Rather shall I say that the Son and the Spirit, the Word and the Wisdom,
were alone worshipped, because alone revealed under the Law. See
Proverbs, i. ii.
The passage quoted from Bishop Bull is very plausible and very eloquent;
but only
cum multis granis salis sumend
.
Query XIX. p. 279.
That the Father, whose honour had been sufficiently secured under the
Jewish dispensation, and could not but be so under the Christian also,
&c.
Here again! This contradiction of Waterland to his own principles is
continually recurring;— yea, and in one place he involves the very
Tritheism, of which he was so victorious an antagonist, namely, that the
Father is Jehovah, the Son Jehovah, and the Spirit Jehovah;—thus making
Jehovah either a mere synonyme of God—whereas he himself rightly
renders it
Greek: Ho Ôn
which St. John every where, and St. Paul no
less, makes the peculiar name of the Son,
Greek: monogenàes uhiòs, ho ôn eis tòn kólpon tou patrós
see previous image
—; or he affirms the same absurdity, as if
had said: The Father is the Son, and the Son is the Son, and the Holy
Ghost is the Son, and yet there are not three Sons but one Son. N. B.
Greek: Ho òn
is the verbal noun of
Greek: hos esti
see previous image
not of
Greek: egô eimí
It is strange how little use has been made of that profound
and most pregnant text,
John
i. 18!
Query XX. p. 302.
The Greek: homooúsion itself might have been spared, at least out of
the Creeds, had not a fraudulent abuse of good words brought matters
to that pass, that the Catholic Faith was in danger of being lost even
under Catholic language.
Most assuredly the very 'disputable' rendering of
Greek: homooúsion
by
consubstantial, or of one substance with, not only might have been
spared, but should have been superseded. Why not—as is felt to be for
the interest of science in all the physical sciences—retain the same
term in all languages? Why not
usia
and homoüsial, as well as
hypostasis
, hypostatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and the
like;—or as Baptism, Eucharist, Liturgy, Epiphany and the rest?
Query XXI. p. 303.
The Doctor's insinuating from the 300 texts, which style the Father
God absolutely, or the one God, that the Son is not strictly and
essentially God, not one God with the Father, is a strained and remote
inference of his own.
Waterland has weakened his argument by seeming to admit that in all
these 300 texts the Father,
distinctive
, is meant.
Ib. p. 316-17.
The simplicity of God is another mystery. * * When we come to inquire
whether all extension, or all plurality, diversity, composition of
substance and accident, and the like, be consistent with it, then it
is we discover how confused and inadequate our ideas are. * * To this
head belongs that perplexing question (beset with difficulties on all
sides), whether the divine substance be extended or no.
Surely, the far larger part of these assumed difficulties rests on a
misapplication either of the senses to the sense, or of the sense to the
understanding, or of the understanding to the reason;—in short, on an
asking for images where only theorems can be, or requiring theorems for
thoughts, that is, conceptions or notions, or lastly, conceptions for
ideas.
Query XXIII. p. 351.
But taking advantage of the ambiguity of the word hypostasis,
sometimes used to signify substance, and sometimes person, you
contrive a fallacy.
And why did not Waterland lift up his voice against this mischievous
abuse of the term
hypostasis
, and the perversion of its Latin
rendering,
substantia
as being equivalent to
Greek: ousía
? Why
Greek: ousía
should not have been rendered by
essentia
, I
cannot conceive.
Est
seems a contraction of
esset
, and
ens
of
essens
:
Greek: ôn, ousa, ousía
Greek: see previous image
=
essens,
essentis, essentia
.
Ib. p. 354.
Let me desire you not to give so great a loose to your fancy in divine
things: you seem to consider every thing under the notion of extension
and sensible images.
Very true. The whole delusion of the Anti-Trinitarians arises out of
this, that they apply the property of imaginable matter—in which A. is,
that is, can only be imagined, by exclusion of B. as the universal
predicate of all substantial being.
Ib. p. 357.
And our English Unitarians * * have been still refining upon the
Socinian scheme, * * and have brought it still nearer to Sabellianism.
The Sabellian and the Unitarian seem to differ only in this;—that what
the Sabellian calls union with, the Unitarian calls full inspiration by,
the Divinity.
Ib. p. 359.
It is obvious, at first sight, that the true Arian or Semi-Arian
scheme (which you would be thought to come up to at least) can never
tolerably support itself without taking in the Catholic principle of a
human soul to join with the Word.
Here comes one of the consequences of the Cartesian Dualism: as if
Greek: sàrx
the living body, could be or exist without a soul, or a
human living body without a human soul!
Greek: Sàrx
is not Greek for
carrion, nor
Greek: sôma
for carcase.
