65. Tille, “D. W.,” 195.
66. Ibid. 197.
67. Bilfinger, 48.
68. Th. Bentzon, “Christmas in France” in “The Century Magazine” (New York), Dec., 1901, 173.
69. Feilberg, ii. 179 f.
70. Pitrè, 167, 404.
71. Feilberg, i. 196; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 453 f.; Wylie, 77 f.
72. Lloyd, 172.
73. W. Sandys, “Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern” (London, 1833), xcv.
74. Walsh, 240 f.; Ashton, 194 f.
1 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 257.
2 . Rickert, 259.
3 . W. Sandys, “Christmastide: its History, Festivities, and Carols” (London, n.d.), 112.
4 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 133.
5 . J. A. H. Murray, “A New English Dictionary” (Oxford, 1888, &c.) iv. (1) 577.
6 . Addy, 103.
7 . Dawson, 254.
8 . Addy, 104.
9 . Burne and Jackson, 407.
10. Brand, 283.
11. Cf. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 260.
12. Addy, 103.
13. Cf. carols in Brand, 3, and Rickert, 243 f.
14. Brand, 3.
15. Dyer, 464.
16. Feilberg, i. 119, 184; Lloyd, 173.
17. Jahn, 265.
18. Stratilesco, 190.
19. Ralston, 193, 203.
20. Mijatovich, 98.
21. Jahn, 261.
22. Rietschel, 106. Cf. Weinhold, 25, and Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 463.
24. Laisnel, i. 7 f.
25. Ibid. i. 12 f.
26. Ibid. i. 11.
27. E. Cortet, “Essai sur les Fêtes religieuses” (Paris, 1867), 265.
28. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 286 f.
29. M. Höfler, “Weihnachtsgebäcke. Eine vergleichende Studie der germanischen Gebildbrote zur Weihnachtszeit” in “Zeitschrift für österreichische Volkskunde,” Jahrg. 11, Supplement-Heft 3 (Vienna, 1905).
30. Jahn, 280 f.
31. Burne and Jackson, 406 f.
32. “The Mirror of Perfection,” trans. by Sebastian Evans (London, 1898), 206.
33. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 233 f.
34. Lloyd, 170 f.
35. Jahn, 276.
36. Ibid. 276.
37. Lloyd, 168.
38. Evans, 231 f.; for the ox-custom, see Evans, 233.
39. Abbott, 76.
40. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 244 f., 238, 245.
41. Dawson, 339.
42. S. Graham, “A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians” (London, 1910), 25 f.
43. Stratilesco, 190.
44. Van Norman, 299 f.
45. Jahn, 267.
46. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 442 f., where other examples, British and Continental, of the wren-hunt are given. Cf. Dyer, 494 f.
47. Folk-Lore, vol. xviii., 1907, 439 f.
48. MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 221.
49. See Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 380, 441, for examples of similar practices with sacred animals.
50. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 259.
51. Brand, 272.
52. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 262.
53. Lloyd, 181 f.
54. Ibid. 181.
55. Thorpe, ii. 49 f.
56. Ralston, 200.
1 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 390 f.
2 . The Works Of Ben Jonson, ed. by Barry Cornwall (London, 1838), 600.
3 . Shakespeare, “Henry VIII.,” Act I. Sc. IV.
4 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 403 f.
5 . Ibid. i. 227, 402.
6 . Ibid. i. 402. Cf. Burne and Jackson, 410.
7 . For a bibliography of texts of the mummers’ plays see Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 205 f.383
8 . This account of the plays and dances is based upon Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 182 f. (chapters ix. and x.).
9 . Tacitus, “Germania,” cap. xxiv. (Eng. Trans. by W. Hamilton Fyfe, Oxford, 1908).
10. Cf. Harrison, “Themis,” 43 f.
11. Professor Gilbert Murray in “Themis,” 341 f.
12. Harrison, “Themis,” 232.
13. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 226.
14. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 192, 213 f.
15. Ibid. i. 220 f.
16. Lawson, 223 f.
17. Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. x. 482.
