Appendix I.—Titles of Works which are cited by abbreviated References in this Book.

Abdallatif.  Relation de l’Egypte.  Trad. par M. Silvestre de Sacy. Paris, 1810.

Abulpharagius.  Hist. Compend. Dynastiarum, etc., ab Ed. Pocockio. Oxon. 1663.

Abr. Roger.  See La Porte ouverte.

Acad.  Mém. de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

Ain-i-Akbari or Ain. Akb. Bl.  refers to Blochmann’s Translation in Bibliotheca Indica.  Calcutta, 1869, seqq.

Alexandriade, ou Chanson de Geste d’Alexandre-le-Grand, de Lambert Le Court et Alex. de Bernay.  Dinan et Paris, 1861, 12mo.

Alphabetum Tibetanum  Missionum Apostolicarum commodo editum; A. A. Georgii.  Romae, 1762, 4to.

Am. Exot.  Engelbert Kaempfer’s Amoenitatum Exoticarum Fasciculi V. Lemgoviae, 1712.

Amyot.  Mémoires concernant les Chinois, etc.  Paris v. y.

Arabs., Arabshah.  Ahmedis Arabsiadis Vitae ... Timuri ... Historia. Latine vertit ... S. H. Manger.  Franequerae, 1767.

Arch. Stor. Ital.  Archivio Storico Italiano.  Firenze, v. y.

Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis.  Romae, 1719–28.

Astley.  A New General Collection of Voyages, etc.  London, 1745–1747.

Ava, Mission to, Narrative of Major Phayre’s.  By Capt. H. Yule. London, 1858.

Ayeen Akbery refers to Gladwin’s Transl., Calcutta, 1787.

Baber, Memoir of.  Transl. by Leyden and Erskine.  London, 1826.

Baber, E. Colborne.  Travels and Researches in Western China.  London, 1882, 8vo.

Vol. i. Pt. I. Supp. Papers R. Geog. Society.

Bacon, Roger.  Opus Majus.  Venet. 1750.

Baer und Helmersen.  Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches, etc. St. Petersburg, 1839, seqq.

Bauduin de Sebourc.  Li Romans de Bauduin de S., III^e Roy de Jherusalem.  Valenciennes, 1841, 2 vol. large 8vo.

Benjamin of Tudela.  Quoted from T. Wright’s Early Travels in Palestine.  Bohn, London, 1848.

Bretschneider, Dr. E.  Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West.  Shanghai, 1875, 8vo.

——————— Archaeological and Historical Researches on Peking and its Environs.  Shanghai, 1876, 8vo.

——————— Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources.  London, 1888, 2 vol. 8vo.

——————— History of European Botanical Discoveries in China.  London [St. Petersburg], 1898, 2 Pts. 8vo.  Begins with Marco Polo, pp. 1–5.

All these works are most valuable.

Bridgman, Rev. Dr.  Sketches of the Meaou-tszé, transl. by.  In J. N. Ch. Br. R. As. Soc. for Dec. 1859.

Browne’S Vulgar Errors, in Bohn’s Ed. of his Works.  London, 1852.

Buchon.  Chroniques Étrangères relatives aux Expéditions Françaises pendant le XIII^e Siècle.  Paris, 1841.

Burnes, Alex.  Travels into Bokhara.  2nd Ed. London, 1835.

Büsching’s Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie.  Halle, 1779, seqq.

Cahier et Martin.  Mélanges d’Archéologie.  Paris, v. y.

Capmany, Antonio.  Memorias Historicas sobre la marina ... de Barcelona.  Madrid, 1779–1792.

Carp., Carpini.  As published in Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires de la Soc. de Géog. Tom. iv.  Paris, 1839.

Cathay and the Way Thither.  By Col. H. Yule.  Hakluyt Society, 1866.

Chardin, Voyages en Perse de.  Ed. of Langlès.  Paris, 1811.

Chavannes, Edouard.  Mémoire composé à l’époque de la grande dynastie T’ang sur les Religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les Pays d’Occident par I-Tsing.  Paris, 1894, 8vo.

China Illustrata.  See Kircher.

Chine Ancienne.  By Pauthier, in L’Univers Pittoresque.  Paris, 1837.

