Frontispiece. Velasquez. Head of Æsop, Madrid. Velasquez. Head of Æsop, Madrid.

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The images in this e book of the paintings are from the original book. However many of the paintings have undergone extensive restoration. Some of the restored paintings are presented as modern color images with links.

A TEXT-BOOK

OF THE

HISTORY OF PAINTING

BY

JOHN C. VAN DYKE, L.H.D.

PROFESSOR OF THE HISTORY OF ART IN RUTGERS COLLEGE AND AUTHOR OF
"ART FOR ART'S SAKE," "THE MEANING OF PICTURES," ETC.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

91 and 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA

1909

PREFACE.

The object of this series of text-books is to provide concise teachable histories of art for class-room use in schools and colleges. The limited time given to the study of art in the average educational institution has not only dictated the condensed style of the volumes, but has limited their scope of matter to the general features of art history. Archæological discussions on special subjects and æsthetic theories have been avoided. The main facts of history as settled by the best authorities are given. If the reader choose to enter into particulars the bibliography cited at the head of each chapter will be found helpful. Illustrations have been introduced as sight-help to the text, and, to avoid repetition, abbreviations have been used wherever practicable. The enumeration of the principal extant works of an artist, school, or period, and where they may be found, which follows each chapter, may be serviceable not only as a summary of individual or school achievement, but for reference by travelling students in Europe.

This volume on painting, the first of the series, omits mention of such work in Arabic, Indian, Chinese, and Persian art as may come properly under the head of Ornament—a subject proposed for separate treatment hereafter. In treating of individual painters it has been thought best to give a short critical estimate of the man and his rank among the painters of his time rather than the detailed facts of his life. Students who wish accounts of the lives of the painters should use Vasari, Larousse, and the Encyclopædia Britannica in connection with this text-book.

Acknowledgments are made to the respective publishers of Woltmann and Woermann's History of Painting, and the fine series of art histories by Perrot and Chipiez, for permission to reproduce some few illustrations from these publications.

John C. Van Dyke.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

	PAGE

List of Illustrations	xi

General Bibliography	xv

Introduction	xvii
CHAPTER I.
Egyptian Painting	1

CHAPTER II.
Chaldæo-Assyrian, Persian, Phœnician, Cypriote, and Asia Minor Painting	10

CHAPTER III.
Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Painting	21

CHAPTER IV.
Italian Painting—Early Christian and Mediæval Period, 200-1250	36

CHAPTER V.
Italian Painting—Gothic Period, 1250-1400	47

CHAPTER VI.
Italian Painting—Early Renaissance, 1400-1500	57

CHAPTER VII.
Italian Painting—Early Renaissance, 1400-1500, Continued	73

CHAPTER VIII.
Italian Painting—High Renaissance, 1500-1600	86

CHAPTER IX.
Italian Painting—High Renaissance, 1500-1600, Continued	99

CHAPTER X.
Italian Painting—High Renaissance, 1500-1600, Continued	110

CHAPTER XI.
Italian Painting—The Decadence and Modern Work, 1600-1894	122

CHAPTER XII.
French Painting—Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries	132

CHAPTER XIII.
French Painting—Nineteenth Century	143

CHAPTER XIV.
French Painting—Nineteenth Century, Continued	156

CHAPTER XV.
Spanish Painting	172

CHAPTER XVI.
Flemish Painting	186

CHAPTER XVII.
Dutch Painting	203

CHAPTER XVIII.
German Painting	223

CHAPTER XIX.
British Painting	241

CHAPTER XX.

