The percentage table No. II has a range from one half of 1 per cent to 30 per cent and is designed for use where extremely fine results are needed, or where a very small amount of moisture is present. Table No. III ranges from 30 per cent up to 90 per cent. These instruments are in three models as described below.

Test Samples.—The green boards and all other boards intended for testing should be selected from boards of fair average quality. If air-dried, select one about half way up the height of the pile of lumber. If kiln-dried, two thirds the height of the kiln car. Do not remove the kiln car from the kiln until after the test. Three of four test pieces should be cut from near the middle of the cross-wise section of the board, and 1⁄8 to 3⁄16 inch thick. Remove the superfluous sawdust and splinters. When the test pieces are placed on the scale pan, be sure their weight is less than two ounces and more than 13⁄4 ounces. If necessary, use two or more broken pieces. It is better if the test pieces can be cut off on a fine band saw.

Weighing.—Set the base of the scale on a level surface and accurately balance the scale beam. Put the test pieces on the scale pan and note their weight on the lower edge of the beam. Set the indicator point on the horizontal bar at a number corresponding to this weight, which may be found on the cylinder at the top of the table.

Dry the test pieces on the Electric Heater (Fig. 101) 30 to 40 minutes, or on the engine cylinder two or three hours. Weigh them at once and note the weight. Then turn the cylinder up and at the left of it under the small pointer find the number corresponding to this weight. The percentage of moisture lost is found directly under pointer on the horizontal bar first mentioned. The lower portion on the cylinder Table No. II is an extension of the upper portion, and is manipulated in the same manner except that the bottom line of figures is used for the first weight, and the right side of cylinder for second weight. Turn the cylinder down instead of up when using it.

Examples (Test Pieces)

Keep Records of the Moisture Content

Saw Mills.—Should test and mark each pile of lumber when first piled in the yard, and later when sold it should be again tested and the two records given to the purchaser.

Factories.—Should test and mark the lumber when first received, and if piled in the yard to be kiln-dried later, it should be tested before going into the dry kiln, and again before being removed, and these records placed on file for future reference.

Kiln-dried lumber piled in storage rooms (without any heat) will absorb 7 to 9 per cent of moisture, and even when so stored should be tested for moisture before being manufactured into the finished product.

Never work lumber through the factory that has more than 5 or 6 per cent of moisture or less than 3 per cent.

Dry storage rooms should be provided with heating coils and properly ventilated.

Oak or any other species of wood that shows 25 or 30 per cent of moisture when going into the dry kiln, will take longer to dry than it would if it contained 15 to 20 per cent, therefore the importance of testing before putting into the kiln as well as when taking it out.

The Electric Heater

In Figure 101 is shown the Electric Heater. This heater is especially designed to dry quickly the test pieces for use in connection with the Scalometer (see Fig. 100) without charring them. It may be attached to any electric light socket of 110 volts direct or alternating current. A metal rack is provided to hold the test pieces vertically on edge.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• American Blower Company, Detroit, Mich.
• Imre, James E., "The Kiln-drying of Gum," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry.
• National Dry Kiln Company, Indianapolis, Ind.
• Prichard, Reuben P., "The Structure of the Common Woods," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 3.
• Roth, Filibert, "Timber," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 10.
• Standard Dry Kiln Company, Indianapolis, Ind.
• Sturtevant Company, B. F., Boston, Mass.
• Tieman, H. D., "The Effects of Moisture upon the Strength and Stiffness of Wood," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 70.
• Tieman, H. D., "Principles of Kiln-drying Lumber," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry.
• Tieman, H. D., "The Theory of Drying and its Application, etc.," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 509.
• The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, "Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States."
• The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 37.
• Von Schrenk, Herman, "Seasoning of Timbers," The United States Dept. of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, Bulletin No. 41.
• Wagner, J. B., "Cooperage," 1910.