—— Moderne.  By do. and Bazin, in do.  Paris, 1853.

Chin. Rep.  Chinese Repository.  Canton, 1832, seqq.

Clavijo.  Transl. by C. R. Markham.  Hak. Society, 1859.

Consular Reports.  (See this vol. p. 144.)

Conti, Travels of Nicolo.  In India in the XVth Century.  Hak. Society, 1857.

Cordier, Henri.  Les Voyages en Asie au XIV^e Siècle du Bienheureux Frère Odoric de Pordenone.  Paris, 1891, 8vo.

———————  L’Extrême-Orient dans l’Atlas catalan de Charles V., Roi de France.  Paris, 1895, 8vo.

Curzon, George N.  Persia and the Persian Question.  London, 1892, 2 vol. 8vo.

D’Avezac.  See App. H., III., No. 36.

Davies’s Report.  Rep. on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the N.W. Boundary of Br. India (By R. H. Davies, now (1874) Lieut.-Governor of the Panjáb).

Deguignes.  Hist. Gén. des Huns, etc.  Paris, 1756.

————— (the Younger).  Voyage à Peking, etc.  Paris, 1808.

Della Decima, etc.  Lisbone e Lucca (really Florence) 1765–1766. The 3rd volume of this contains the Mercantile Handbook of Pegolotti (circa 1340), and the 4th volume that of Uzzano (1440).

Della Penna.  Breve Notizia del Regno del Thibet.  An extract from the Journal Asiatique, sér. II. tom. xiv. (pub. by Klaproth).

Della Valle, P.  Viaggi.  Ed. Brighton, 1843.

De Mailla.  H. Générale de la Chine, etc. Paris, 1783.

Devéria, G.  La Frontière Sino-Annamite. Paris, 1886, 8vo.

—————  Notes d’Épigraphie mongole-chinoise. Paris,  1897, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

—————  Musulmans et Manichéens chinois.  Paris, 1898, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

—————  Stèle Si-Hia de Leang-tcheou.  Paris, 1898, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

Dict. de la Perse.  Dict. Géog. Hist. et Litt. de la Perse, etc.; par Barbier de Meynard.  Paris, 1861.

D’Ohsson.  H. des Mongols.  La Haye et Amsterdam, 1834.

Doolittle, Rev. J.  The Social Life of the Chinese.  Condensed Ed. London, 1868.

Douet D’Arcq.  Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France au XV^e Siècle. Paris, 1851.

Dozy and Engelmann.  Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais dérivés de l’Arabe.  2de. Ed. Leyde, 1869.

Duchesne, André. Historiae Francorum Scriptores.  Lut. Par. 1636–1649.

Early Travels in Palestine, ed. by T. Wright, Esq.  Bohn, London, 1848.

Edrisi.  Trad. par Amédée Jaubert; in Rec. de Voy. et de Mém., tom. v. et vi.  Paris, 1836–1840.

Élie de Laprimaudaie.  Études sur le Commerce au Moyen Age.  Paris, 1848.

Elliot.  The History of India as told by its own Historians.  Edited from the posthumous papers of Sir H. M. Elliot, by Prof. Dowson. 1867, seqq.

Erdmann, Dr. Franz v.  Temudschin der Unerschütterliche.  Leipzig, 1862.

Erman.  Travels in Siberia.  Transl. by W. D. Cooley. London, 1848.

Escayrac de Lauture.  Mémoires sur la Chine.  Paris, 1865.

Étude Pratique, etc.  See Hedde.

Faria y Souza.  History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese.  Transl. by Capt. J. Stevens.  London, 1695.

Ferrier, J. P.  Caravan Journeys, etc.  London, 1856.

Fortune.  Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China.  London, 1853.

Francisque-Michel.  Recherches sur le Commerce, la fabrication, et l’usage des étoffes de Soie, etc.  Paris, 1852.

Frescob.  Viaggi in Terra Santa di L. Frescobaldi, etc. (1384).  Firenze, 1862.

Garcia de Orta.  Garzia dall’Horto, Dell’Istoria dei semplici ed altre cose che vengono portate dall’Indie Orientali, etc. Trad. dal Portughese da Annib. Briganti.  Venezia, 1589.

