M

• Machinery,
  • place of, in American economic development, 108.
• Machines, political, 117 ff.;
  • created to satisfy a real need, 124-125;
  • power of, felt in the courts, 318;
  • corruption and incompetence of state legislative organizations traceable to, 321;
  • complete reform of local administrative systems necessary for breaking power of, 334;
  • civil service reform has not retarded progress of, 335.
• McClellan, George B.,
  • as a reformer, 143.
• Madison, James,
  • conduct of second war with England by, 53-54.
• Manufacturing,
  • Hamilton's policy in encouraging, 39.
• Merit system in offices, 143;
  • disappointing results of establishment of, 334-337.
• Mexico,
  • coöperation, of, in establishment of stable international system, 303.
• Middle Ages,
  • city states of the, 215;
  • origins of the national state found in, 217 ff.
• Middle class,
  • rise of, in Great Britain, 234-235, 239.
• Militarism and nationality, 254 ff.
• Millionaire,
  • the "tainted," a result of extreme individualism, 149.
• "Money Power,"
  • Jacksonian Democracy's attitude toward, 59.
• Monopolies,
  • suggested measures against, in municipalities, 374.
• Monroe Doctrine, the, 290 ff.;
  • accepted as the corollary of policy contained in Washington's Farewell Address, 291;
  • the American retort to the Holy Alliance, 291-292;
  • American democratic idea converted into a dangerously aggressive principle by, 293-294;
  • results to United States of attempting to enforce, 296-297;
  • implies an incompatibility between American and European institutions which does not exist, 297;
  • continued adherence to, will involve United States in fruitless wars, 299-300;
  • necessity of forestalling inevitable future objections to, 307.
• Morgan, J. Pierpont, 202.
• Mugwumps, 141.
• Muirhead, James, quoted, 18-19.
• Municipal corporations, relations of state governments to, 347-348.
• Municipal reform, 143.
  • See Cities.
• Münsterberg, Hugo, quoted, 3.

N

• Napoleon, 224, 225, 259.
• National Bank, the, 39, 57-58, 68.
• Nationality,
  • slavery and American, 72 ff.;
  • proposed doing away with, by international socialism, a mistake, 210-211;
  • origins of the modern system, 215 ff.;
  • development of principle of, in European states, 215-221;
  • efficiency resulting from, but also abuses, 221-222;
  • creed of French Revolutionists inimical to spirit of, 222-223;
  • increased force of principle, resulting from abuses of French under Napoleon, 225;
  • bearing of Treaty of Vienna and political system of the Holy Alliance on, 225-226;
  • true meaning of, first understood after revolutionary epoch of 1848, 226-230;
  • no universal and perfect machinery for securing, experience shows, 229-230;
  • relation between principles of, and principles of democracy, 230;
  • principle of, and of democracy, in England, 230 ff.;
  • democracy and, in France, 239 ff.;
  • relation between democracy and, in Germany, 246 ff.;
  • schism created in German, by the Social Democrats, 251;
  • militarism and, 254 ff.;
  • colonial expansion is proper to principle of, 259;
  • international relations a condition of, 263-264;
  • important position of tradition in principle of, 265-266;
  • principles of, and of democracy, in America, 267 ff.;
  • and centralization, 272-279.
• Nationalization,
  • meaning of process of, 274.
• Non-interference,
  • policy of, 312-313.
• Non-resistance,
  • doctrine of, not meant for this world, 282.
• Non-union laborers, 387-389;
  • effect on, of proposed constructive organization of labor, 395.

O

• Old age pensions in England, 239.
• Opportunity,
  • necessity of enjoyment of, by individuals, 203.
• Order,
  • maintenance of, as a state function, 344-345.
• Oregon,
  • the initiative in, 328.
• Ore lands,
  • lease of, to United States Steel Corporation, 114.

