The following paragraph must also be quoted for its clear indication of a matter which is of prime importance, which no one denies, and yet of which no statesman or politician has begun to take cognizance:—

Elsewhere I have endeavoured to deal with the general physiology of alcohol and its relations to race-culture. Here our special concern has been woman, and not woman as mother, but rather woman as individual. We have had specially to refer, however, to expectant and nursing motherhood because each of these offers special temptations and opportunities for the beginning of the alcoholic habit or strengthening its hold in a deadly fashion, and it is certainly necessary for us to know that the supposed advantages to the child, which constitute a new argument for alcohol at these times, are not advantages but injuries which may be grave and often fatal. The utterly incomprehensible thing is how anyone can suppose or ever could suppose otherwise.

It is necessary to add a few words to the foregoing since there has recently appeared what purports to be a contribution to some of the problems that have concerned us. Part of the foregoing argument has rested upon the fact, only too definitely, variously and frequently proved, that alcoholism in women prejudices the performance of their supreme functions. Complicated as the maternal relation to the future is, the relations of alcohol to the problem are correspondingly so, and in any discussion that is to be of value we must draw the necessary distinctions. In many scientific contributions to the subject this has already been done. We have identified certain degenerate stocks who display the symptoms of alcoholism. The alcohol may aggravate their degeneracy but it is not the prime cause of it in them, though it may have been so in their ancestors. The children of such persons are degenerate also, and as the class is numerous and fertile there is here a social problem which is not primarily a problem in alcohol, but is accidentally connected therewith simply because the proneness to alcoholism is a symptom of the degeneracy.

Quite distinct from the foregoing there is the influence of alcohol upon mothers and motherhood that would otherwise have been healthy. Alcohol, like lead, as has been shown elsewhere, may injure the racial elements in the mother before even expectant motherhood occurs. Later, it may prejudice both expectant motherhood and nursing motherhood; further it is often the primary cause of over-laying and of chronic cruelty and neglect. Until quite lately there was also the action of the public-house upon the children to be reckoned with, where the mother visited it and was allowed to take them with her. That, however, has been at last put a stop to in England, following the example of civilization elsewhere.

But it will be clear that the problem is a complicated one. It has been confidently attacked by Professor Karl Pearson in a Report upon "the influence of parental alcoholism upon the offspring," and the conclusions of that Report have been widely circulated and are being circulated almost wherever the monetary interest of alcohol has power. Briefly, Professor Pearson came to the conclusion that the children of drunken parents are, on the average, superior to those of sober parents in physique and in intelligence, in sight and in freedom from epilepsy and other diseases. This, of course, as everybody knows, is obvious nonsense, and the only problem remaining is how to account for its assertion. I have dealt with that question at length elsewhere,[24] and here need only note in a word that Professor Pearson's Report includes no comparison between the children of abstainers and drinkers, since the number of abstainers was too few to be treated separately; that Professor Pearson attaches no strict meaning to the term alcoholism, by which he means anything from what the word really means down to a general suspicion that the parents were drinking more than was good for themselves or their home; and finally that in studying the influence of alcohol upon offspring Professor Pearson has omitted to enquire in a single case whether the alcoholism or the offspring came first. The Report has no scientific basis whatever and has been riddled with criticism by expert students of every kind, including not merely students of alcoholism but also Professor Alfred Marshall of Cambridge, the greatest English-speaking economist of the time, who has shown that there are no grounds for the assumptions made by Professor Pearson in that part of his argument which is based upon the economic efficiency of drinking and non-drinking parents. The publication of this Report merely hastens the rapid decadence of "biometry," the foundations of which have already been sapped by the re-discovery of Mendelism in 1900; but it was necessary to refer to the matter here, since in the advertisements and the other printed matter paid for by the alcoholic party, the public is being informed that the children of alcoholic parents have been proved to be, on the whole, superior to those of non-alcoholic parents. This question has been exhaustively studied, yet again, in London by Dr. Sullivan, in Helsingfors by Professor Laitinen, and also in New York in an enquiry which actually embraced no less than fifty-five thousand school children. The elementary fallacies entertained by Professor Pearson were of course avoided and the uniform result in these and in a host of other enquiries that might be named is the only result which could be imagined in a universe where causes have effects.