GLOSSARY

• Abnormal. Differing from the usual structure.
• Acuminate. Tapering at the end.
• Adhesion. The union of members of different floral whorls.
• Air-seasoning. The drying of wood in the open air.
• Albumen. A name applied to the food store laid up outside the embryo in many seeds; also nitrogenous organic matter found in plants.
• Alburnam. Sapwood.
• Angiosperms. Those plants which bear their seeds within a pericarp.
• Annual rings. The layers of wood which are added annually to the tree.
• Apartment kiln. A drying arrangement of one or more rooms with openings at each end.
• Arborescent. A tree in size and habit of growth.
•  
• Baffle plate. An obstruction to deflect air or other currents.
• Bastard cut. Tangential cut. Wood of inferior cut.
• Berry. A fruit whose entire pericarp is succulent.
• Blower kiln. A drying arrangement in which the air is blown through heating coils into the drying room.
• Box kiln. A small square heating room with openings in one end only.
• Brittleness. Aptness to break; not tough; fragility.
• Burrow. A shelter; insect's hole in the wood.
•  
• Calorie. Unit of heat; amount of heat which raises the temperature.
• Calyx. The outer whorl of floral envelopes.
• Capillary. A tube or vessel extremely fine or minute.
• Case-harden. A condition in which the pores of the wood are closed and the outer surface dry, while the inner portion is still wet or unseasoned.
• Cavity. A hollow place; a hollow.
• Cell. One of the minute, elementary structures comprising the greater part of plant tissue.
• Cellulose. A primary cell-wall substance.
• Checks. The small chinks or cracks caused by the rupture of the wood fibres.
• Cleft. Opening made by splitting; divided.
• Coarse-grained. Wood is coarse-grained when the annual rings are wide or far apart.
• Cohesion. The union of members of the same floral whorl.
• Contorted. Twisted together.
• Corolla. The inner whorl of floral envelopes.
• Cotyledon. One of the parts of the embryo performing in part the function of a leaf, but usually serving as a storehouse of food for the developing plant.
• Crossers. Narrow wooden strips used to separate the material on kiln cars.
• Cross-grained. Wood is cross-grained when its fibres are spiral or twisted.
•  
• Dapple. An exaggerated form of mottle.
• Deciduous. Not persistent; applied to leaves that fall in autumn and to calyx and corolla when they fall off before the fruit develops.
• Definite. Limited or defined.
• Dew-point. The point at which water is deposited from moisture-laden air.
• Dicotyledon. A plant whose embryo has two opposite cotyledons.
• Diffuse. Widely spreading.
• Disk. A circular, flat, thin piece or section of the tree.
• Duramen. Heartwood.
•  
• Embryo. Applied in botany to the tiny plant within the seed.
• Enchinate. Beset with prickles.
• Expansion. An enlargement across the grain or lengthwise of the wood.
•  
• Fibres. The thread-like portion of the tissue of wood.
• Fibre-saturation point. The amount of moisture wood will imbibe, usually 25 to 30 per cent of its dry-wood weight.
• Figure. The broad and deep medullary rays as in oak showing when the timber is cut into boards.
• Filament. The stalk which supports the anther.
• Fine-grained. Wood is fine-grained when the annual rings are close together or narrow.
•  
• Germination. The sprouting of a seed.
• Girdling. To make a groove around and through the bark of a tree, thus killing it.
• Glands. A secreting surface or structure; a protuberance having the appearance of such an organ.
• Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.
• Grain. Direction or arrangement of the fibres in wood.
• Grubs. The larvae of wood-destroying insects.
• Gymnosperms. Plants bearing naked seeds; without an ovary.
•  
• Habitat. The geographical range of a plant.
• Heartwood. The central portion of tree.
• Hollow-horning. Internal checking.
• Honeycombing. Internal checking.
• Hot-blast kiln. A drying arrangement in which the air is blown through heating coils into the drying room.
• Humidity. Damp, moist.
• Hygroscopicity. The property of readily imbibing moisture from the atmosphere.
•  
• Indefinite. Applied to petals or other organs when too numerous to be conveniently counted.
• Indigenous. Native to the country.
• Involute. A form of vernation in which the leaf is rolled inward from its edges.
•  
• Kiln-drying. Drying or seasoning of wood by artificial heat in an inclosed room.
•  
• Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.
• Limb. The spreading portion of the tree.
• Lumen. Internal space in the spring- and summer-wood fibres.
•  
• Median. Situated in the middle.
• Medulla. The pith.
• Medullary rays. Rays of fundamental tissue which connect the pith with the bark.
• Membranous. Thin and rather soft, more or less translucent.
• Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.
• Moist-air kiln. A drying arrangement in which the heat is taken from radiating coils located inside the drying room.
• Mottle. Figure transverse of the fibres, probably caused by the action of wind upon the tree.
•  
• Non-porous. Without pores.
•  
• Oblong. Considerably longer than broad, with flowing outline.
• Obtuse. Blunt, rounded.
• Oval. Broadly elliptical.
• Ovary. The part of the pistil that contains the ovules.
•  
• Parted. Cleft nearly, but not quite to the base or midrib.
• Parenchyma. Short cells constituting the pith and pulp of the tree.
• Pericarp. The walls of the ripened ovary, the part of the fruit that encloses the seeds.
• Permeable. Capable of being penetrated.
• Petal. One of the leaves of the corolla.
• Pinholes. Small holes in the wood caused by worms or insects.
• Pistil. The modified leaf or leaves which bear the ovules; usually consisting of ovary, style and stigma.
• Plastic. Elastic, easily bent.
• Pocket kilns. Small drying rooms with openings on one end only and in which the material to be dried is piled directly on the floor.
• Pollen. The fertilizing powder produced by the anther.
• Pores. Minute orifices in wood.
• Porous. Containing pores.
• Preliminary steaming. Subjecting wood to a steaming process before drying or seasoning.
• Progressive kiln. A drying arrangement with openings at both ends, and in which the material enters at one end and is discharged at the other.
•  
• Rick. A pile or stack of lumber.
• Rift. To split; cleft.
• Ring shake. A large check or crack in the wood following an annual ring.
• Roe. A peculiar figure caused by the contortion of the woody fibres, and takes a wavy line parallel to them.
•  
• Sapwood. The outer portions of the tree next to the bark; alburnam.
• Saturate. To cause to become completely penetrated or soaked.
• Season checks. Small openings in the ends of the wood caused by the process of drying.
• Seasoning. The process by which wood is dried or seasoned.
• Seedholes. Minute holes in wood caused by wood-destroying worms or insects.
• Shake. A large check or crack in wood caused by the action of the wind on the tree.
• Shrinkage. A lessening or contraction of the wood substance.
• Skidways. Material set on an incline for transporting lumber or logs.
• Species. In science, a group of existing things, associated according to properties.
• Spermatophyta. Seed-bearing plants.
• Spring-wood. Wood that is formed in the spring of the year.
• Stamen. The pollen-bearing organ of the flower, usually consisting of filament and anther.
• Stigma. That part of the pistil which receives the pollen.
• Style. That part of the pistil which connects the ovary with the stigma.
•  
• Taproot. The main root or downward continuation of the plant axis.
• Temporary checks. Checks or cracks that subsequently close.
• Tissue. One of the elementary fibres composing wood.
• Thunder shake. A rupture of the fibres of the tree across the grain, which in some woods does not always break them.
• Tornado shake. (See Thunder shake.)
• Tracheids. The tissues of the tree which consist of vertical cells or vessels closed at one end.
•  
• Warping. Turning or twisting out of shape.
• Wind shake. (See Thunder shake.)
• Working. The shrinking and swelling occasioned in wood.
• Wormholes. Small holes in wood caused by wood-destroying worms.
•  
• Vernation. The arrangement of the leaves in the bud.
• Whorl. An arrangement of organs in a circle about a central axis.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

