53. See Frazer, “Magic Art,” i. 52.
54. Cf. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 300 f.
55. Latin text in H. Usener, “Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen,” part ii. (Bonn, 1889), 43 f. See also A. Tille, “Die Geschichte der deutschen Weihnacht” (Leipsic, 1893), 44 f. [Referred to as “D. W.”]
56. Philip Stubbs, “Anatomie Of Abuses” (Reprint of 3rd Edition of 1585, edited by W. B. Turnbull, London, 1836), 205.
57. Quoted by J. Ashton, “A righte Merrie Christmasse!!” (London, n.d.), 26 f.
1 . R. Chambers, “The Book Of Days” (London, n.d.), ii. 538 [referred to as “B. D.”]; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, “British Popular Customs” (London, 1876), 396 f.
2 . [Sir] J. Rhys, “Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by Celtic Heathendom” (London, 1888), 514, “Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx” (Oxford, 1901), i. 321.
3 . Tille, “Y. & C.,” 57 f.
4 . Rhys, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 315 f.
5 . J. Dowden, “The Church Year and Kalendar” (Cambridge, 1910), 23 f.
6 . Cf. J. G. Frazer, “Adonis, Attis, Osiris” (2nd Edition, London, 1907), 315 f.
7 . E. B. Tylor, “Primitive Culture” (3rd Edition, London, 1891), ii. 38.
8 . Frazer, “Adonis,” 310.
9 . Ibid. 312 f.
10. P. Sébillot, “Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne” (Paris, 1886), 206.
11. L. von Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben” (Stuttgart, 1909), 193.
12. Frazer, “Adonis,” 315.
13. G. Pitrè, “Spettacoli e feste popolari siciliane” (Palermo, 1880), 393 f. Cf. H. F. Feilberg, “Jul” (Copenhagen, 1904), i. 67.
14. “Notes and Queries” (London), 3rd Series, vol. i. 446; Dyer, 408.
15. Frazer, “Adonis,” 250.
16. Dyer, 405 f.
17. Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. iv. 381; Dyer, 407.
18. C. S. Burne and G. F. Jackson, “Shropshire Folk-Lore” (London, 1883), 383.
19. Ibid. 381 f.
20. Quoted by Dyer, 410.
21. O. von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, “Das festliche Jahr der germanischen Völker” (2nd Edition, Leipsic, 1898), 390.
22. “Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari” (Palermo), vol. viii. 574.
23. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 189 f.
24. Frazer, “Adonis,” 303 f.
25. Ibid. 306 f.
26. Evans, 363 f.
27. Dyer, 394.
28. Ibid. 398.
29. Ibid. 394. Cf. Chambers, “B. D.,” ii. 519 f.
30. Dyer, 395.
31. Ibid. 399.
32. Ibid. 397 f.
33. S. O. Addy, “Household Tales, with other Traditional Remains. Collected in the Counties of Lincoln, Derby, and Nottingham” (London and Sheffield, 1895), 82.
34. Ibid. 85.
35. W. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders” (2nd Edition, London, 1879), 101.
36. Dyer, 399.
38. Rhys, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 321, “Celtic Heathendom,” 514.
39. Rhys, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 328.
40. MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 259, 261.
41. Rhys, “Celtic Heathendom,” 515.
42. Ibid. 515.
43. Ibid. 515, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 225.
44. MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 262.
45. Brand, 211.
46. Dyer, 402.
47. Ibid. 394 f.
48. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 299 f.
49. Burne and Jackson, 389.
50. Dyer, 409.
51. J. Grimm, “Teutonic Mythology” (Eng. Trans. by J. S. Stallybrass, London, 1880-8), i. 47.
52. K. Weinhold, “Weihnacht-Spiele und Lieder aus Süddeutschland und Schlesien” (Vienna, 1875), 6.
53. U. Jahn, “Die deutschen Opfergebräuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht” (Breslau, 1884), 262.
54. Ibid. 262.
55. Weinhold, 6.
56. Dyer, 472.
57. Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. i. 173; Dyer, 486.
58. Weinhold, 7.
59. Ibid. 10.
60. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 449.
61. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 166.
62. Dyer, 480.
63. Feilberg, ii. 228 f.
64. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 393.