The particular causes under consideration have been having their effects for a very long time. It begins to be more and more clear that they have played a great part in the history of mankind. As the "history" we learnt at school is more and more discredited, there is slowly coming into being a real kind of history which deals with the essentials of national life and death, and is based upon the principles of organic evolution. This is a thesis which one has attempted to justify in a previous book, but one aspect of it must be recurred to here. Our modern study of various diseases and poisons is throwing a light on the life of nations. Take for instance the modern theories as to the influence of malarial poison upon Greece. In the case of alcohol, we now have evidence which is real and unchallengeable. The properties which it displays when we study it to-day have always been and always will be its properties. We find that it has certain actions on living protoplasm in the twentieth century; we know enough of the uniformity of nature to realize that it had those actions in the tenth century, and will have them in the thirtieth. As we study under the microscope the influence of alcohol upon the racial tissues in the individual,[25] and therein find confirmation of experimental study and observation by all the other means available to science, we begin to see that the greatest facts of history are those of which historians have no word, and not least amongst these has ever been the influence of alcohol upon parenthood. It is possible to adduce arguments in favour of the view that the practically complete immunity of their parenthood from alcohol is one of the great factors that explain the all but unexampled persistence of the Jews and their present status in the van of the world's thought and work. For history it is the parents that matter as against the non-parents, and of the parents it is the mothers even more than the fathers. The freedom of the Jews as a whole from alcoholism is more marked than ever in the case of their women; that is to say, in the case of their mothers.

We see the part-results of this in our own time when we compare the infant mortality amongst the Jews with that of their Gentile neighbours in a great city such as London or Leeds. As everyone should know, there is a huge disparity between the figures in the two cases, and in some records it has been found that under equal conditions two Gentile babies will die for each Jewish baby. The conditions are of course not equal, because the Jewish babies have Jewish motherhood, splendidly backed up as it usually is by Jewish fatherhood; whereas the Gentile babies have a very inferior parental care. Now if it were that infant mortality, as most people suppose, simply meant the death of a certain number of babies, the foregoing facts would have no particular bearing upon the questions of racial survival, except in so far as those questions depend upon mere numbers. But the advocates of the great campaign against infant mortality have always maintained that the actual mortality is only one effect of the causes which produce it. When people have said that the loss of a certain number of babies mattered little, we have always replied that for every baby killed many were damaged. This contention has now been proved up to the hilt in the remarkable official enquiry, the first of its kind, made by Dr. Newsholme, now Chief Medical Officer of the Local Government Board.[26] He studied infant mortality in relation to the mortality of children and young people at all subsequent ages, and he proved, once and for all, that infant mortality is what we have always maintained it to be, not merely a disaster in itself but an evidence of causes which injure the health and vigour of the survivors at all ages. Wherever infant mortality is highest, there child mortality is highest, and the mortality of boys and girls at puberty and during the early years of adolescence when the body is preparing for and becoming capable of parenthood. The evil conditions that cause infant mortality are thus proved to be far-reaching and much wider in their effects than any but the students of the subject have yet realized.

This chapter must be brought to a close, but it may be added that the emergence of sober nations, such as Japan and Turkey, into contemporary history, and the possibilities latent in China,—to mention none other of the "dying nations," so very much alive, at whom glass-eyed politicians used to sneer—constitutes one of the major facts of contemporary history. No one can yet say whether these nations will have the wisdom to retain their ancient habits or whether they will accept our whisky along with our parliamentary institutions and motor-cars. Much future history rests upon this issue.