Query XXIV. p. 371.
Necessary existence is an essential character, and belongs equally to
Father and Son.
Subsistent in themselves are Father, Son and Spirit: the Father only has
origin in himself.
Query XXVI. p. 412.
The words Greek: ouch hôs genómenon he construes thus: "not as
eternally generated," as if he had read Greek: gennômenon, supplying
Greek: aïdíôs by imagination. The sense and meaning of the word
Greek: genómenon, signifying made, or created, is so fixed and
certain in this author, &c.
This is but one of fifty instances in which the true Englishing of
Greek: genómenos, egéneto
&c. would have prevented all mistake. It is
not
made
, but
became
. Thus here:—begotten eternally, and
not as one that became; that is, as not having been before. The
only-begotten Son never
became
; but all things
became
through him.
Ib. 412.
Et nos etiam Sermoni atque Rationi, itemque Virtuti, per quæ omnia
molitum Deum ediximus, propriam substantiam Spiritum inscribimus; cui
et Sermo insit prænuntianti, et Ratio adsit disponenti, et Virtus
perficienti. Hunc ex Deo prolatum didicimus, et prolatione generatum,
et idcirco Filium Dei et Deum dictum ex unitate
substantiæ.
Tertull. Apol. c. 21.
How strange and crude the realism of the Christian Faith appears in
Tertullian's rugged Latin!
Ib. p. 414.
He represents Tertullian as making the Son, in his highest capacity,
ignorant of the day of judgment.
Of the true sense of the text,
Mark
xiii. 32., I still remain in
doubt; but, though as zealous and stedfast a Homoüsian as Bull and
Waterland themselves, I am inclined to understand it of the Son in his
highest capacity; but I would avoid the inferiorizing consequences by a
stricter rendering of the
Greek: ei màe ho Patáer
. The
Greek: monon
of St. Matthew xxiv. 36. is here omitted. I think Waterland's a very
unsatisfying solution of this text.
Ib. p. 415.
Exclamans quod se Deus reliquisset, &c. Habes ipsum exclamantem in
passione, Deus meus, Deus meus, ut quid me dereliquisti? Sed hæc vox
carnis et animæ, id est, hominis; nec Sermonis, nec Spiritus,
&c.—Tertull. Adv. Prax. c. 26. c. 30.
The ignorance of the Fathers, and, Origen excepted, of the Ante-Nicene
Fathers in particular, in all that respects Hebrew learning and the New
Testament references to the Old Testament, is shown in this so early
fantastic misinterpretation grounded on the fact of our Lord's
reminding, and as it were giving out aloud to John and Mary the
twenty-second Psalm, the prediction of his present sufferings and after
glory.
the entire passage in Tertullian, though no proof of his
Arianism, is full of proofs of his want of insight into the true sense
of the Scripture texts. Indeed without detracting from the inestimable
services of the Fathers from Tertullian to Augustine respecting the
fundamental article of the Christian Faith, yet commencing from the
fifth century, I dare claim for the Reformed Church of England the
honorable name of
Greek: archaspistàes
of Trinitarianism, and the
foremost rank among the Churches, Roman or Protestant: the learned
Romanist divines themselves admit this, and make a merit of the
reluctance with which they nevertheless admit it, in respect of Bishop
Bull
.
Ib. p. 421.
It seems to me that if there be not reasons of conscience obliging a
good man to speak out, there are always reasons of prudence which
should make a wise man hold his tongue.
True, and as happily expressed. To this, however, the honest
Anti-Trinitarian must come at last: "Well, well, I admit that John and
Paul thought differently; but this remains my opinion."
Query XXVII. p. 427.
Greek: Ton alaethinòn kaì óntôs ónta Theòn, tòn tou Christou patéra.
—Athanas. Cont. Gent.
The just and literal rendering of the passage is this: 'The true God
who in reality is such, namely, the Father of Christ.'
The passage admits of a somewhat different interpretation from this of
Waterland's, and of equal, if not greater, force against the Arian
notion: namely, taking
Greek: tòn óntôs ónta
distinctively from
Greek: ho ôn
—the
Ens omnis entitatis, etiam suæ
, that is, the
I Am the Father, in distinction from the
Ens Supremum
, the Son.
It cannot, however, be denied that in changing the
formula
of the
Tetractys
into the
Trias
, by merging the
Prothesis
in the
Thesis
, the Identity in the Ipseity, the Christian Fathers
subjected their exposition to many inconveniences.
Ib. p. 432.
Greek: Ouch ho poiaetàes tôn hólôn éstai Theòs ho tô Môsei eipôn autòn einai Theòn Abraàm, kaì Theòn Isaàk, kaì Theòn Iakôb.—Justin
Mart. Dial. p. 180.