65. Tacitus, “Annales,” lib. i. cap. 50, quoted by Tille, “Y. & C.,” 25.
66. Tille, “Y. & C.,” 26.
67. Ibid. 52.
68. Ibid. 27.
69. Brand, 216 f.
70. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 401 f. For German Martinmas feasting, see also Jahn, 229 f.
71. Grimm, iv. 1838, for Danish custom; Jahn, 235 f., for German.
72. “The Folk-Lore Record” (London), vol. iv., 1881, 107; Dyer, 420.
73. MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 260.
74. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 403.
75. Jahn, 246 f.
76. Ibid. 246; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 403.
77. Tille, “Y. & C.,” 34 f.
78. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 404; Jahn, 250.
79. Jahn, 247.
80. Angela Nardo-Cibele in Archivio trad. pop., vol. v. 238 f., for Venetia; Pitrè, 411 f., for Sicily.
81. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 405.375
82. Jahn, 240.
83. Ibid. 241 f.
84. Ibid. 241.
85. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 404.
86. Weinhold, 7.
87. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 268; Weinhold, 7; Tille, “D. W.,” 25.
88. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, illustration facing p. 406.
89. Ibid. 405.
90. Ibid. 404.
91. Ibid. 410; Tille, “D. W.,” 26 f.; W. Mannhardt, “Der Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme” (Berlin, 1875. Vol. i. of “Wald- und Feldkulte”), 273.
92. Cf. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 303, and Reinach, i. 180.
93. Archivio trad. pop., vol. v. 238 f., 358 f.
94. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 274.
1 . Dyer, 423.
2 . Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. viii. 618; Dyer, 425.
3 . Brand, 222 f.
4 . Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 97.
5 . Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, vol. iv. 492; Dyer, 423.
6 . Dyer, 425.
7 . Brand, 222.
8 . Ibid. 223.
9 . Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. v. 47; Dyer, 427.
10. Dyer, 426 f.
11. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 415.
12. J. N. Raphael in “The Daily Express,” Nov. 28, 1911.
13. Dyer, 430.
14. Ibid. 429.
15. Tille, “D. W.,” 148.
16. B. Thorpe, “Northern Mythology” (London, 1852), iii. 143.
17. Ibid. iii. 144.
18. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 416 f. Cf. Grimm, iv. 1800.
19. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 417. Cf. Thorpe, iii. 145.
20. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 418.
21. Thorpe, iii. 145.
22. F. S. Krauss, “Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven” (Vienna, 1885), 179.
23. T. Stratilesco, “From Carpathian to Pindus: Pictures of Roumanian Country Life” (London, 1906), 189.
24. Ibid. 188 f.
25. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 416.
26. Ibid. 420 f.
28. Thomas Naogeorgus, “The Popish Kingdome,” Englyshed by Barnabe Googe, 1570 (ed. by R. C. Hope, London, 1880), 44.
29. G. F. Abbott, “Macedonian Folklore” (Cambridge, 1903), 76.
30. P. M. Hough, “Dutch Life in Town and Country” (London, 1901), 96.
31. Cf. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 90, and also the Epiphany noise-makings described in the present volume.
32. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 426.
33. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 218 f.
34. Tille, “D. W.,” 30.
35. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 370.
36. Hamilton, 30. Cf. article on St. Nicholas by Professor Anichkof in Folk-Lore, vol. v., 1894, 108 f.
37. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 428 f.
38. Tille, “D. W.,” 35 f.; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 430.
39. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 209 f.
40. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 430.
41. Weinhold, 9.
42. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 326.
43. Weinhold, 9.
44. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 431 f.
45. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 212 f.
46. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 433.
47. Ibid. 433.
48. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 369.
49. W. S. Walsh, “Curiosities of Popular Customs” (London, 1898), 753 f. Cf. Chambers, “B. D.,” ii. 664.
50. Feilberg, i. 165, 170.
51. Ibid. i. 169 f.
52. Ibid. i. 171.
53. L. Caico, “Sicilian Ways and Days” (London, 1910), 188 f.
54. Feilberg, i. 168.
55. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 434.
56. Ibid. 434 f.
57. Grimm, iv. 1867.
58. Feilberg, i. 108 f.
59. Ibid. i. 111.
60. N. W. Thomas in Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 252.
61. Ashton, 52.
62. Dyer, 72 f.
63. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 436 f.