But I have little doubt that whatever happens in the case of Japan and Turkey, Jewish parenthood will retain the quality which has long ago become fixed as a racial characteristic, and that the race which has survived so much oppression and so many of its oppressors will survive contemporary abuse and the abusers. Its women nurse their own babies and have retained the power to do so. Neither before birth nor after do they feed the life that is to be on alcohol; they lay rightly the foundations of the future, where alone those foundations can be durably laid. The reader is not necessarily asked to admire them or to like them or to speak well of them, but if he desires the strength and continuance of whatever race or nation he belongs to, he will do well to imitate them.

It seems necessary to believe in the yellow peril, though not, of course, in its absurd form of a military nightmare. The pressure of population is the irresistible force of history. It depends, of course, upon parenthood, and more especially upon motherhood and therefore upon womanhood. At present the motherhood of the yellow races is sober. If it remains so, and if the motherhood of Western races takes the course which motherhood has taken for many years past in England, it is very sure that in the Armageddon of the future, those ancient races, Semitic and Mongol, which had achieved civilization when Europe was in the Stone Age, will be in a position of immense advantage as against our own race, which is threatening, at any rate in England, to follow the example of many races of which little record, or none, now remains, and drink itself to death.

The plan of this book has now been satisfied. The reader may be very far from satisfied, but not, it is to be hoped, on the ground that many subjects have been omitted which might quite well have been included under the title of Woman and Womanhood. It was better to confine our search to principles.

For it seems evident that civilization is at the parting of the ways in these fundamental matters. The invention of aeroplanes and submarine and wireless telegraphy and the like is of no more moment than the fly on the chariot wheel, compared with the vital reconstructions which are now proceeding or imminent. The business of the thoughtful at this juncture is to determine principles, for principles there are in these matters, if they can be discovered, as certain, as all-important as those on which any other kind of science proceeds. Just as the physicist must hold hard by his principles of motion and thermodynamics and radiation and the like, so the sociologist must hold hard by the organic principles which determine the life and continuance of living things. Unless we base our projects for mankind upon the laws of life, they will come to naught, as such projects have come to naught not once but a thousand times in the past.

None will dare dispute these assertions, yet what do we see at the present time? On what grounds is the woman question fought, and by what kind of disputants? It is fought, as everyone knows, on the grounds of what women want, or rather, what a particular section of half-instructed women, in some particular time and place, think they want,—or do not want—under the influence of suggestion, imitation and the other influences which determine public opinion. It is fought on the grounds of precedent: women are not to have votes in England because women have never had votes in England, or they are to have votes in England because they have them in New Zealand. It is fought on party political grounds, none the less potent because they are not honestly acknowledged: the Liberal and the Conservative parties favour or disfavour this or that Suffrage Bill, or whatever it may be, according to what they expect to be its effect upon their voting strength. It is fought upon financial grounds, as when we see the entire force of the alcoholic party arrayed against the claims of women, as in the nature of things it always has been and always will be. It is fought on theological grounds by clerics who quote the first chapter of Genesis; and on anti-theological grounds by half-instructed rationalists who attack marriage because they suppose it was invented by the Church.

And whose voices never fail among the disputants? Loudest of all are those of youth of both sexes, who know nothing and want to know nothing and who have no idea that there is anything to know in attempting to decide such questions as this. It is argued in the House of Gramophones and such places, by common politicians of the type the many-headed choose, who would do better to confine themselves to the soiled questions of tariffs and the like, in which they find a native joy. It is argued by vast numbers of men who hate or fear women, and women who hate or fear men, as if any imaginable wisdom on this question or any other could possibly be born of such emotions.

Yet all the while we are dealing with a problem in biology, with living beings, obeying and determined by the laws of life, and with a species exhibiting those fundamental facts of heredity, variation, bi-parental reproduction, sexual selection, instinct and the like, which are mere meaningless names to nine out of ten of the disputants, and yet which determine them and their disputes and the issues thereof.