The meaning is, that that divine Person, who called himself God, and
was God, was not the Person of the Father, whose ordinary character is
that of maker of all things, but another divine Person, namely, God
the Son. * * It was Justin's business to shew that there was a divine
Person, one who was God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and was not the
Father; and therefore there were two divine Persons.
At all events, it was a very incautious expression on the part of
Justin, though his meaning was, doubtless, that which Waterland gives.
The same most improper, or at best, most inconvenient because equivocal
phrase, has been, as I think, interpolated into our Apostles' Creed.
Ib. p. 436.
Greek: Taeroito d' àn, hôs ho emòs lógos, ehis mèn Theòs, eis hèn aítion kaì Ghiou kaì Pneúmatos anapheroménôn. k.t.l.—Greg. Naz.
Orat. 29.
We may, as I conceive, preserve (the doctrine of) one God, by
referring both the Son and Holy Ghost to one cause, &c.
Another instance of the inconvenience of the Trias compared with the
Tetractys.
A Vindication of Christ's Divinity: being a defence of some
queries relating to Dr. Clarke's scheme of the Holy Trinity, &c. By
Daniel Waterland. 2nd edit. Cambridge, 1719.
Ed
.
Y sino ahí está el Doctor Jorge Bull Profesor de
Teología, y Presbitero de la Iglesia Anglicana, que murió Obispo de San
David el año de 1716, cuyas obras teologico—escolasticas, en folio,
nada deben á las mas alambicadas que se han estampado en Salamanca y en
Coimbra; y como los puntos que por la mayor parte trató en ellas son
sobre los misterios capitales de nuestra Santa Fé, conviene á saber,
sobre el misterio de la Trinidad, y sobre el de la Divinidad de Cristo,
en los cuales su Pseudaiglesia Anglicana no se desvia de la Catolica, en
verdad, que los manejó con tanto nervio y con tanta delicadeza, que los
teologos ortodojos mas escolastizados, como si dijéramos electrizados,
hacen grande estimacion de dichas obras. Y aun en los dos Tratados que
escribió acerca de la Justification, que es punto mas resvaladizo, en
los principios que abrazó, no se separó de los teologos Catolicos; pero
en algunas consecuencias que infirio, ya dió bastantemente á entender la
mala leche que habia mamado.
Fray. Gerundio. ii. 7.
Ed.
Contents / Index
Notes on Waterland's Importance of the Doctrine of the Holy Trinity1
Chap. I. p. 18.
It is the property of the Divine Being to be unsearchable; and if he
were not so, he would not be divine. Must we therefore reject the most
certain truths concerning the Deity, only because they are
incomprehensible, &c.?
It is strange that so sound, so admirable a logician as Waterland,
should have thought
unsearchable
and
incomprehensible
synonymous, or
at least equivalent terms:—and this, though St. Paul hath made it the
privilege of the full-grown Christian,
to search out the deep things
of God himself
.
Chap. IV. p. 111.
The delivering over unto Satan seems to have been a form of
excommunication, declaring the person reduced to the state of a
heathen; and in the Apostolical age it was accompanied with
supernatural or miraculous effects upon the bodies of the persons so
delivered.
Unless the passage, (
Acts
v. 1-11.) be an authority, I must doubt
the truth of this assertion, as tending to destroy the essential
spirituality of Christian motives, and, in my judgment, as
irreconcilable with our Lord's declaration, that his kingdom was
not
of this world
. Let me be once convinced that St. Paul, with the
elders of an Apostolic Church, knowingly and intentionally appended a
palsy or a consumption to the sentence of excommunication, and I shall
be obliged to reconsider my old opinion as to the anti-Christian
principle of the Romish Inquisition.
Ib. p. 114.
'A man that is a heretic, after the first and second admonition,
reject; knowing that he that is such, is subverted, and sinneth, being
condemned of himself'.—Tit. iii. 10, 11.
This text would be among my minor arguments for doubting the Paulinity
of the Epistle to Titus. It seems to me to breathe the spirit of a later
age, and a more established Church power.
Ib.
Not every one that mistakes in judgment, though in matters of great
importance, in points fundamental, but he that openly espouses such
fundamental error. * * Dr. Whitby adds to the definition, the
espousing it out of disgust, pride, envy, or some worldly principle,
and against his conscience.
Whitby went too far; Waterland not far enough. Every schismatic is not
necessarily a heretic; but every heretic is virtually a schismatic. As
to the meaning of
Greek: autokatákritos
Waterland surely makes too
much of a very plain matter. What was the sentence passed on a heretic?