18. This account of the Feast of Fools and the Boy Bishop is mainly derived from Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 274-371, and from Mr. A. F. Leach's article, “The Schoolboys’ Feast,” in “The Fortnightly Review” (London), vol. lix., 1896, 128 f.
19. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 294.
20. Full text in Chambers, “M. S.,” ii. 280 f.
21. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 372 f.
22. “Two Sermons preached by the Boy Bishop at St. Paul's,” ed. by J. G. Nichols, with an Introduction by E. F. Rimbault (London, printed for the Camden Society, 1875).
23. Ibid. 3.
24. Quoted by F. J. Snell, “The Customs Of Old England” (London, 1911), 44.
25. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 366.
26. J. Aubrey, “Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme” (1686-7), ed. by J. Britten (London, 1881), 40 f.
27. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 350.
28. Feilberg, ii. 254.
1 . Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 237 f.
2 . Dyer, 492.
3 . L. von Hörmann, “Das Tiroler Bauernjahr” (Innsbruck, 1899), 204.
4 . Ibid. 204.
5 . Ibid. 204 f.
6 . Feilberg, i. 212.
7 . Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 402.
8 . Feilberg, i. 211.
9 . Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 402 f.
10. Ibid. 402 f.; Feilberg, i. 204 f.; Lloyd, 203 f.
11. H. C. Beeching, “A Book of Christmas Verse” (London, 1895), 21 f.
12. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 406.
13. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 67.
14. Jahn, 269 f.
15. Ibid. 270 f.
17. Dyer, 497 f.
18. Ibid. 498; Brand, 290.
19. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 264 f.
20. Ibid. 265 f.
21. Ibid. 268.
22. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 129 f.
1 . Rhys, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 320 f.
2 . Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 72.
3 . E. Thurston, “Omens and Superstitions of Southern India” (London, 1912), 17 f.
4 . Walsh, 742.
5 . Wylie, 81.
6 . Sébillot, 176.
7 . A. Maurice Low, “The American People” (London, 1911), ii. 6.
8 . Walsh, 739 f.
9 . Evans, 229.
10. Burne and Jackson, 315 f.
11. Notes and Queries, 5th Series, vol. iii. 6.
12. Information given by the Rev. E. J. Hardy, formerly Chaplain to the Forces at Hongkong.
13. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 204 f.
14. Burne and Jackson, 265.
15. Grimm, iv. 1784.
16. Harrison, “Themis,” 36.
17. Henderson, “Folk Lore of the Northern Counties,” 72 f.
18. Addy, 205.
19. G. Hastie in Folk-Lore, vol. iv., 1893, 309 f.
20. J. E. Crombie in same volume, 316 f.
21. Addy, 106; Burne and Jackson, 314; Rhys, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 337.
22. Rhys, “Celtic Folklore,” i. 339.
23. Ibid. 339 f.; W. Henderson, 74. Cf. Folk-Lore, vol. iii., 1892, 253 f.; vol. iv., 1893, 309 f.
24. Hastie (see Note 19), 311.
25. Walsh, 738.
26. Hastie, 312.
27. Chambers, “B. D.,” i. 28.
28. Ibid. ii. 789 f.; Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. ix., 322; Dyer, 506.
29. Ashton, 228.
30. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 230 f.
31. J. G. Campbell, “Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland” (Glasgow, 1902), 232. Cf. the account given by Dr. Johnson, in Brand, 278.
32. Henderson, “Survivals of Belief among the Celts,” 263 f.
33. R. Chambers, “Popular Rhymes of Scotland” (Edinburgh, 1847), 296, and “B. D.,” ii. 788.385
34. “New English Dictionary,” v. (1) 327.
35. Cortet, 18.
36. Sébillot, 213.
37. Ibid. 213.
38. MacCulloch, “Guernsey Folk Lore,” 37.
39. Abbott, 80 f.
40. Stratilesco, 197 f.
41. Hamilton, 103.
42. Ibid. 104.
43. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 593 f.