P

• Pan-Americanism, 313-314.
• Parker, Alton B., 163.
• Paternalism, German, 250.
• Patriotism,
  • national, 2;
  • American, contrasted with that of other nations 2-3.
• Peace,
  • democracy and, 308 ff.
• Pensions,
  • old age, in England, 239;
  • military, in United States, 274.
• Philippines,
  • questions concerning American acquisition of, 308-309.
• Poland,
  • partition of, 222.
• Police force,
  • state, 344-345.
• Political specialist.
  • See "Boss."
• Politics,
  • separation of the business man from, 117;
  • specialized organization of, 118-121.
• Popular sovereignty,
  • Stephen A. Douglas's theory of, 84-86;
  • criticism of democracy defined as, 176-178;
  • principle of, as represented by French Revolutionaries, 223-224;
  • principle of national sovereignty not to be confused with, 265-266;
  • the essential condition of democracy, 269-270;
  • definition of the phrase, 279 ff.;
  • is equivalent for Americans to the phrase "national Sovereignty," 280;
  • misconceptions of, notably Douglas's error, 281.
• Porto Rico,
  • relations between United States and, 308.
• Poverty,
  • as a social danger in a democratic state, 205.
• Prisons,
  • improvement of, as a function of the state, 345.
• Profits of corporations,
  • disposal of question of excessive, 370.
• Property,
  • preservation of institution of private, 209.
• Protection,
  • Whig policy of, and its defeat, 68;
  • Bismarck's policy of, 250.
• Public ownership, 366-367;
  • municipal, 372-375;
  • the portion of railroad property properly subject to, 376-377;
  • another plan of, regarding railroads, 377-378.
• Public Service Commissions of New York State, 360-361;
  • principal objection to, 368.
• Public service corporations holding municipal franchises,
  • should be subject to cities only, 349;
  • municipal policy toward, 372-373.
• Pure Food Bill,
  • class discrimination in, 191.

R

• Railroads,
  • conditions of growth of American, 109;
  • the granting of rebates by, 110-111;
  • public ownership of, advocated by W.J. Bryan, 158;
  • state ownership of, in Prussia, 250;
  • constructive organization of, in United States, 351 ff.;
  • domination of, in politics of states, 352-353;
  • undesirability of state supervision of, and danger to roads themselves, 353-354;
  • ignorant and unwise legislation by states concerning, 354-355;
  • substitution of control of central government for state control, 356-357;
  • policy to be followed by central government toward 357 ff.;
  • law should be passed providing for agreements between roads, and mergers, 364-305;
  • freedom should be left to, to make rates and schedules, and develop their traffic, 365-366;
  • public ownership of, 366;
  • regulation of, by Federal commissions a doubtful step, 360-363, 368;
  • process of combination among, and results, 375-376;
  • value of monopoly possessed by, could be secured to the community by Federal government taking possession of terminals, right of way, tracks, and stations, 376-377;
  • the alternative plan, of government appropriation of roads, and its working out, 377-378.
  • See Corporations.
• Real estate tax, 385.
• Rebates, 109, 110-113, 357.
• Recall,
  • principle of the, 332-333;
  • employment of the, in suggested administrative system, 338, 340.
• Referendum,
  • movement in favor of, in state governments, 320;
  • pros and cons of the, 327-328.
• Reform,
  • course of the movement, 141-142;
  • variety in kinds of, 142-143;
  • variety found in exponents of, 143-144;
  • function of, according to the reformers, 144-145;
  • disappointment of hopes for, and reasons, 145-147;
  • a better understanding of meaning of, and of the function of reformers, necessary to successful correction of abuses, 147;
  • causes of need for, 148-150;
  • wrong conceptions of, and intellectual awakening essential for, 150;
  • true methods for accomplishing, 152-154;
  • state institutional, 315 ff.;
  • policy of drift should not be allowed in, 315-316;
  • state administrative, 333 ff.;
  • impossibility of accomplishing, by Australian ballot, direct primary system, and similar devices, 341-343;
  • direct practical value of a movement for, may be surpassed by its indirect educational value, 408.
• Reich, Emil, quoted, 1.
• Religious wars,
  • bearing of, on national development of European states, 219.
• Republicanism,
  • represented by Jefferson, 28-29, 30, 31;
  • identified with political disorder and social instability by Federalists, 32-33;
  • opposition of, to Federalism as represented by Hamilton, 42-46;
  • alliance of Federalists and party of, 46-47;
  • effects of combination, 50-51;
  • Jefferson's Republicanism contrasted with Jackson's Democracy, 52;
  • views held by supporters of, on slavery question, 78.
• Republican party,
  • causes leading to organization of the modern, 83;
  • its claims to being the first genuinely national party, 83-84;
  • rescue of, by Roosevelt, 171.
• Revolutions,
  • question of, 210.
• Rockefeller, John D., 111-112, 114, 115.
• Roman Empire, the, 216.
• Roosevelt, Theodore, 86, 136, 155;
  • as a reformer, 142, 167;
  • nationalization of reform by, 168-170;
  • policy of, compared with Hamiltonian creed, 169;
  • theory and practice of, contrasted with Jefferson's, 170;
  • the rescue of the Republican party by, 171;
  • vulnerability of, on the point of equal rights, 172;
  • has really been building better than he knew or will admit, 173-174;
  • criticism of, as a national reformer, 174-175.
• Roosevelt-Taft programme, of recognition of corporations,
  • tempered by regulation, 358-359;
  • how best to carry out, 359-360.
• Root, Elihu, 135;
  • international system indicated by, 301.
• Russia,
  • faith of Russians in, 2;
  • international situation of, at present, 253, 256-257, 258;
  • weakness of, exposed, 311.