INDEX

• Abele, Tree, 79
• Absorption of water by dry wood, 124
• Acacia, 66
• Acacia, false, 66
• Acacia, three-thorned, 66
• According to species, different kiln drying, 170
• Advantages in seasoning, 128
• Advantages of kiln-drying over air-drying, 156
• Affect drying, properties of wood that, 156
• Ailanthus, 37
• Air circulation, 173
• Air-drying, advantages of kiln-drying over, 156
• Alaska cedar, 18
• Alaska cypress, 18
• Alcoholic liquids, stave and heads of barrels containing, 112
• Almond-leaf willow, 84
• Ambrosia or timber beetles, 99
• American box, 49
• American elm, 50
• American larch, 22
• American linden, 39
• American oak, 71
• American red pine, 25
• Anatomical structure, 14
• Annual ring, the yearly or, 10
• Apartment dry kiln, 198
• Apple, crab, 49
• Apple, custard, 76
• Apple, wild, 49
• Appliances in kiln-drying, helpful, 237
• Arborvitæ, 17
• Ash, 37
• Ash, black, 38
• Ash, blue, 38
• Ash, Carolina, 39
• Ash, green, 38
• Ash, ground, 38
• Ash, hoop, 38
• Ash-leaved maple, 69
• Ash, Oregon, 38
• Ash, red, 38
• Ash, white, 37
• Aspen, 39, 79
• Aspen, large-toothed, 78
• Aspen-leaved birch, 42
• Aspen, quaking, 79
• Atmospheric pressure, drying at, 146
•  
• Bald Cypress, 19
• Ball tree, button, 80
• Balm of gilead, 79
• Balm of gilead fir, 20
• Balsam, 20, 79
• Balsam fir, 20
• Bark and pith, 8
• Bark on, round timber with, 106
• Barrels containing alcoholic liquids, staves and heads of, 112
• Barren oak, 75
• Bar willow, sand, 84
• Basket oak, 74
• Basswood, 39
• Basswood, small-leaved, 39
• Basswood, white, 39
• Bastard pine, 26
• Bastard spruce, 29
• Bay poplar, 60
• Bay, sweet, 67
• Bear oak, 74
• Beaver wood, 67
• Bebb willow, 84
• Bee tree, 39
• Beech, 40
• Beech, blue, 44
• Beech, red, 40
• Beech, water, 44, 80
• Beech, white, 40
• Berry, sugar, 62
• Beetles, ambrosia or timber, 99
• Big bud hickory, 64
• Bilsted, 54
• Birch, 41
• Birch, aspen-leaved, 42
• Birch, black, 41
• Birch, canoe, 43
• Birch, cherry, 41
• Birch, gray, 42
• Birch, mahogany, 41
• Birch, old field, 42
• Birch, paper, 43
• Birch, red, 42
• Birch, river, 43
• Birch, silver, 42
• Birch, sweet, 41
• Birch, white, 42, 43
• Birch, wintergreen, 41
• Birch, yellow, 42
• Bird cherry, 47
• Bitternut hickory, 64
• Black ash, 38
• Black birch, 41
• Black cherry, 47
• Black cottonwood, 78
• Black cypress, 19
• Black gum, 62
• Black hickory, 64
• Black jack, 75
• Black larch, 22
• Black locust, 66
• Black nut hickory, 64
• Black oak, 74
• Black pine, 25, 27
• Black spruce, 27
• Black walnut, 44, 82
• Black willow, 83
• Blower dry kiln, operation of, 186
• Blower or hot blast dry kiln, 185
• Blue ash, 38
• Blue beech, 44
• Blue poplar, 81
• Blue willow, 83
• Bois d'Arc, 45, 76
• Bolts, stave, heading and shingle, 109
• Borers, flat-headed, 103
• Borers, powder post, 105
• Borers, round-headed, 101
• Box, American, 49
• Box elder, 69
• Box dry kiln, 204
• Broad-leaved maple, 69
• Broad-leaved trees, 31
• Broad-leaved trees, list of most important, 37
• Broad-leaved trees, wood of, 31
• Brown hickory, 64
• Brown locust, 66
• Buckeye, 45
• Buckeye, fetid, 45
• Buckeye, Ohio, 45
• Buckeye, sweet, 45
• Buckthorne, 45
• Bud hickory, big, 64
• Bull nut hickory, 64
• Bull pine, 25
• Bur oak, 72
• Burning bush, 82
• Bush, burning, 82
• Bush, juniper, 18
• Butternut, 45
• Button ball tree, 80
• Button wood, 80
•  
• California Redwood, 19
• California white pine, 25
• Canadian pine, 25
• Canary wood, 81
• Canoe birch, 43
• Canoe cedar, 17
• Carolina ash, 39
• Carolina pine, 26
• Carolina poplar, 77
• Cars, method of loading kiln, 206
• Catalpa, 46
• Cedar, 17
• Cedar, Alaska, 18
• Cedar, canoe, 17