Garnier, Francis.  Voyage d’Exploration en Indo-Chine.  Paris, 1873.

Gaubil.  H. de Gentchiscan et de toute la Dinastie des Mongous.  Paris, 1739.

Gildem., Gildemeister.  Scriptorum Arabum de Rebus Indicis, etc.  Bonn, 1838.

Gill, Capt. William.  The River of Golden Sand.... With an Introductory Essay by Col. Henry Yule.... London, 1880, 2 vol. 8vo.

Godinho de Eredia.  Malaca l’Inde méridionale et le Cathay reproduit en facsimile et traduit par M. Léon Janssen.  Bruxelles, 1882, 4to.

Gold. Horde.  See Hammer.

Grenard, F.  J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins-Mission scientifique dans la Haute Asie, 1890–1895.  Paris, 1897–1898, 3 vol. 4to and Atlas.

Groeneveldt, W. P.  Notes on the Archipelago and Malacca. Compiled from Chinese Sources.  [Batavia, 1877] 8vo.

Rep. by Dr. R. Rost in 1887.

—————————  Supplementary Jottings to the Notes.  T’oung Pao, VII., May, 1896, pp. 113–134.

Hamilton, A.  New Account of the East Indies.  London, 1744.

Hammer-Purgstall.  Geschichte der Goldenen Horde.  Pesth, 1840.

—————————  Geschichte der Ilchane.  Darmstadt, 1842.

Hedde et Rondot.  Étude Pratique du Commerce d’Exportation de la Chine, par I. Hedde. Revue et complétée par N. Rondot.  Paris, 1849.

Heyd, Prof. W.  Le Colonie Commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente nel Media Evo; Dissert. Rifatt. dall’Autore e recate in Italiano dal Prof. G. Müller.  Venezia e Torino, 1866.

——————  Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age ... éd. française ... par Furcy Raynaud.  Leipzig, 1885–6, 2 vol. 8vo.

Hosie, Alexander.  Three Years in Western China; a Narrative of three Journeys in Ssŭ-ch’uan, Kuei-chow, and Yún-nan.  London, 1890, 8vo.

H. T. or Hiuen Tsang.  Vie et Voyages, viz. Hist. de la Vie de Hiouen Thsang et de ses Voyages dans l’Inde, &c.  Paris, 1853.

—— or —————.  Mémoires sur les Contrées Occidentales, &c. Paris, 1857.  See Pèlerins Bouddhistes.

Huc.  Recollections of a Journey through Tartary, &c.  Condensed. Transl. by Mrs. P. Sinnett.  London, 1852.

I. B., Ibn. Bat., Ibn Batuta.  Voyages d’Ibn Batoutah par Defrémery et Sanguinetti.  Paris, 1853–58, 4 vol. 8vo.

Ibn Khordâdhbeh.... Cum versione gallica edidit.... M. J. de Goeje.  Lug. Bat., 1889, 8vo.

Ilch., Ilchan., Hammer’s Ilch.  See Hammer.

India in XVth Century.  Hak. Soc. 1857.

Ind. Ant., Indian Antiquary,  a Journal of Oriental Research.  Bombay, 1872, seqq.

J. A. S. B.  Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

J. As.  Journal Asiatique.

J. C. Br. R. A. S.  Journal of the China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Shanghai.

J. Ind. Arch.  Journal of the Indian Archipelago.

J. N. C. Br. R. A. S.  Journal of the North China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Shanghai.

J. R. A. S.  Journal of the Royal As. Society.

J. R. G. S.  Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.

Joinville.  Edited by Francisque-Michel. Firmin-Didot: Paris, 1867.

Kaempfer.  See Am. Exot.

Khanikoff, Notice.  See App. H., III., No. 43.

—————  Mémoire sur la Partie Méridionale de l’Asie Centrale,  Paris, 1862.

Kircher, Athanasius.  China, Monumentis, &c., Illustrata.  Amstelod. 1667.

Klap. Mém.  See App. H., III., No. 22.

Koeppen,  Die Religion des Buddha, von Carl Friedrich.  Berlin, 1857–59.