If these contentions be correct, there is plainly much need for an attempt, however imperfect, to set forth the first principles of woman and womanhood. Evidently the time for discussion of detailed questions has not yet come, since, to take a single instance, there is not yet to be heard on either side of the controversy a single voice asserting the fundamental eugenic necessity that, at whatever cost, the best women must be selected for motherhood, and the contribution of their superiority to the future stock.

Let us briefly sum up the substance of the foregoing pages.

First, we have stated the eugenic postulate, failing to grant which we and our schemes, our votes and our hopes, will assuredly disappear or decay, as must all living races which are not recruited from their best, Secondly, we have proceeded to analyze the nature of womanhood, its capacities and conditions, assuming that we can scarcely discover whither it should go unless we know what it is. To the party politician, hungry for the prizes that suit his soul or stomach, such an assumption is mere foolish pedantry; and the ardent suffragist will have little more to say to it. That, however, cannot be helped. It is to be hoped that all parties, as parties, will unite in banning the views herein expressed, and then one may take heart of grace and dare to hope that there is something in them.

They may be crystallized in the dictum that woman is Nature's supreme organ of the future. This is not a theory, but a statement of evident truth. It is an essential canon of what one might call the philosophy of biology, and applies to the female sex throughout living nature. Birth is of the female alone. No sub-human male, nor even man himself, can directly achieve the future; the greatest statesman or law-giver or founder of nations can only work, if he knew it, through womanhood. The greatest of these, and their name is very far from legion, was evidently Moses, as history shows, and he acted on this principle. On the other hand, those who have sought to achieve the future, as Napoleon did, failed because they defiled and flouted womanhood. The best men died on the battlefield and the worst were left to aid the women in that supreme work of parenthood by which alone, and only through the co-operation of men and women, the future is made.

Thirdly, we have seen it to follow from this dedication of the greater and vastly more valuable part of woman's energies to the future that, just in proportion as she serves it and devotes herself thereto, she needs present support. Biology teaches us that the male sex was invented for this purpose; doubtless one should say for this "increasing purpose," since it is scarcely more than foreshadowed at first in the history of the male sex. The study of life has clearly proved that the male sex is secondary and adjuvant, and that its essentially auxiliary functions for the race have been increasing from the beginning until we find them in perfection wherever two parents join in common consecration and devotion to their supreme task, upon which all else depends and without which nothing else could be.

And just as woman is mediate between man and the future, so man is mediate between woman and the present. Woman is the more immediate environment, the special providence, so to say, of childhood; and man, in a rightly constituted society, is the special providence, the more immediate environment of woman, standing between her and inanimate Nature, guarding her, taking thought for her, feeding her, using his special masculine qualities for her—that is to say, in the long run, for the future of the race; this indeed being the purpose for which Nature has contrived all individuals of both sexes. If we prefer such phrases, we may say that the future or the children are parasitic upon woman, and that woman is "parasitic upon the male," which is one woman's way of putting it. Or we may say that these are the natural and therefore divine relations of the various forms in which human life is cast, and that our business is to make them more effective, more provident and freer from the factors which in all ages have tended to injure them.

Fourthly, we have everywhere seen cause to condemn sex-antagonism, and it is my hope that no page or line or word of this book can be accused of illustrating or justifying or inciting to or even attempting to palliate either form of this wholly abominable spirit of the pit. If such places there be, there assuredly is misdirection and falsity. This spirit is one of the great enemies of mankind. As aroused in women against men, it has done and is doing no little harm; as exhibited by men against the righteous claims of women, it is one of the supremely malign forces of history. Wherever and however displayed, it is false to the first and most essential facts of life, from the moment of the evolution of sex, hundreds of millions of years ago, until our own time. All who display it, however excellent their intentions, are enemies of mankind; all who work upon it for their own ends, political and personal, without feeling it, are beneath disgust. These are things true and necessary to be said, though they should not deter us from sympathizing with the unhappy individuals, not a few, whose lives have been blasted by individuals of the other sex, and who show the natural but tragic tendency to make their private injury cause for resentment against one-half of mankind. Surveying the pages that are past, I am almost inclined to regret that, the plan of the book notwithstanding, a special chapter was not devoted to Sex-Antagonism and to a demonstration on biological grounds of its wickedness and pestilence wherever it be found, and whatever plausible case for it may anywhere be made.