• Cedar, elm, 51
• Cedar, ground, 19
• Cedar, incense, 18
• Cedar of the West, red, 17
• Cedar, Oregon, 18
• Cedar, pencil, 18
• Cedar, Port Orford, 18
• Cedar, red, 18, 19
• Cedar, white, 17, 18
• Cedar, yellow, 18
• Changes rendering drying difficult, 140
• Characteristics and properties of wood, 1
• Checking and splitting, prevention of, 129
• Cherry, 47
• Cherry birch, 41
• Cherry, bird, 47
• Cherry, black, 47
• Cherry, Indian, 45
• Cherry, red, 47
• Cherry, rum, 47
• Cherry, wild, 47
• Cherry, wild red, 47
• Chestnut, 48
• Chestnut, horse, 45, 65
• Chestnut oak, 73
• Chestnut oak, rock, 73
• Chestnut oak, scrub, 74
• Chinquapin, 48, 49
• Chinquapin oak, 73, 74
• Chinquapin oak, dwarf, 74
• Choice of drying method, 195
• Circassian walnut, 60
• Circulation, air, 173
• Clammy locust, 66
• Classes of trees, 5
• Cliff elm, 50
• Coast redwood, 19
• Coffee nut, 49
• Coffee tree, 49
• Color and odor of wood, 89
• Color, odor, weight, and figure in wood, grain, 86
• Composition of sap, 116
• Conditions and species, temperature depends on, 171
• Conditions favorable for insect injury, 106
• Conditions governing the drying of wood, 156
• Conditions of success in kiln-drying, 169
• Coniferous trees, 8
• Coniferous trees, wood of, 8
• Coniferous woods, list of important, 17
• Containing alcoholic liquids, staves and heads of barrels, 112
• Cooperage stock and wooden truss hoops, dry, 112
• Cork elm, 50
• Cotton gum, 60
• Cottonwood, 49, 77, 78
• Cottonwood, black, 78
• Cottonwood, swamp, 78
• Cow oak, 74
• Crab apple, 49
• Crab, fragrant, 49
• Crack willow, 84
• Crude products, 106
• Cuban pine, 26
• Cucumber tree, 49, 67
• Cup oak, mossy, 72
• Cup oak, over-, 72, 73
• Custard apple, 76
• Cypress, 19
• Cypress, Alaska, 18
• Cypress, bald, 19
• Cypress, black, 19
• Cypress, Lawson's, 18
• Cypress, pecky, 19
• Cypress, red, 19
• Cypress, white, 19
•  
• D'Arc, Bois, 45, 76
• Deal, yellow, 23
• Demands upon soil and moisture of red gum, 56
• Depends on conditions and species, temperature, 171
• Description of the forest service kiln, theory and, 161
• Diagram, the uses of the humidity, 237
• Difference between seasoned and unseasoned wood, 121
• Different grains of wood, 86
• Different kiln-drying according to species, 170
• Different species, weight of kiln-dried wood of, 95
• Different types, kilns of, 196
• Different types of dry kilns, 185
• Different types of kiln doors, 231
• Difficult, changes rendering drying, 140
• Difficulties of drying wood, 138
• Distribution of water in wood, 114
• Distribution of water in wood, local, 114
• Distribution of water in wood seasonal, 115
• Dogwood, 49
• Doors, different types of kiln, 231
• Douglas spruce, 29
• Downy linden, 39
• Downy poplar, 78
• Dry cooperage stock and wooden truss hoops, 112
• Drying according to species, different kiln, 170
• Drying, advantages of kiln-drying over air, 156
• Drying at atmospheric pressure, 146
• Drying by superheated steam, 150
• Drying, conditions of success in kiln, 169
• Drying difficult, changes rendering, 140
• Drying gum, kiln, 180
• Drying, helpful appliances in kiln, 237
• Drying, kiln, 164, 177
• Drying, losses due to improper kiln, 141
• Drying method, choice of, 185
• Drying, methods of kiln, 145
• Drying, objects of kiln, 168
• Drying of green red gum, kiln, 183
• Drying of wood, kiln, 156
• Drying of wood, physical conditions governing the, 156
• Drying, physical properties that influence, 125
• Drying, properties of wood that effect, 141
• Drying, theory of kiln, 157
• Drying, underlying principles of kiln, 166
• Drying under pressure and vacuum, 146
• Drying, unsolved problems in kiln, 143