64. Ibid. 437.
65. Ibid. 438.
66. Ibid. 439.
67. Dyer, 439.
68. Ibid. 438 f.; Chambers, “B. D.,” ii. 724.
69. Abbott, 81.
70. Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. v. 35; Dyer, 439.377
1 . Tille, “D. W.,” 32 f.
2 . Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 446.
3 . Ibid. 448.
4 . Ibid. 449.
5 . Ibid. 448; Weinhold, 8 f.
6 . Evans, 229.
7 . Weinhold, 8.
8 . Tille, “Y. & C.,” 116.
9 . Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 444 f.
10. Ibid. 442 f.
11. Ibid. 444.
12. W. R. S. Ralston, “Songs of the Russian People” (1st Edition, London, 1872), 186 f.
13. Sébillot, 216.
14. Walsh, 232.
15. Burne and Jackson, 406; Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 311; Sir Edgar MacCulloch, “Guernsey Folk Lore” (London, 1903), 34; Thorpe, ii. 272.
16. Walsh, 232.
17. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 311.
18. MacCulloch, “Guernsey Folk Lore,” 34 f. Cf. for Germany, Grimm, iv. 1779, 1809.
19. Grimm, iv. 1840.
20. Ralston, 201.
21. A. Le Braz, “La Légende de la Mort chez les Bretons armoricains” (Paris, 1902), i. 114 f.
22. Thorpe, ii. 89.
23. Lloyd, 171.
24. Feilberg, ii. 7 f.
25. Ibid. ii. 14.
26. Bilfinger, 52.
27. Feilberg, ii. 3 f.
28. Ibid. ii. 20 f.
29. A. F. M. Ferryman, “In the Northman's Land” (London, 1896), 112.
30. Feilberg, ii. 64.
31. Grimm, iv. 1781, 1783, 1793, 1818.
32. Krauss, 181.
33. Accounts of the carols used in Little Russia are given by Mr. Ralston, 186 f., while those sung by the Roumanians are described by Mlle. Stratilesco, 192 f., and those customary in Dalmatia by Sir A. J. Evans, 224 f.
34. Ralston, 193.
35. Stratilesco, 192.
36. Ralston, 197.
37. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 244.
38. Shakespeare, “Hamlet,” Act I. Sc. 1.
39. Bilfinger, 37 f.
40. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 132.378
41. Tylor, i. 362.
42. W. Golther, “Handbuch der germanischen Mythologie” (Leipsic, 1895), 283 f.
43. Tille, “D. W.,” 173.
44. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 132.
45. MacCulloch, “Guernsey Folk Lore,” 33 f.
46. Burne and Jackson, 396 f., 403.
47. R. T. Hampson, “Medii Aevi Kalendarium” (London, 1841), i. 90.
48. Grimm, iv. 1836; Thorpe, ii. 272.
49. Burne and Jackson, 405.
50. Ibid. 405; MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 166.
51. E. H. Meyer, “Mythologie der Germanen” (Strassburg, 1903), 424; Golther, 491; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 22 f.
52. Golther, 493.
53. Meyer, 425 f.
54. Ibid. 425 f.
55. Grimm, iii. 925 f.
56. Ibid. i. 268, 275 f.
57. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 22.
58. Grimm, i. 275; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 23.
59. Ibid. 23.
60. Meyer, 425; Grimm, i. 281.
61. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 21.
62. Golther, 493.
63. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 24.
64. Grimm, i. 274.
65. Meyer, 428.
66. R. H. Busk, “The Valleys of Tirol” (London, 1874), 116.
67. Ibid. 118.
68. Ibid. 417.
69. The details given about the Kallikantzaroi are taken, unless otherwise stated, from Lawson, 190 f.
70. Abbott, 74.
71. Hamilton, 108 f.
72. Ibid. 109.
73. Abbott, 218.
74. Ibid. 73 f.
75. Meyer, 85 f.
76. G. Henderson, “Survivals of Belief among the Celts” (Glasgow, 1911), 178.
77. Ibid. 177.
78. F. H. E. Palmer, “Russian Life In Town and Country” (London, 1901), 178.
1 . Evans, 221 f.; Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 224 f. Cf. the account of the Servian Christmas in Chedo Mijatovitch, “Servia and the Servians” (London, 1908), 98 f.
3 . Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 236.
4 . Frazer, “Magic Art,” ii. 208.
5 . Ibid. ii. 232.
6 . Evans, 219, 295, and 357.