A public declaration that he was no longer a member of—that is, of one
faith with—the Church. This the man himself, after two public notices,
admits and involves in the very act of persisting. However confident as
to the truth of the doctrine he has set up, he cannot, after two public
admonitions, be ignorant that it is a doctrine contrary to the articles
of his communion with the Church that has admitted him; and in regard of
his alienation from that communion, he is necessarily
Greek: autokatákritos
—though in his pride of heart he might say with the man
of old, "And I banish you."
Ib. p. 123.
—as soon as the miraculous gifts, or gift of discerning spirits,
ceased.
No one point in the New Testament perplexes me so much as these (so
called) miraculous gifts. I feel a moral repugnance to the reduction of
them to natural and acquired talents, ennobled and made energic by the
life and convergency of faith;—and yet on no other scheme can I
reconcile them with the idea of Christianity, or the particular
supposed, with the general known, facts. But, thank God! it is a
question which does not in the least degree affect our faith or
practice. I mean, if God permit, to go through the Middletonian
controversy, as soon as I can procure the loan of the books, or have
health enough to become a reader in the British Museum.
Ib. p. 126.
And what if, after all, spiritual censures (for of such only I am
speaking,) should happen to fall upon such a person, he may be in some
measure hurt in his reputation by it, and that is all. And possibly
hereupon his errors, before invincible through ignorance, may be
removed by wholesome instruction and admonition, and so he is
befriended in it, &c.
Waterland is quite in the right so far;—but the penal laws, the
temporal inflictions—would he have called for the repeal of these?
Milton saw this subject with a mastering eye,—saw that the awful power
of excommunication was degraded and weakened even to impotence by any
the least connection with the law of the State.
Ib. p. 127.
—who are hereby forbidden to receive such heretics into their houses,
or to pay them so much as common civilities. This precept of the
Apostle may he further illustrated by his own practice, recorded by
Irenaeus, who had the information at second-hand from Polycarp, a
disciple of St. John's, that St. John, once meeting with Cerinthus at
the bath, retired instantly without bathing, for fear lest the bath
should fall by reason of Cerinthus being there, the enemy to truth.
Psha! The 'bidding him God speed',—
Greek: légôn autô chaírein
see previous image
—(2
'John', 11,) is a spirituality, not a mere civility. If St. John knew or
suspected that Cerinthus had a cutaneous disease, there would have been
some sense in the refusal, or rather, as I correct myself, some
probability of truth in this gossip of Irenæus.
Ib. p. 128.
They corrupted the faith of Christ, and in effect subverted the
Gospel. That was enough to render them detestable in the eyes of all
men who sincerely loved and valued sound faith.
O, no, no, not
them
!
Error quidem, non tamen homo errans,
abominandus
: or, to pun a little,
abhominandus
. Be bold in denouncing
the heresy, but slow and timorous in denouncing the erring brother as a
heretic. The unmistakable passions of a factionary and a schismatic, the
ostentatious display, the ambition and dishonest arts of a sect-founder,
must be superinduced on the false doctrine, before the heresy makes the
man a heretic.
Ib. p. 129.
—the doctrine of the Nicolaitans.
Were the Nicolaitans a sect, properly so called? The word is the Greek
rendering of 'the children of Balaam;' that is, men of grossly immoral
and disorderly lives.
Ib. p. 130.
For if he who shall break one of the least moral commandments, and
shall teach men so, shall be called least in the kingdom of heaven,
(Mat. v. 19,) it must be a very dangerous experiment, &c.
A sad misinterpretation of our Lord's words, which from the context most
evidently had no reference to any moral, that is, universal commandment
as such, but to the national institutions of the Jewish state, as long
as that state should be in existence; that is to say, until
the Heaven
or the Government, and
the Earth
or the People or the Governed, as one
corpus politicum
, or nation, had 'passed away'. Till that time,—which
was fulfilled under Titus, and more thoroughly under Hadrian,— no Jew
was relieved from his duties as a citizen and subject by his having
become a Christian. The text, together with the command implied in the
miracle of the tribute-money in the fish's mouth, might be fairly and
powerfully adduced against the Quakers, in respect of their refusal to
pay their tithes, or whatever tax they please to consider as having an
un-Christian destination. But are they excluded from the kingdom of
heaven, that is, the Christian Church? No; —but they must be regarded
as weak and injudicious members of it.
Chap. V. p. 140.
Accordingly it may be observed, how the unbelievers caress and
compliment those complying gentlemen who meet them half way, while
they are perpetually inveighing against the stiff divines, as they
call them, whom they can make no advantage of.
Accordingly it may be observed, how the unbelievers caress and
compliment those complying gentlemen who meet them half way, while
they are perpetually inveighing against the stiff divines, as they
call them, whom they can make no advantage of.