American Painting	260

Postscript	276

Index	279

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

	Velasquez, Head of Æsop, Madrid	Frontispiece
		PAGE
1	Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Ti, Saccarah	2
2	Portrait of Queen Taia	4
3	Offerings to the Dead. Wall painting	6
4	Vignette on Papyrus	8
5	Enamelled Brick, Nimroud	11
6	" " Khorsabad	12
7	Wild Ass. Bas-relief	14
8	Lions Frieze, Susa	16
9	Painted Head from Edessa	18
10	Cypriote Vase Decoration	19
11	Attic Grave Painting	23
12	Muse of Cortona	26
13	Odyssey Landscape	29
14	Amphore, Lower Italy	31
15	Ritual Scene, Palatine Wall painting	33
16	Portrait, Fayoum, Graf Collection	35
17	Chamber in Catacombs, with wall decorations	37
18	Catacomb Fresco, S. Cecilia	39
19	Christ as Good Shepherd, Ravenna mosaic	41
20	Christ and Saints, fresco, S. Generosa	43
21	Ezekiel before the Lord. MS. illumination	45
22	Giotto, Flight into Egypt, Arena Chap.	49
23	Orcagna, Paradise (detail), S. M. Novella	51
24	Lorenzetti, Peace (detail), Sienna	53
25	Fra Angelico, Angel, Uffizi	55
26	Fra Filippo, Madonna, Uffizi	58
27	Botticelli, Coronation of Madonna, Uffizi	60
28	Ghirlandajo, Visitation, Louvre	62
29	Francesca, Duke of Urbino, Uffizi	64
30	Signorelli, The Curse (detail), Orvieto	66
31	Perugino, Madonna, Saints, and Angels, Louvre	68
32	School of Francia, Madonna, Louvre	70
33	Mantegna, Gonzaga Family Group, Mantua	74
34	B. Vivarini, Madonna and Child, Turin	76
35	Giovanni Bellini, Madonna, Venice Acad.	78
36	Carpaccio, Presentation (detail), Venice Acad.	80
37	Antonello da Messina, Unknown Man, Louvre	83
38	Fra Bartolommeo, Descent from Cross, Pitti	87
39	Andrea del Sarto, Madonna of St. Francis, Uffizi	89
40	Michael Angelo, Athlete, Sistine Chap., Rome	91
41	Raphael, La Belle Jardinière, Louvre	93
42	Giulio Romano, Apollo and Muses, Pitti	96
43	Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, Louvre	100
44	Luini, Daughter of Herodias, Uffizi	102
45	Sodoma, Ecstasy of St. Catherine, Sienna	104
46	Correggio, Marriage of St. Catherine, Louvre	106
47	Giorgione, Ordeal of Moses, Uffizi	111
48	Titian, Venus Equipping Cupid, Borghese, Rome	113
49	Tintoretto, Mercury and Graces, Ducal Pal., Venice	115
50	Veronese, Venice Enthroned, Ducal Pal., Venice	117
51	Lotto, Three Ages, Pitti	119
52	Bronzino, Christ in Limbo, Uffizi	123
53	Baroccio, Annunciation	125
54	Annibale Caracci, Entombment of Christ, Louvre	127
55	Caravaggio, The Card Players, Dresden	129
56	Poussin, Et in Arcadia Ego, Louvre	133
57	Claude Lorrain, Flight into Egypt, Dresden	135
58	Watteau, Gilles, Louvre	137
59	Boucher, Pastoral, Louvre	139
60	David, The Sabines, Louvre	144
61	Ingres, Œdipus and Sphinx, Louvre	146
62	Delacroix, Massacre of Scio, Louvre	148
63	Gérôme, Pollice Verso	151
64	Corot, Landscape	157
65	Rousseau, Charcoal Burner's Hut, Fuller Collection	160
66	Millet, The Gleaners, Louvre	163
67	Cabanel, Phædra	166
68	Meissonier, Napoleon in 1814	169
69	Sanchez-Coello, Daughter of Philip II., Madrid	173
70	Murillo, St. Anthony of Padua, Dresden	175
71	Ribera, St. Agnes, Dresden	178
72	Fortuny, Spanish Marriage	181
73	Madrazo, Unmasked	184
74	Van Eycks, St. Bavon Altar-piece, Berlin	187
75	Memling (?), St. Lawrence, Nat. Gal., Lon.	189
76	Massys, Head of Virgin, Antwerp	191
77	Rubens, Portrait of Young Woman	193
78	Van Dyck, Portrait of Cornelius van der Geest	195
79	Teniers the Younger, Prodigal Son, Louvre	197
80	Alfred Stevens, On the Beach	200
81	Hals, Portrait of a Lady	205
82	Rembrandt, Head of a Woman, Nat. Gal., Lon.	208
83	Ruisdael, Landscape	211
84	Hobbema, The Water Wheel, Amsterdam Mus.	214
85	Israels, Alone in the World	217
86	Mauve, Sheep	220
87	Lochner, Sts. John, Catharine, Matthew, London	224
88	Wolgemut, Crucifixion, Munich	226
89	Dürer, Praying Virgin, Augsburg	228
90	Holbein, Portrait, Hague Mus.	230
91	Piloty, Wise and Foolish Virgins	232
92	Leibl, In Church	235
93	Menzel, A Reader	238
94	Hogarth, Shortly after Marriage, Nat. Gal., Lon.	242
95	Reynolds, Countess Spencer and Lord Althorp	244
96	Gainsborough, Blue Boy	246
97	Constable, Corn Field, Nat. Gal., Lon.	248
98	Turner, Fighting Téméraire, Nat. Gal., Lon.	250
99	Burne-Jones, Flamma Vestalis	252
100	Leighton, Helen of Troy	255
101	Watts, Love and Death	258
102	West, Peter Denying Christ, Hampton Court	261
103	Gilbert Stuart, Washington, Boston Mus.	262
104	Hunt, Lute Player	263
105	Eastman Johnson, Churning	265
106	Inness, Landscape	267
107	Winslow Homer, Undertow	269
108	Whistler, The White Girl	270
109	Sargent, "Carnation Lily, Lily Rose"	273
110	Chase, Alice, Art Institute, Chicago	274

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(This includes the leading accessible works that treat of painting in general. For works on special periods or schools, see the bibliographical references at the head of each chapter. For bibliography of individual painters consult, under proper names, Champlin and Perkins's Cyclopedia, as given below.)