La Porte Ouverte, &c., ou la Vraye Representation de la Vie, des Moeurs, de la Religion, et du Service Divin des Bramines, &c., par le Sieur Abraham Roger, trad. en François.  Amsterdam, 1670.

Ladak, &c.  By Major Alex. Cunningham. 1854.

Lassen.  Indische Alterthumskunde.  First edition is cited throughout.

Lecomte, Père L.  Nouveaux Mémoires sur la Chine.  Paris, 1701.

Levchine, Alexis de.  Desc. des Hordes et des Steppes des Kirghiz Kaïssaks; trad. par F. de Pigny.  Paris, 1840.

Linschoten.  Hist. de la Navigation de Jean Hugues de Linschot. 3^ième ed.  Amst., 1638.

Magaillans.  See App. H., III., No. 4.

Makrizi.  See Quat. Mak.

Mar. San., Marin. Sanut., Marino Sanudo.  Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis, in Bongarsii Gesta Dei per Francos.  Hanoviæ, 1611. Tom. ii.

Martène et Durand.  Thesaurus Novus Anecdotorum.  Paris, 1717.

Martini.  See App. H., III., No. 2.

Mas’udi.  Les Prairies d’Or, par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille.  Paris, 1861, seqq.

Matthioli, P. A.  Commentarii in libros VI. Pedacii Dioscoridis de Medicâ Materiâ. Venetiis, 1554; sometimes other editions are cited.

Maundevile.  Halliwell’s Ed.  London, 1866.

Mém. de l’Acad.  See Acad.

Mendoza.  H. of China.  Ed. of Hak. Society, 1853–54.

Merveilles de l’Inde.  Livre des Merveilles de l’Inde.... Texte arabe par P. A. Van der Lith.  Trad. française par L. Marcel Devic. Leide, 1883–1886, 4to.

Michel.  See Francisque-Michel.

Mid. Kingd.  See Williams.

Moorcroft and Trebeck’s Travels; edited by Prof. H. H. Wilson, 1841.

Mosheim.  Historia Tartarorum Ecclesiastica.  Helmstadt, 1741.

Muntaner, in Buchon, q.v.

N. & E., Not. et Ext.  Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliothèque du Roy.  Paris, v. y.

N. & Q.  Notes and Queries.

N. & Q. C. & J.  Notes and Queries for China and Japan.

Nelson, J. H.  The Madura Country, a Manual.  Madras, 1868.

Neumann, C. F.  His Notes at end of Bürck’s German ed. of Polo.

Novus Orbis Regionum &c. Veteribus incognitarum.  Basil. Ed. 1555.

P. de la Croix, Pétis de la Croix, Hist. de Timurbec, &c.  Paris, 1722.

P. della V.  See Della Valle.

P. Vinc. Maria, P. Vincenzo.  Viaggio all’Indie Orientali del P. F. V. M. di S. Catarina da Siena.  Roma, 1672.

Pallas.  Voyages dans plusieurs Provinces de l’Empire de Russie, &c.  Paris, l’an XI.

Paolino.  Viaggio alle Indie, &c. da Fra P. da S. Bartolomeo.  Roma, 1796.

Pegolotti.  See Della Decima.

Pèlerins Bouddhistes, par Stan. Julien.  This name covers the two works entered above under the heading H. T., the Vie et Voyages forming vol. i., and the Mémoires, vols. ii. and iii.

Pereg. Quat.  Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor, &c. Recens. J. M. Laurent.  Lipsiæ, 1864.

Post und Reise Routen.  See Sprenger.

Prairies d’Or.  See Mas’udi.

Punjaub Trade Report.  See Davies.

Q. R., Quat. Rashid.  H. des Mongols de la Perse, par Raschid-ed-din, trad. &c. par M. Quatremère.  Paris, 1836.

Quat. Mak., Quatremère’s Mak.  H. des Sultans Mamlouks de l’Égypte, par Makrizi. Trad. par Q.  Paris, 1837, seqq.

Ras Mala, or Hindoo Annals of Goozerat.  By A. K. Forbes.  London, 1856.

Reinaud, Rel.  Relations des Voyages faits par les Arabes dans l’Inde et la Chine, &c.  Paris, 1845.