S

• Saloon licenses, 385.
• Santayana, George, quoted, 454.
• Scientists,
  • methods of, a perfect type of authoritative technical methods, 434.
• Sherman Anti-Trust Law,
  • a bar to proper treatment of corporate aggrandizement, 274;
  • as an expensive attempt to save the life of the small competitor who cannot hold his own, should be repealed, 359.
• Slaveholders,
  • an impartial estimate of, 81-82.
• Slavery,
  • effect of introduction of factor of, on Democrats and Whigs, 72;
  • sanctioned by the Constitution, and results, 72-73;
  • attitude of the two political parties toward, 73-74;
  • shirking of the question, and compromises, 74;
  • brings out inconsistency of alliance between Jeffersonian democracy and American nationality as embodied in Constitutional Union, 75;
  • Webster's attitude on the question, 75-77;
  • American people separated into five parties by, 77;
  • attitude of Constitutional Unionists toward, 78;
  • beliefs of Abolitionists, Southern Democrats, Northern Democrats, and Republicans, 78-79;
  • body of public opinion looking to de-nationalizing slavery, which was organized into the Republican party, 83-84.
• Smythe, William, 151.
• Social Democrats,
  • party of, in Germany, 251.
• Socialism,
  • weakness of, 210;
  • idea of an international, a mistake, 210-211.
• Socialists,
  • doctrine preached by extreme, in France, 243.
• Social problem,
  • democracy and the, 138-140.
• South America,
  • bearing of Monroe Doctrine on, and possible complications resulting from, 294-296.
• Spain,
  • religious wars of, 219;
  • national feeling in, increased by abuses of Napoleon, 225.
• Specialization,
  • contempt for, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65;
  • necessity for, resulting from industrial development, 102-103;
  • of the American business man, 105 ff., 117;
  • of the politician, 117 ff.;
  • labor unions a decisive instance of, 126 ff.;
  • among lawyers, 134-135;
  • regarded as a revolt from the national democratic tradition, 138-139;
  • perils of, to American social organization, 139;
  • part to be played in individual emancipation by, 427-441.
• Spoils system,
  • causes of introduction of, 57, 59-60;
  • effect of, opposite of that intended, 60-61;
  • civil service reform and the, 143.
• "Square deal," Roosevelt's, 20, 151, 172.
• Standard of living,
  • a constantly higher, for wage-earners, 206;
  • labor unions an effective machinery for raising, 387.
• Standard Oil Company,
  • attempted regulation of, by various states, 355.
• Standards,
  • in scientific work and in liberal or practical arts, 434-435;
  • acquirement of authentic, 435-436;
  • of technical excellence, 436-437;
  • only way of improving popular, for men of higher standards, 443-444.
• State,
  • development of the national, 215 ff.;
  • increasing political efficiency of, shown to be proportioned to responsible exercise of powers, 217-220.
• State governments,
  • reorganization of, in democratic spirit, after Revolutionary War, 31;
  • lack of success of American, 317;
  • failure of criminal and civil courts, 318;
  • chaotic condition of tax systems and educational systems, 318-319;
  • incompetent and frequently dishonest financial and economic legislation, 319;
  • fault lies partly in existing standards of morality, but in part also is result of unwise organization, 319;
  • demand for reorganization of, 319-320;
  • movement in favor of initiative and referendum in, 320, 327-328;
  • wrong diagnosis of causes of legislative corruption and incompetence, 320-321;
  • reasons for failure of, 321 ff.;
  • disadvantages of system of checks and balances in, 323-324;
  • failure of, to be imputed chiefly to lack of a centralized responsible organization, 324;
  • improvement in legislatures necessary, 326-329;
  • plan suggested for improvement of, 328-331;
  • administrative reform in, 333 ff.;
  • maintenance of order by, 344;
  • reorganization of criminal laws by, 344-345;
  • improvement of prisons and insane asylums by, 345;
  • possible activities of, in relation to labor, educational questions, etc., 346;
  • method of attaining their maximum usefulness, 347;
  • relation of, to cities, 347-349;
  • questions such as regulation of commerce, control of corporations, distribution of wealth, and prevention of poverty outside of field of activities of, 350;
  • domination of railroads in, 352-353;
  • interference of, with railroad, insurance, and other corporations, 353-355.
• Steffens, Lincoln, 163.
• Sterilization of criminals, 345.
• Strikes, 127-128, 392.
• Suffrage,
  • advantages and disadvantages of a limited, 198-199.
• Supreme Court,
  • power of the, 132-133;
  • success of, in the American political system, 134;
  • question of life tenure of office of judges of, 200.