Champlin and Perkins, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings, New York.
Adeline, Lexique des Termes d'Art.
Gazette des Beaux Arts, Paris.
Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel, Paris.
L'Art, Revue hebdomadaire illustrée, Paris.
Bryan, Dictionary of Painters. New edition.
Brockhaus, Conversations-Lexikon.
Meyer, Allgemeines Künstler-Lexikon, Berlin.
Muther, History of Modern Painting.
Agincourt, History of Art by its Monuments.
Bayet, Précis d'Histoire de l'Art.
Blanc, Histoire des Peintres de toutes les Écoles.
Eastlake, Materials for a History of Oil Painting.
Lübke, History of Art, trans. by Clarence Cook.
Reber, History of Ancient Art.
Reber, History of Mediæval Art.
Schnasse, Geschichte der Bildenden Künste.
Girard, La Peinture Antique.
Viardot, History of the Painters of all Schools.
Williamson (Ed.), Handbooks of Great Masters.
Woltmann and Woermann, History of Painting.

HISTORY OF PAINTING.

INTRODUCTION.

The origin of painting is unknown. The first important records of this art are met with in Egypt; but before the Egyptian civilization the men of the early ages probably used color in ornamentation and decoration, and they certainly scratched the outlines of men and animals upon bone and slate. Traces of this rude primitive work still remain to us on the pottery, weapons, and stone implements of the cave-dwellers. But while indicating the awakening of intelligence in early man, they can be reckoned with as art only in a slight archæological way. They show inclination rather than accomplishment—a wish to ornament or to represent, with only a crude knowledge of how to go about it.

The first aim of this primitive painting was undoubtedly decoration—the using of colored forms for color and form only, as shown in the pottery designs or cross-hatchings on stone knives or spear-heads. The second, and perhaps later aim, was by imitating the shapes and colors of men, animals, and the like, to convey an idea of the proportions and characters of such things. An outline of a cave-bear or a mammoth was perhaps the cave-dweller's way of telling his fellows what monsters he had slain. We may assume that it was pictorial record, primitive picture-written history. This early method of conveying an idea is, in intent, substantially the same as the later hieroglyphic writing and historical painting of the Egyptians. The difference between them is merely one of development. Thus there is an indication in the art of Primitive Man of the two great departments of painting existent to-day.

1. Decorative Painting.

2. Expressive Painting.

Pure Decorative Painting is not usually expressive of ideas other than those of rhythmical line and harmonious color. It is not our subject. This volume treats of Expressive Painting; but in dealing with that it should be borne in mind that Expressive Painting has always a more or less decorative effect accompanying it, and that must be spoken of incidentally. We shall presently see the intermingling of both kinds of painting in the art of ancient Egypt—our first inquiry.

The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Text-Book of the History of Painting

A TEXT-BOOK

OF THE

HISTORY OF PAINTING

BY

JOHN C. VAN DYKE, L.H.D.

PROFESSOR OF THE HISTORY OF ART IN RUTGERS COLLEGE AND AUTHOR OF
"ART FOR ART'S SAKE," "THE MEANING OF PICTURES," ETC.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

91 and 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA

1909

PREFACE.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

HISTORY OF PAINTING.

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

EGYPTIAN PAINTING.

The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Text-Book of the History of Painting

A TEXT-BOOK

OF THE

HISTORY OF PAINTING

BY

JOHN C. VAN DYKE, L.H.D.

PROFESSOR OF THE HISTORY OF ART IN RUTGERS COLLEGE AND AUTHOR OF "ART FOR ART'S SAKE," "THE MEANING OF PICTURES," ETC.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

91 and 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA

1909

PREFACE.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

HISTORY OF PAINTING.

INTRODUCTION.

CHAPTER I.

EGYPTIAN PAINTING.

PROFESSOR OF THE HISTORY OF ART IN RUTGERS COLLEGE AND AUTHOR OF
"ART FOR ART'S SAKE," "THE MEANING OF PICTURES," ETC.