————, Inde,  Mém. Géog. Histor. et Scientifique sur l’, &c.  Paris, 1849.

Relat., Relations.  See last but one.

Richthofen, Baron F. von.  Letters (addressed to the Committee of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce) on the Interior Provinces of China.  Shanghai, 1870–72.

Rockhill, W. W.  The Land of the Lamas.  London, 1891, 8vo.

———————  Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892.  Washington, 1894, 8vo.

———————  The Journey of William of Rubruck.  London, Hakluyt Society, 1900, 8vo.

Roman., Romanin,  Storia Documentata di Venezia.  Venezia, 1853, seqq.

Rub., Rubruquis.  Cited from edition in Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires, tom. iv.  Paris, 1839. See Rockhill.

S. S., San. Setz., Ss. Ssetz.  See Schmidt.

Santarem, Essai sur l’Hist. de la Cosmographie, &c.  Paris, 1849.

Sanudo.  See Mar. San.

Schiltberger, Reisen des Johan.  Ed. by Neumann.  München, 1859.

Schlegel, G.  Geographical Notes, I.–XVI., in T’oung Pao, Leiden, 1898–1901.

Schmidt.  Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen, &c., verfasst von Ssanang-Ssetzen Chungtaidschi.  St. Petersburg, 1829.

Sonnerat.  Voyage aux Indes Orientales. Paris, 1782.

Sprenger.  Post und Reise Routen des Orients.  Leipzig, 1864.

St. Martin, M. J.  Mémoires Historiques et Géographiques sur l’Arménie, &c.  Paris, 1818–19.

Sykes, Major Percy Molesworth.  Ten Thousand Miles in Persia, or Eight Years in Irán.  London, 1902, 8vo.

Chap. xxiii. Marco Polo’s Travels in Persia.

—————— Recent Journeys in Persia.  (Geog. Journal, X, 1897, pp. 568–597.)

Teixeira, Relaciones de Pedro, del Origen Descendencia y Succession de los Reyes de Persia, y de Harmuz, y de un Viage hecho por el mismo aotor, &c.  En Amberes, 1670.

Timkowski.  Travels, &c., edited by Klaproth.  London, 1827.

Uzzano.  See Della Decima.

Varthema’s Travels.  By Jones and Badger. Hak. Soc., 1863.

Vigne, G. T.  Travels in Kashmir, &c.  London, 1842.

Vin. Bell., Vinc. Bellov.  Vincent of Beauvais’ Speculum Historiale, Speculum Naturale, &c.

Visdelou.  Supplément to D’Herbelot.  1780.

Williams’s Middle Kingdom.  3rd. Ed.  New York and London, 1857.

Williamson, Rev. A.  Journeys in N. China, &c.  London, 1870.

Weber’s Metrical Romances of the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries.  Edinburgh, 1810.

Witsen.  Noord en Oost Tartaryen.  2nd Ed. Amsterdam, 1785.

Appendix K.—Values of certain Moneys, Weights, and Measures, occurring in this Book.

French Money.

The Livre Tournois of the period may be taken, on the mean of five valuations cited in a footnote at p. 87 of vol. i., as equal in modern silver value to ... 18·04 francs.

Say English money ... 14s. 3·8d.

The Livre Parisis was worth one-fourth more than the Tournois,[1] and therefore equivalent in silver value to ... 22·55 francs.

Say English money ... 17s. 10·8d.

(Gold being then to silver in relative value about 12:1 instead of about 15:1 as now, one-fourth has to be added to the values based on silver in equations with the gold coin of the period, and one-fifth to be deducted in values based on gold value. By oversight, in vol. i. p. 87, I took 16:1 as the present gold value, and so exaggerated the value of the livre Tournois as compared with gold.)

M. Natalis de Wailly, in his recent fine edition of Joinville, determines the valuation of these livres, in the reign of St. Lewis, by taking a mean between a value calculated on the present value of silver, and a value calculated on the present value of gold,[2] and his result is:

Though there is something arbitrary in this mode of valuation, it is, perhaps, on the whole the best; and its result is extremely handy for the memory (as somebody has pointed out) for we thus have

Venetian Money.