If the sound of hope is not heard as the ground-tone of these chapters, let it ring through all else at the end. I am an optimist because I am an evolutionist, and because I believe, as every one of those whom I call Eugenists must, that the best is yet to be. The dawn is breaking for womanhood, and therefore for all mankind. If we are asked to express in one phrase the reason why this hope is justified, it is because the long struggle between two antithetic conceptions of human society is reaching a definite issue.

These radically opposed ideas may for convenience be called the organic and the internecine. The internecine conception of society forever sets nation against nation, race against race, class against class, sex against sex, individual against individual, on the ground that the interest of one must be the injury of the other. It is false. Nay, more, for man living his life on this earth as he must and will, it is the Great Lie.

And it is being found out. Even international trade and commerce, from which such a service could scarcely have been expected, are here contributing to philosophy. Our fathers talked of the comity of nations; we are beginning to discover their interdependence. The coming of that discovery is one of the few really new things under the sun. Not so very long ago, when mankind was far less numerous, such interdependence of nations did not exist; they were self-sufficient, just as the patriarchal family was self-sufficient still further ago.

But the interdependence of the sexes is so far from being a new fact that it is as old as the evolution of sex, and the decadence and disappearance of parthenogenesis or reproduction from the female sex alone. Once bi-parental reproduction becomes necessary for the continuance of the race, both sexes sink with either, and neither can swim but with both. Yet so far are we from realizing this most ancient of facts to-day that, on both sides of the woman question, wonderful to relate, are to be found controversialists who are seeking to deny this continuous lesson of so many million ages. The reader may take his choice of folly between them. On the one hand, there are the feminists who seek to do without man,—except for the minimum physiological purpose. The women are to sustain the present and create the future simultaneously, and man is to be reduced, apparently, to the function of the drone. Thus Mrs. Gilman in "Women and Economics." Over against her and those who think with her are to be set the men, and women too, who tell us that "men made the State,"—a sufficiently shameful admission—and that women have no business with these things. Do not their mothers blush for such; to have travailed so much, and to have achieved so little?