7 . Ibid. 222.
8 . Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 237.
9 . Cf. Frazer, “Magic Art,” ii. 233.
10. Ibid. ii. 365 f.
11. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 226 f.
12. “Memoirs of Mistral” (Eng. Trans. by C. E. Maud, London, 1907), 29 f.
13. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 226 f.
14. Sébillot, 218.
15. A. de Gubernatis, “Storia Comparata degli Usi Natalizi” (Milan, 1878), 112.
16. C. Casati in Archivio trad. pop., vol. vi. 168 f.
17. Jahn, 253.
18. Ibid. 254.
19. Ibid. 257.
20. Brand, 245; Dyer, 466.
21. [Sir] G. L. Gomme, “Folk Lore Relics of Early Village Life” (London 1883), 99.
22. Ashton, 111.
23. Burne and Jackson, 402.
24. Ibid. 398 f.
25. Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. iv. 309; Dyer, 446 f.
26. “The Gentleman's Magazine,” 1790, 719.
27. Hampson, i. 109.
28. Feilberg, i. 118 f.
29. Ibid. i. 146.
30. Ibid. ii. 66 f.
1 . I. A. R. Wylie, “My German Year” (London, 1910), 68.
2 . Mrs. A. Sidgwick, “Home Life in Germany” (London, 1908), 176.
3 . Tille, “D. W.,” 258. For the history and associations of the Christmas-tree see also E. M. Kronfeld, “Der Weihnachtsbaum” (Oldenburg, 1906).
4 . Tille, “D. W.,” 259.
5 . Ibid. 261.
6 . Ibid. 261 f.
7 . G. Rietschel, “Weihnachten in Kirche, Kunst und Volksleben” (Bielefeld and Leipsic, 1902), 153.
8 . Ibid., 153.
9 . Tille, “D. W.,” 270.
10. Rietschel, 151.
11. Ibid. 151.
13. Dyer, 442; E. M. Leather, “The Folk-Lore of Herefordshire” (London, 1912), 90.
14. Rietschel, 154.
15. Ashton, 189.
16. Ibid. 190.
17. Tille, “D. W.,” 271.
18. Ibid. 272.
19. Ibid. 277; Rietschel, 254.
20. Information supplied by the Rev. E. W. Lummis, who a few years ago was a pastor in the Münsterthal.
21. L. Macdonald in “The Pall Mall Gazette” (London), Dec. 28, 1911.
22. Tille, “Y. & C.,” 174.
23. Ibid. 175 f.
24. Rietschel, 141.
25. Tille, “Y. & C.,” 175.
26. Ibid. 172 f.; Chambers, “B. D.,” ii. 759.
27. Latin text in Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 290.
28. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 244.
29. Frazer, “Magic Art,” ii. 65.
30. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 244.
31. Ibid. 241; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 18.
32. Lloyd, 168.
33. Dyer, 35.
34. W. F. Dawson, “Christmas: its Origin and Associations” (London, 1902), 325.
35. Harrison, “Themis,” 321.
36. Frazer, “Magic Art,” ii. 55 f.
37. Frazer, “Magic Art,” ii. 48.
38. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 242 f.
39. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 251.
40. Latin text, ibid. ii. 300.
41. J. Stow, “A Survay of London,” edited by Henry Morley (London, 1893), 123.
42. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 251.
43. Grimm, iii. 1206; Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 327; MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 162, 205.
44. MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 162 f.
45. Grimm, iii. 1206.
46. Burne and Jackson, 246; Laisnel de la Salle, “Croyances et légendes du centre de la France” (Paris, 1875), i. 58.
47. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 451 f.
48. Washington Irving, “The Sketch-Book” (Revised Edition, New York, 1860), 245.
49. Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. viii. 481.
50. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 472.
51. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 100.
52. Burne and Jackson, 245.
53. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 226.
54. E. K. Chambers and F. Sidgwick, “Early English Lyrics” (London, 1907), 293; E. Rickert, “Ancient English Carols” (London, 1910), 262.381
55. Rickert, 262.
56. Burne and Jackson, 245 f., 397, 411.
57. Lloyd, 169.
58. Van Norman, 300.
59. Evans, 222.
60. Van Norman, 300 f.
61. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 286 f.
62. Grimm, iv. 1831.
63. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 238. Cf. Tille, “Y. & C.,” 104.
64. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 420.