluid ounces |
are contained in |
a pint |
| 8 pints |
are contained in |
1 gallon |
And the signs which distinguish each are as follows:
| c |
a gallon |
| o |
a pint |
| fl. ounce |
a fluid ounce |
| fl. drachm |
a fluid drachm |
| m |
a minim, or drop |
Formerly drops used to be
ordered, but as the size of a drop must necessarily vary, minims are
always directed to be employed now for any particular medicine,
although for such medicines as oil of cloves, essence of ginger, &c.,
drops are frequently ordered.
664. Specific Measuring Vessels
In order that medicines may be measured accurately, there are
graduated glass vessels for measuring ounces, drachms, and minims.
665. Approximate Measures
When proper measures are not at hand, it is necessary to adopt some
other method of determining the quantities required, and therefore the
following table has been drawn up for that purpose:
| A tumbler |
usually contains about |
10 ounces |
| A cup |
usually contains about |
6 ounces |
| A wineglass |
usually contains about |
2 ounces |
| A tablespoon |
usually contains about |
4 drachms |
| A dessertspoon |
usually contains about |
2 drachms |
| A teaspoon |
usually contains about |
1 drachm |
These quantities refer to ordinary sized spoons and vessels. Some cups
hold half as much more, and some tablespoons contain six drachms. A
medicine glass, which is graduated so as to show the number of
spoonfuls it contains, should be kept in every family.
To-day, Man Lives in Pleasure, Wealth and Pride.
666. Process of Making Medicines
To powder substances
.—Place the substance in the mortar, and strike
it
gently
with direct perpendicular blows of the pestle, until it
separates into several pieces, then remove all but a small portion,
which bruise gently at first, and rub the pestle round and round the
mortar, observing that the circles described by the pestle should
gradually decrease in diameter, and then increase again, because by
this means every part of the powder is subjected to the process of
pulverization. In powdering substances, making emulsions, and whenever
using a mortar, the pestle should always travel
from the right to the
left
.
667. Preparation and Assistance
Some substances require to be prepared in a particular manner before
they can be powdered, or to be assisted by adding some other body. For
example, camphor powders more easily when a few drops of spirits of
wine are added to it; mace, nutmegs, and such oily aromatic substances
are better for the addition of a little white sugar; resins and
gum-resins should be powdered in a cold place, and if they are
intended to be dissolved, a little fine well-washed white sand mixed
with them assists the process of powdering. Tough roots, like gentian
and calumba, should be cut into thin slices; and fibrous roots, like
ginger, cut slanting, otherwise the powder will be full of small
fibres. Vegetable matter, such as peppermint, loosestrife, senna, &c.,
requires to be dried before it is powdered.
668. Care of the Mortar
Be careful not to pound too hard in glass, porcelain, or Wedgwood-ware
mortar; they are intended only for substances that pulverize easily,
and for the purpose of mixing or incorporating medicines. Never use
acids in a marble mortar, and be sure that you do not powder galls or
any other astringent substances in any but a brass mortar.
669. Sifting
Sifting is frequently required for powdered substances, and this is
usually done by employing a fine sieve, or tying the powder up in a
piece of muslin, and striking it against the left hand over a piece of
paper.
670. Filtering
Filtering is frequently required for the purpose of obtaining clear
fluids, such as infusions, eye-washes, and other medicines; and it is,
therefore, highly important to know how to perform this simple
operation. First of all take a square piece of white blotting paper,
and double it over so as to form an angular cup. Open out this filter
paper very carefully, and having placed it in a funnel, moisten it
with a little water. Then place the funnel in the neck of the bottle,
and pour the liquid gently down the side of the paper, otherwise the
fluid is apt to burst the paper.
671. Maceration
Maceration is another process that is frequently required to be
performed in making up medicines, and consists simply in immersing the
medicines in
cold water
or spirits for a certain time.
672. Digestion
Digestion resembles maceration, except that the process is assisted by
a gentle heat. The ingredients are placed in a flask, such as salad
oil is sold in, which should be fitted with a plug of tow or wood, and
have a piece of wire twisted round the neck. The flask is held by
means of the wire over the flame of a spirit lamp, or else placed in
some sand warmed in an old iron saucepan over the fire, care being
taken not to place more of the flask below the sand than the portion
occupied by the ingredients.
673. Infusion
Infusion is one of the most frequent operations required in making up
medicines, its object being to extract the aromatic and volatile
principles of substances, that would be lost by decoction, or
digestion; and to extract the soluble from the insoluble parts of
bodies. Infusions may be made with cold water, in which case they are
weaker, but more pleasant. The general method employed consists in
slicing, bruising, or rasping the ingredients first, then placing them
in a common jug (which should be as globular as possible), and pouring
boiling water over them. Cover the jug with a cloth folded six or
eight times, but if there be a lid to the jug so much the better. When
the infusion has stood the time directed, hold a piece of
very
coarse
linen over the spout, and pour the liquid through it into
another jug.
To-morrow, Poor—or Life Itself Denied.
674. Decoction
Decoction, or boiling, is employed to extract the mucilaginous or
gummy parts of substances, their bitter, astringent, or other
qualities, and is nothing more than boiling the ingredients in a
saucepan with the lid slightly raised. Be sure never to use an iron
saucepan for astringent decoctions, such as oak-bark, galls, &c., as
they will turn the saucepan black, and spoil the decoction. The
enamelled saucepans are very useful for decoctions, but an excellent
plan is to put the ingredients into a jar and boil the jar, thus
preparing it by a water bath, as it is technically termed; or by using
a common pipkin, which answers still better. No decoction should be
allowed to boil for more than ten minutes.
675. Extracts
Extracts are made by evaporating the liquors obtained by infusion or
decoction, but these can be bought much cheaper and better of chemists
and druggists, and so can tinctures, confections, cerates and
plasters, and syrups: but as every one is not always in the
neighbourhood of druggists, we shall give recipes for those most
generally useful, and the method of making them.
676. Precautions to be Observed in Giving Medicines.
677. Sex
Medicines for females should not be so strong as those for males,
therefore it is advisable to reduce the doses about one-third.
678. Temperament
Persons of a phlegmatic temperament bear stimulants and purgatives
better than those of a sanguine temperament, therefore the latter
require smaller doses.
679. Habits
Purgatives never act so well upon persons accustomed to take them as
upon those who are not, therefore it is better to change the form of
purgative from pill to potion, powder to draught, or aromatic to
saline. Purgatives should never be given when there is an irritable
state of the bowels.
680. Use of Alcohol
Stimulants and narcotics never act so quickly upon persons accustomed
to use spirits freely as upon those who live abstemiously.
681. Climate
The action of medicines is modified by climate and seasons. In summer,
certain medicines act more powerfully than in winter, and the same
person cannot bear the dose in July that he could in December.
682. General Health
Persons whose general health is good bear stronger doses than the
debilitated and those who have suffered for a long time.
683. Idiosyncrasy
By this is meant a peculiar temperament or disposition not common to
people generally. For example, some persons cannot take calomel in the
smallest dose without being salivated, or rhubarb without having
convulsions; others cannot take squills, opium, senna, &c.; and this
peculiarity is called the patient's idiosyncrasy, therefore it is
wrong to
insist
upon their taking these medicines.
684. Forms best suited for Administration