• Drying wood, difficulties of, 138
• Drying 100 lb. of green wood in the kiln, pounds of water lost, 179
• Dry kiln, apartment, 198
• Dry kiln, box, 204
• Dry kiln, operation of the blower, 186
• Dry kiln, operation of the moist-air, 192
• Dry kiln, moist-air or pipe, 188
• Dry kiln, pocket, 200
• Dry kiln, progressive, 196
• Dry kiln, requirements in a satisfactory, 160
• Dry kilns, different types of, 185
• Dry kiln specialties, 206
• Dry kilns, types of, 185
• Dry kiln, tower, 202
• Dry wood, absorption of water by, 124
• Duck oak, 73
• Due to improper kiln-drying, losses, 141
• Dwarf chinquapin oak, 74
•  
• Effects of Moisture on Wood, 117
• Elder, box, 69
• Electric heater, the, 250
• Elimination of stain and mildew, 136
• Elm, 50
• Elm, American, 50
• Elm, cedar, 51
• Elm, cliff, 50
• Elm, cork, 50
• Elm, hickory, 50
• Elm, moose, 51
• Elm, red, 51
• Elm, rock, 50
• Elm, slippery, 51
• Elm, water, 50
• Elm, winged, 51
• Elm, white, 50
• Enemies of wood, 98
• Evaporation of water, manner of, 123
• Evaporation, rapidity of, 124
• Expansion of wood, 135
•  
• Factories, Scalometer in, 249
• False acacia, 66
• Favorable for insect injury, conditions, 106
• Fetid buckeye, 45
• Fibre saturation point in wood, 118
• Field birch, old, 42
• Field pine, old, 25, 26
• Figure in wood, 96
• Figure in wood, grain, color, odor, weight, and, 86
• Final steaming of gum, 182
• Fir, 20
• Fir, balm of gilead, 20
• Fir balsam, 20
• Fir, noble, 21
• Fir, red, 21, 29
• Fir tree, 20
• Fir, white, 20, 21
• Fir, yellow, 29
• Flat-headed borers, 103
• Forest service kiln, theory and description of, 161
• Form of the red gum, 55
• Fragrant crab, 49
•  
• Gauge, the Recording Steam, 246
• Georgia pine, 24
• Gilead, balm of, 79
• Gilead fir, balm of, 20
• Ginger pine, 18
• Glaucous willow, 84
• Governing the drying of wood, physical conditions, 156
• Grain, color, odor, weight, and figure in wood, 86
• Grains of wood, different, 86
• Gray birch, 42
• Gray pine, 27
• Green ash, 38
• Green red gum, kiln-drying, 183
• Green wood in the kiln, pounds of water lost in drying 100 lbs., 179
• Ground ash, 38
• Ground cedar, 19
• Growth red gum, second, 59
• Gum, 52
• Gum, black, 62
• Gum, cotton, 60
• Gum, demands upon soil and moisture of red, 56
• Gum, final steaming of, 182
• Gum, form of red, 55
• Gum, kiln-drying, 180
• Gum, kiln-drying of green red, 183
• Gum, method of piling, 180
• Gum, preliminary steaming of, 182
• Gum, range of red, 55
• Gum, range of tupelo, 61
• Gum, red, 54, 79
• Gum, reproduction of red, 57
• Gum, second-growth red, 59
• Gum, sour, 62, 80
• Gum, sweet, 54, 80
• Gum, tolerance of the red, 56
• Gum, tupelo, 60
• Gum, uses of tupelo, 61
•  
• Hackberry, 62
• Hacmatac, 22
• Hard maple, 68
• Hard pine, 26
• Hard pines, 24
• Hard pine, southern, 24
• Hardwoods, 37
• Hazel pine, 54, 60
• Headed borers, flat, 103
• Headed borers, round, 101
• Heading, stave and shingle bolts, 109
• Heads and staves of barrels containing alcoholic liquids, 112
• Heart hickory, white, 64
• Heartwood, sap and, 8
• Heater, the electric, 250
• Helpful appliances in kiln-drying, 237
• Hemlock, 21
• Hemlock spruce, 21
• Hickory, 63
• Hickory, big bud, 64
• Hickory, bitternut, 64
• Hickory, black, 64
• Hickory, black nut, 64
• Hickory, brown, 64
• Hickory, bull nut, 64
• Hickory elm, 50
• Hickory, mockernut, 64
• Hickory, pignut, 64
• Hickory, poplar, 81
• Hickory, scalybark, 64
• Hickory, shagbark, 64
• Hickory, shellbark, 64
• Hickory, swamp, 64
• Hickory, switchbud, 64
• Hickory, white heart, 64
• Holly, 64, 65
• Holly, mountain, 65
• Honey locust, 66
• Honey shucks, 66
• Hoop ash, 38