44. Latin text from Ducange in Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 254.
45. Wylie, 81.
46. Abbott, 78.
47. Grimm, iv. 1847.
48. Sébillot, 171.
49. Dyer, 7.
50. Ashton, 228.
51. A. Macdonell, “In the Abruzzi” (London, 1908), 102.
52. Abbott, 77.
53. Ralston, 205.
54. “The Athenæum” (London), Feb. 5, 1848; Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol. v., 5.
1 . Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 240 f.
2 . Leigh Hunt, “The Seer; or, Common-Places Refreshed” (London, 1850), part ii. 31.
3 . Beeching, 148 f.
4 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 261.
5 . E. Pasquier, “Les Recherches de la France” (Paris, 1621), livre iv., chap. ix. p. 375.
6 . Cortet, 33.
7 . Ibid. 34.
8 . Ibid. 43.
9 . E. Du Méril, “Origines latines du théâtre moderne” (Paris, 1849), 26 f.
10. Brand, 13.
11. A. de Nore, “Coutumes, mythes et traditions des provinces de France” (Paris, 1846), 173.
12. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 29 f.; Brand, 13.
13. Matilde Serao, “La Madonna e i Santi” (Naples, 1902), 128.
14. Reinach, i. 45 f.
15. Abbott, 77.
16. Ibid. 78.
17. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” iii. 93.
18. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 246; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 21.
19. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 21.
21. Stratilesco, 198.
22. Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 21.
23. Countess Martinengo-Cesaresco, “Essays in the Study of Folk-Songs” (London, 1886), 334.
24. D. N. Lees, “Tuscan Feasts and Tuscan Friends” (London, 1907), 87.
25. Ibid. 83.
26. Serao, 127 f.
27. E. de Olavarría y Huarte, “El Folk-Lore de Madrid,” 90. [Vol. ii. of “Biblioteca de las Tradiciones Populares Españolas” (Seville, 1884).]
28. Ibid. 92.
29. “Memoirs of Mistral,” 32 f.
30. Nore, 17.
31. Abbott, 87.
32. Frazer, “Magic Art,” i. 275 f.
33. Hamilton, 118.
34. Brand, 16; Chambers, “B. D.,” i. 56; Dyer, 21.
35. Aubrey, 40.
36. Brand, 16.
37. Beeching, 147.
38. Ashton, 87 f.
39. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 225.
40. Tille, “D. W.,” 254.
41. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 230.
42. W. S. Lach-Szyrma in “The Folk-Lore Record” (London), vol. iv., 1881, 53.
43. Brand, 17; Chambers, “B. D.,” i. 55 f.; Dyer, 22 f. Several accounts have been collected by Mrs. Leather, “Folk-Lore of Herefordshire,” 93 f.
44. Evans, 228.
45. Dyer, 24.
46. Folk-Lore, vol. v., 1894, 192.
47. Ibid. vol. vii., 1896, 340 f.
48. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 149 f.
49. W. Hone, “Every Day Book” (London, 1838), ii. 1649.
50. Folk-Lore, vol. vii., 1896, 342.
51. [Sir] G. L. Gomme, “The Village Community” (London, 1890), 242 f.
52. Busk, 99.
53. Dawson, 320.
54. “The Nation” (London), Dec. 10, 1910.
55. Burne and Jackson, 411.
56. Lloyd, 217.
57. Bilfinger, 24.
58. Brand, 18 f.
59. Dyer, 37.
60. Quoted from “Journal of the Archæological Association,” vol. vii., 1852, 202, by Dyer, 39.
61. Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 113.
62. Ibid. i. 114.
63. Usener, 310 f.
64. Naogeorgus, 48.
66. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 7.
67. Usener, 321.
68. Brand, 25. Cf. G. W. Kitchin, “Seven Sages Of Durham” (London, 1911), 113.
69. The Gentleman's Magazine, 1790, 719.
70. Dyer, 55 f.
71. Quoted by Dyer, 57, from Martin's “Description of the Western Isles of Scotland” (1703), 119.
72. Gomme, “Folk-Lore Relics,” 95.
73. Brand, 26.
74. Ibid. 26.
75. Burne and Jackson, 411.
1 . E. Clodd in Presidential Address to the Folk-Lore Society, 1894. See Folk-Lore, vol. vi., 1895, 77.388