T

• Taft, President, 135.
• Tammany Hall, 125, 151.
• Tariff,
  • an example of class legislation, 191;
  • Federal authorities responsible for, 274;
  • first duty of United States to revise, 305.
• Tariff reform, 142-143.
• Taxation,
  • remedying excessive profits of corporations by, 370;
  • as a weapon of municipalities against monopolies, 374;
  • use of power of, to equalize distribution of wealth and raise money for governmental expenses, 381;
  • of inheritances, 382-385;
  • of incomes, 384-385;
  • real estate and saloon, 385.
• Tax systems,
  • state, chaotic condition of, 318.
• Technical schools,
  • growth of, 429-430.
• Tobacco manufacture,
  • regulation of, by government, 379.
• Tolstoy,
  • pernicious results of triumph of democracy of, 282;
  • led into error by brotherly feelings, 453.
• Trade schools, 391.
• Tradition,
  • force of accumulated national, in forming a people into a state, 227, 259;
  • the national, of England, Germany, France, and America, 267-270;
  • necessity of emancipation of nations from, 279.
• Trust funds,
  • evils of, 383-384.
• Trusts.
  • See Corporations.

U

• Un-Americanism,
  • the reforming spirit wrongly called, 49.
• Unification, of Germany by Bismarck, 247-249;
  • wars which helped toward, were justifiable, 256.
• Unionism, labor.
  • See Labor unions.
• United States Steel Corporation,
  • lease of ore lands by, 114.

V

• Vienna, Treaty of, 225.
• Virtue,
  • the principle of democracy, 454.
• Voting,
  • for state representatives, 329;
  • American systems of, 341-343.

W

• Wage-earners,
  • increasing standard of living for, 206;
  • weakness of socialistic programme for, 210-211.
  • See Labor unions.
• War of 1812 and its lessons, 53-55.
• Wars,
  • justifiability of, 255-256;
  • likelihood of more, before establishment of a stable European
  • situation, 257.
• Washington,
  • foreign policy contained in Farewell Address of, 290.
• Wealth,
  • necessity of opportunity for acquiring, 203;
  • improvement in the distribution of, 209-210;
  • distribution of, in France, 244-245;
  • equalization of distribution of, by graduated inheritance tax, 381-385.
• Webster, Daniel, 52, 427;
  • reason for failure of ideas of, 69-70;
  • representative of behavior of public opinion as regarded slavery question during the Middle Period, 75-77.
• Wells, H.G., quoted, 4.
• Whigs,
  • standards represented by, against Jacksonian or Western Democracy, 65-67;
  • wherein they improved on the Federalists, 67;
  • policy of internal improvements, 66;
  • its failure, 67-68;
  • failure regarding re-chartering of National Bank,68;
  • and regarding policy of protection, 68;
  • complete failure in fight against Federal executive, 68-69;
  • reason for failures, 69-70;
  • attitude of, toward slavery, 73-74.
• Workingmen,
  • party composed of, in Germany, 251.