• Hoops, dry cooperage stock and wooden truss, 112
• Hop hornbeam, 65
• Hornbeam, 44
• Hornbeam, hop, 65
• Horse chestnut, 45, 65
• Hot blast or blower kiln, 185
• Humidity, 174
• Humidity diagram, uses of the, 237
• How to prevent insect injury, 107
• How wood is seasoned, 145
• Hygrodeik, the, 242
• Hygrometer, the recording, 242
• Hygrometer, the registering, 244
•  
• Illinois Nut, 64
• Important broad-leaved trees, list of most, 37
• Important coniferous woods, list of, 17
• Impregnation methods, 151
• Improper kiln-drying, losses due to, 141
• Incense cedar, 18
• Indian bean, 46
• Indian cherry, 45
• Influence drying, physical properties that, 125
• Injury, conditions favorable for insect, 106
• Injury from insects, how to prevent, 107
• Insect injury, conditions favorable for, 106
• Insects, how to prevent injury from, 107
• Iron oak, 74
• Ironwood, 44, 65
•  
• Jack, Black, 75
• Jack oak, 75
• Jack pine, 27
• Jersey pine, 27
• Juniper, 18
• Juniper bush, 18
• Juniper, red, 18
• Juniper, savin, 18
•  
• Keep Records of the Moisture Content, 249
• Kiln, apartment dry, 198
• Kiln, blower or hot blast, 185
• Kiln, box dry, 204
• Kiln cars and method of loading, 206
• Kiln doors, different types, 231
• Kiln-dried wood of different species, weight of, 95
• Kiln-drying, 164, 177
• Kiln-drying according to species, different, 170
• Kiln-drying, conditions of success in, 169
• Kiln-drying gum, 180
• Kiln-drying, helpful appliances in, 237
• Kiln-drying, losses due to improper, 141
• Kiln-drying, objects of, 168
• Kiln-drying of green red gum, 183
• Kiln-drying of wood, 156
• Kiln-drying of wood, 156
• Kiln-drying over air-drying, advantages of, 156
• Kiln-drying, theory of, 157
• Kiln-drying, underlying principles of, 166
• Kiln-drying, unsolved problems in, 143
• Kiln, operation of the blower dry, 186
• Kiln, operation of the moist-air dry, 192
• Kiln, pipe or moist-air dry, 188
• Kiln, pocket dry, 200
• Kiln, progressive dry, 196
• Kiln, requirements in a satisfactory dry, 160
• Kilns, different types of dry, 185
• Kilns of different types, 196
• Kiln specialties, dry, 206
• Kiln, theory and description of the forest service, 161
• Kilns, types of dry, 185
• Kiln, tower dry, 202
•  
• Land Spruce, Tide, 28
• Larch, 22
• Larch, American, 22
• Larch, black, 22
• Larch, western, 22
• Large-toothed aspen, 79
• Laurel, 65
• Laurel oak, 75
• Lawson's cypress, 18
• Leaf pine, long-, 24
• Leaf pine, short-, 26
• Leaf willow, long, 84
• Leaved basswood, small, 39
• Leaved birch, aspen, 42
• Leaved maple, ash, 69
• Leaved maple, broad, 69
• Leaved maple, silver, 69
• Leaved trees, broad, 31
• Leaved trees, list of most important broad, 37
• Leaved trees, wood of broad, 31
• Leverwood, 65
• Life, tree of, 17
• Lime tree, 39
• Lin, 39
• Linden, 39
• Linden, American, 39
• Linden, downy, 39
• Liquidamber, 54
• Liquids, staves and heads of barrels containing alcoholic, 112
• List of important coniferous trees, 17
• List of most important broad-leaved trees, 37
• Live oak, 75, 76
• Loading, kiln cars and method of, 206
• Loblolly pine, 25
• Local distribution of water in wood, 114
• Locust, 66
• Locust, black, 66
• Locust, brown, 66
• Locust, clammy, 66
• Locust, honey, 66
• Locust, sweet, 66
• Locust, yellow, 66
• Lodge-pole pine, 27
• Lombardy poplar, 79
• Long-leaf pine, 24
• Long-leaf willow, 84
• Long-straw pine, 24
• Losses due to improper kiln-drying, 141
• Lost in kiln-drying 100 lb. green wood in the kiln, pounds of water, 179
•  
• Magnolia, 67
• Magnolia, small, 67
• Magnolia, swamp, 67
• Mahogany, birch, 41
• Mahogany, white, 45
• Manner of evaporation of water, 123
• Maple, 67
• Maple, ash-leaved, 69