The Mark of Silver all over Europe may be taken fairly at 2l. 4s. of our money in modern value; the Venetian mark being a fraction more, and the marks of England, Germany and France fractions less.[3]

The Venice Gold Ducat or Zecchin, first coined in accordance with a Law of 31st October 1283, was, in our gold value, worth ... 11·82 francs.[4]

or English ... 9s. 4·284d.

The Zecchin when first coined was fixed as equivalent to 18 grossi, and on this calculation the Grosso should be a little less than 5d. sterling.[5] But from what follows it looks as if there must have been another grosso, perhaps only of account, which was only ¾ of the former, therefore equivalent to 3¾d. only. This would be a clue to difficulties which I do not find dealt with by anybody in a precise or thorough manner; but I can find no evidence for it.

Accounts were kept at Venice not in ducats and grossi, but in Lire, of which there were several denominations, viz.:

1. Lira dei Grossi, called in Latin Documents Libra denariorum Venetorum grosorum.[6] Like every Lira or Pound, this consisted of 20 soldi, and each soldo of 12 denari or deniers.[7] In this case the Lira was equivalent to 10 golden ducats; and its Denier, as the name implies, was the Grosso. The Grosso therefore here was ¹⁄₂₄₀ of 10 ducats or ¹⁄₂₄ of a ducat, instead of ¹⁄₁₈.

2. Lira ai Grossi (L. den. Ven. ad grossos). This by decree of 2nd June, 1285, went two to the ducat. In fact it is the soldo of the preceding Lira, and as such the Grosso was, as we have just seen, its denier; which is perhaps the reason of the name.

3. Lira dei Piccoli (L. den. Ven. parvulorum). The ducat is alleged to have been at first equal to three of these Lire (Romanin, I. 321); but the calculations of Marino Sanudo (1300–1320) in the Secreta Fidelium Crucis show that he reckons the Ducat equivalent to 3·2 lire of piccoli.[8]

In estimating these Lire in modern English money, on the basis of their relation to the ducat, we must reduce the apparent value by ⅕. We then have:

1. Lira dei Grossi equivalent to nearly 3l. 15s. 0d. (therefore exceeding by nearly 10s. the value of the Pound sterling of the period, or Lira di Sterlini, as it was called in the appropriate Italian phrase).[9]

2. Lira ai Grossi ... 3s. 9d.

3. Lira dei Piccoli ... 2s. 4d.

The Tornese or Tornesel at Venice was, according to Romanin (III. 343) = 4 Venice deniers: and if these are the deniers of the Lira ai Grossi, the coin would be worth a little less than ¾d., and nearly the equivalent of the denier Tournois, from which it took its name.[10]

The term Bezant is used by Polo always (I believe) as it is by Joinville, by Marino Sanudo, and by Pegolotti, for the Egyptian gold dínár, the intrinsic value of which varied somewhat, but can scarcely be taken at less than 10s. 6d. or 11s. (See Cathay, pp. 440–441; and see also J. As. sér. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506–507.) The exchange of Venice money for the Bezant or Dinar in the Levant varied a good deal (as is shown by examples in the passage in Cathay just cited), but is always in these examples a large fraction (⅙ up to ⅓) more than the Zecchin. Hence, when Joinville gives the equation of St. Lewis’s ransom as 1,000,000 bezants or 500,000 livres, I should have supposed these to be livres Parisis rather than Tournois, as M. de Wailly prefers.

There were a variety of coins of lower value in the Levant called Bezants,[11] but these do not occur in our Book.

The Venice Saggio, a weight for precious substances was ⅙ of an ounce, corresponding to the weight of the Roman gold solidus, from which was originally derived the Arab Misḳál. And Polo appears to use saggio habitually as the equivalent of Misḳál. His pois or peso, applied to gold and silver, seems to have the same sense, and is indeed a literal translation of Misḳál. (See vol. ii. p. 41.)

For measures Polo uses the palm rather than the foot. I do not find a value of the Venice palm, but over Italy that measure varies from 9½ inches to something over 10. The Genoa Palm is stated at 9·725 inches.

Jal (Archéologie Nav. I. 271) cites the following Table of