Fortunately, however, the greater number of those who think and determine the deeds of the mass are beginning, though the dawn is yet very faint, to perceive that this truth of the interdependence of the sexes, which is part of the greater truth that mankind is an organic whole, is not only much truer than ever to-day, but is vital to our salvation; and save us it will. In so far as we are keeping women inferior to men, we must raise them; in so far as we are keeping men, in other and certainly no less important respects, inferior to women, we must raise them. The future needs and will obtain the utmost of the highest of both sexes. Thus and thus only "springs the crowning race of human kind": wherein, as we hasten to the dust, living for a day, yet for ever, our eyes prophetic may behold the sure and certain hope of a glorious resurrection.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Adolescence, 124
—— and advertisements, 135
—— and alcohol, 228
Alcohol, 54, 100
—— accessibility of, 360
—— and expectant motherhood, 367
—— and breast-feeding, 371
—— and industrialism, 360, 377
—— and tobacco versus children, 201, 251, 354
—— widows and orphans, 350
—— and womanhood, 348 et seq.
Alcoholism and lead poisoning, 379
—— and offspring, 380
—— and Jewish survival, 382 et seq.
Anti-Suffrage societies, 16
Asceticism, old and new, 102
Bees, arguments from, 31, 84, 322
Birth-rate, fall of, 288 et seq.
—— and infant mortality, 301
—— and marriage-rate, 312
Board of Education Syllabus, 121
Breast feeding, 333 et seq.
—— and alcohol, 371
"British Medical Journal" on meat, wines, etc., 361 et seq.
Brooding instinct in fowls, 82
Canada's need of women, 269
Childless marriage, 244
Children Act, 265, 372
Climacteric, 21, 77, 98
Confirmation and adolescence, 124
Conservation of energy, 64
—— and higher education, 79
Contagious diseases, 219
Corset, 120, 186 et seq.
Cycling for women, 119
Dancing, 120, 122
Degeneracy and inaction, 42
Determination of sex, 72 et seq.
Divorce, conditions of, 291 et seq.
—— versus separation, 293
—— in Germany, 293
—— Law Reform Union, 293
Dolls and their significance, 95, 166
Education, definition of, 156
—— and instruction, 161, 172
—— for motherhood, 151, 158 et seq.
Educational question, 43
Endowment of motherhood, 282 et seq., 308
Engagements, length of, 135
Eugenic feminism, 7
Eugenics, passim.
"Evolution of Sex," 67
Exercise in girls' schools, Herbert Spencer on, 104 et seq.
Expectant mother, 143, 367
Fabian Society, 182
Femaleness, constitution of, 76
Games versus dumb-bells, 110
—— mixed, 113
Gameto-genesis, 82
Germ cells and germ plasm, 27, 28, 81, 206, 367
—— its immortality, 29
—— and sex inheritance, 74
Girls' clubs, 123
—— clothing, 125
Gonorrhœa, 223 et seq.
Gymnastics versus play, 109
Hæmophilia, 3
Happiness in marriage, 236
Heredity and responsibility, 195
Heredity of sex, 73
Higher education, 151
——  in London, 128
——  and marriage rate, 78
—— and conservation of energy, 79
Highest education, 154
Identical twins, 55
Illegitimacy, 148, 304, 336, 384
Infant mortality, 70, 172, 177, 194, 259, 325
Infant mortality and alcohol, 370
Insanity, 54, 225
Instinct and emotion, 164
Instinct, Spencer's definition of, 164
Insurance for motherhood, 315
Joy, physiological value of, 112
Kaiser's creed, 11
Knossos, 186
Law of multiplication, 66
Leprosy, 220
Maleness, constitution of, 76
"Man before speech," 39
Marriage age, 196
—— Metchnikoff on, 199
—— and quality of children, 204
—— conditions of, 258
—— and the "superfluous woman," 259 et seq.
"Marriage as a Trade," 202
Marriage, social function of, 307
Married women's labour, 306
Mars, the parallel from, 50
Maternal instinct, 163 et seq.
—— McDougall on, 168 et seq.
—— in the cat, 171, 177
—— alleged decadence of, 174 et seq.
Mendelism, 4, 67, 74, 75, 81 et seq., 330
Menstrual function, 108
Monogamy and its critics, 272
Monogamy and polygamy, 261
"Morning Post," quotation from, 340
Mortality in childbirth, 217
Mosaic legislation, 147
Mother and child worship, 148
Motherhood, endowment of, 282
—— physical and psychical, 83
Motherhood insurance, 315
"Mrs. Warren's Profession," 138
Muscles, relative value of, for women, 117
Muscularity and vitality, 99
Natural selection, 32
Nature and nurture, 52, 214
Neanderthal skull, 38
Notification of Births Act, 132
Organic analysis by Mendelism, 81
Parental instinct, 95
Parthenogenesis, 72
Patent medicines and alcohol, 361 et seq.
Physical fitness for marriage, 208
Physical training of girls, 99
Physiological division of labour, 87
Play centres, 22
Preventive eugenics, 24
Progress and the nervous system, 102
—— definition of, 37
—— the two kinds of, 38
Prudery, 130, 132 et seq.
Psychical fitness for marriage, 211
Puberty, 98, 124
Racial instinct, 167, 180, 225
Racial poisons, 24, 382
Radium, 35
"Reproduction" and "parenthood," 141
Rescue homes, 137
"Richard Feverel," 191
Rights of mothers, 293 et seq.
—— of women, 319
Scotland, educational strain at puberty, 115
Separation versus divorce, 293
"Sex and Character," 68
Sex equality and sex identity, 56 et seq.
Sex and breathing, 93, 94
Sex and the blood, 93
Sex in childhood, 92
Sex antagonism, 391
"Sexual instinct" and "racial instinct," 144 et seq.
Sexual attraction, Spencer on, 240 et seq.
Sexual selection, 144
Skipping, 122
Socialism, 182
—— and motherhood, 282
Socialism and responsibility, 309
Swedish gymnastics, 121
Swimming, 120
Syphilis, 54, 222 et seq.
Terms of specialization, 87
Transmutation of instinct, 171
—— of sex, 251
Vacation schools, 22, 114
Variation within a sex, 89
—— amongst women, 90
Venereal diseases, 219 et seq.
Venus of Milo, 120, 186
Vital imports and exports, 267
Vitality superior in women, 99
Widowhood, causes of, 217
—— and motherhood, 303
Women and colonization, 268 et seq.
"Women's Charter," 311, 315
Women and economics, 327 et seq.