• Maple, broad-leaved, 69
• Maple, hard, 68
• Maple, mountain, 69
• Maple, Oregon, 69
• Maple, red, 69
• Maple, rock, 68
• Maple, silver, 69
• Maple, silver-leaved, 69
• Maple, soft, 69
• Maple, striped, 70
• Maple, sugar, 68
• Maple, swamp, 69
• Maple, water, 69
• Maple, white, 69
• Maul oak, 75, 76
• Meadow pine, 26
• Method, choice of drying, 195
• Method of loading kiln cars, 206
• Method of piling gum, 180
• Methods, impregnation, 151
• Methods of drying, 154
• Mildew, elimination of stain and, 136
• Minute structure, 34
• Mockernut hickory, 64
• Moist-air dry kiln, operation of, 192
• Moist-air or pipe kiln, the, 188
• Moisture content, keep records of the, 249
• Moisture, demands upon soil and, 56
• Moisture on wood, effects of, 117
• Moose elm, 51
• Moose-wood, 70
• Mossy-cup oak, 72
• Most important broad-leaved trees list of, 37
• Mountain holly, 65
• Mountain maple, 69
• Mulberry, 70
• Mulberry, red, 70
• Myrtle, 65, 70
•  
• Nettle Tree, 62
• Noble fir, 21
• Norway pine, 25
• Nut, coffee, 49
• Nut hickory, black, 64
• Nut hickory, bull, 64
• Nut, Illinois, 64
• Nyssa, 60
•  
• Oak, 70
• Oak, American, 71
• Oak, barren, 75
• Oak, basket, 74
• Oak, bear, 74
• Oak, black, 74
• Oak, bur, 72
• Oak, chestnut, 73
• Oak, chinquapin, 73, 74
• Oak, cow, 74
• Oak, duck, 73
• Oak, dwarf chinquapin, 74
• Oak, iron, 74
• Oak, jack, 75
• Oak, laurel, 75
• Oak, live, 75, 76
• Oak, maul, 75, 76
• Oak, mossy-cup, 72
• Oak, over-cup, 72, 73
• Oak, peach, 72
• Oak, pin, 73
• Oak, possum, 73
• Oak, post, 74
• Oak, punk, 73
• Oak, red, 74, 75
• Oak, rock, 73
• Oak, rock chestnut, 73
• Oak, scarlet, 75
• Oak, scrub, 74
• Oak, scrub chestnut, 74
• Oak, shingle, 75
• Oak, Spanish, 75
• Oak, swamp post, 73
• Oak, swamp Spanish, 73
• Oak, swamp white, 72, 73
• Oak, water, 73
• Oak, western white, 71
• Oak, white, 71, 72
• Oak, willow, 72
• Oak, yellow, 73, 74
• Oak, Valparaiso, 76
• Objects of kiln-drying, 168
• Odor and color of wood, 89
• Odor, weight, and figure in wood, grain, color, 86
• Ohio buckeye, 45
• Old field birch, 42
• Old field pine, 25, 26
• Operation of the blower kiln, 186
• Operation of the moist-air kiln, 192
• Orange, osage, 76
• Oregon ash, 38
• Oregon cedar, 18
• Oregon maple, 69
• Oregon pine, 29
• Orford cedar, Port, 18
• Osage orange, 76
• Out-of-door seasoning, 154
• Over-cup oak, 72, 73
•  
• Papaw, 76
• Paper birch, 43
• Peach oak, 72
• Pecan, 64
• Pecky cypress, 19
• Pencil cedar, 18
• Pepperidge, 60
• Perch willow, 84
• Persimmon, 77
• Peruche, 21
• Physical conditions governing the drying of wood, 156
• Physical properties that influence drying, 125
• Pignut hickory, 64
• Piling gum, methods of, 180
• Pine, American red, 25
• Pine, bastard, 26
• Pine, black, 25, 27
• Pine, bull, 25
• Pine, California white, 25
• Pine, Canadian, 25
• Pine, Carolina, 26
• Pine, Cuban, 26
• Pine, Georgia, 24
• Pine, ginger, 18
• Pine, gray, 27
• Pine, hard, 26
• Pine, hazel, 54, 60
• Pine, jack, 27
• Pine, Jersey, 27
• Pine, loblolly, 25
• Pine, lodge-pole, 27
• Pine, long-leaf, 24
• Pine, long-straw, 24
• Pine, meadow, 26
• Pine, Norway, 25
• Pine, old field, 25, 26
• Pine, Oregon, 29
• Pine, pitch, 26
• Pine, Puget Sound, 29
• Pine, pumpkin, 23, 24
• Pine, red, 29
• Pine, rosemary, 25
• Pine, sap, 25
• Pine, scrub, 27
• Pines, hard, 24
• Pine, short-leaf, 26
• Pine, short-straw, 25
• Pine, slash, 25, 26
• Pine, soft, 23, 24
• Pine, southern, 24
• Pine, southern hard, 24
• Pine, spruce, 26
• Pine, sugar, 24
• Pine, swamp, 26
• Pine, torch, 26
• Pine, Weymouth, 23
• Pine, western, 25
• Pine, western white, 25
• Pine, western yellow, 25
• Pine, white, 23, 24
• Pine, yellow, 24, 25, 26