INDEX OF NAMES

Aristotle, 39
Aurelius, Marcus, 257
Bacon, 182
Ballantyne, Dr. J. W., 370
Bateson, 77
Bonheur, Rosa, 58
Botticelli, 184
Bouchard, 290
Brieux, 138, 221
Budin, Prof., 336
Bunge, Prof. von, 334, 371
Burke, 225
Burns, John, 325
Butler, Lady, 58
Carlyle, 8
Chesterton, G. K., 266, 333
Clouston, 21
Coleridge, 40, 178, 184
Croom, Sir Halliday, 119
Darwin, 26, 47
Duncan, Miss Isadora, 123
Duncan, Dr. Matthews, 210
Ehrlich, 233
Eliot, George, 58
Ellis, Dr. Havelock, 61, 93, 118, 119, 186
Evans, Dr. Arthur, 186
Fawcett, Mrs., 21
Forel, 86, 149
Galton, 7, 52, 203, 205, 208, 211
Geddes and Thomson, 65, 84
Gilman, Mrs. C. P., 327, 393
Goethe, 225
Haeckel, 82
Hamilton, Miss Cicely, 202
Haynes, E. S. P., 293
Helmholtz, 36
Horsley, 254
Huxley, 46
Kelvin, 35
Key, Ellen, 8, 59, 347
Kipling, 188
Laitinen, Prof. Taav, 381
Lamarck, 158
Lister, 20, 209
Maclaren, Lady, 315
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 325
Marshall, Prof. Alfred, 381
McDougall, Dr. W., 165
Meredith, 48, 142
Metchnikoff, 199
Mill, J. S., 174
Milne-Edwards, 87
Minot, 87
Mosso, 120
Mott, Dr. F. W., 356
Napoleon, 305
Nation, Carrie, 23
Newman, Sir George, 121
Newsholme, Dr. A., 384
Nightingale, Florence, 17
Pasteur, 217
Pearson, Karl, 205, 380
Phillpotts, Eden, 191
Plato, 2, 56, 182
Rotch, Prof. Morgan, 336
Ruskin, 19, 48, 150, 157, 189, 345
Sappho, 58
Scharlieb, Dr. Mary, 371
Shakespeare, 52
Spencer, Herbert, 6, 45, 48, 64, 81, 104, 129, 156, 159, 171, 240, 320
St. Francis, 46
St. Paul, 150
Stevenson, 154
Sullivan, Dr. W. C., 376, 381
Thales, 64
Ward, Mrs. Humphry, 21
Ward, Lester, 72, 261
Weininger, 68
Weismann, 26, 28, 82
Wells, H. G., 182, 282, 310, 313
Westermarck, 186
Wordsworth, Dorothy, 14
Wordsworth, 13, 48, 159, 189, 256