• Pin oak, 73
• Pipe or moist-air kiln, 188
• Pitch pine, 26
• Pith and bark, 8
• Plane tree, 80
• Pocket dry kiln, the, 200
• Point in wood, the fibre saturation, 118
• Pole pine, lodge, 27
• Poplar, 67, 77, 79, 81
• Poplar, bay, 60
• Poplar, blue, 81
• Poplar, Carolina, 77
• Poplar, downy, 78
• Poplar, hickory, 81
• Poplar, Lombardy, 79
• Poplar, swamp, 60
• Poplar, white, 79, 81
• Poplar, yellow, 81
• Port Orford cedar, 18
• Possum oak, 73
• Post borers, powder, 105
• Post oak, 74
• Post oak, swamp, 73
• Pounds of water lost in drying 100 lb. green wood in the kiln, 179
• Powder post borers, 105
• Preliminary steaming of gum, 182
• Preliminary treatments, 151
• Pressure and vacuum, drying under, 146
• Pressure, drying at atmospheric, 146
• Prevent injury from insects, how to, 107
• Prevention of checking and splitting, 129
• Principles of kiln-drying, underlying, 166
• Problems in kiln-drying, unsolved, 143
• Products, crude, 106
• Products in the rough, seasoned, 112
• Products in the rough, unseasoned, 109
• Progressive dry kiln, the, 196
• Properties, characteristics and, 1
• Properties of wood, 4
• Properties of wood that affect drying, 141
• Properties that influence drying, physical, 125
• Puget Sound pine, 29
• Pumpkin pine, 23, 24
• Punk oak, 73
• Pussy willow, 84
•  
• Quaking Aspen, 79
•  
• Range of Red Gum, 55
• Range of tupelo gum, 61
• Rapidity of evaporation, 124
• Recording hygrometer, the, 242
• Recording steam gauge, the, 246
• Recording thermometer, the, 245
• Records of the moisture content, keep, 249
• Red ash, 38
• Red beech, 40
• Red birch, 43
• Red cedar, 18, 19
• Red cedar of the West, 17
• Red cherry, 47
• Red cherry, wild, 47
• Red cypress, 19
• Red elm, 51
• Red fir, 21, 29
• Red gum, 54, 79
• Red gum, demands upon soil and moisture of, 56
• Red gum, form of the, 55
• Red gum, kiln-drying of green, 183
• Red gum, range of, 55
• Red gum, reproduction of, 57
• Red gum, second-growth, 59
• Red gum, tolerance of, 56
• Red juniper, 18
• Red maple, 69
• Red mulberry, 70
• Red oak, 74, 75
• Red pine, 29
• Red pine, American, 25
• Red spruce, 28
• Redwood, 19, 27
• Redwood, California, 19
• Redwood, Coast, 19
• Registering hygrometer, the, 244
• Registering thermometer, the, 246
• Rendering drying difficult, changes, 140
• Reproduction of red gum, 57
• Requirements in a satisfactory dry kiln, 160
• Ring, the annual or yearly, 10
• River birch, 43
• Rock chestnut oak, 73
• Rock elm, 50
• Rock maple, 68
• Rock oak, 73
• Rosemary pine, 25
• Rough, seasoned products in the, 112
• Rough, unseasoned products in the, 109
• Round-headed borers, 101
• Round timber with bark on, 106
• Rum cherry, 47
•  
• Samples for Scalometer Test, 248
• Sand bar willow, 84
• Sap and heartwood, 8
• Sap, composition of, 116
• Saplings, 108
• Sap pine, 25
• Sassafras, 80
• Satin walnut, 54
• Satisfactory dry kiln, requirements in a, 160
• Saturation point in wood, fibre, 118
• Sawmills, scalometer in, 249
• Savin juniper, 18
• Scalometer in factories, 249
• Scalometer in sawmills, 249
• Scalometer, test samples for, 248
• Scalometer, the troemroid, 247
• Scalometer, weighing with, 248
• Scalybark hickory, 64
• Scarlet oak, 75
• Scrub chestnut oak, 74
• Scrub oak, 74
• Scrub pine, 27
• Seasonal distribution of water in wood, 115
• Seasoned and unseasoned wood, difference between, 121
• Seasoned, how wood is, 145
• Seasoned products in the rough, 112
• Seasoning, advantages in, 128
• Seasoning is, what, 119
• Seasoning, out-of-door, 154
• Second-growth red gum, 59
• Sequoia, 19
• Service kiln, theory and description of forest, 161
• Shagbark hickory, 64
• Shellbark hickory, 64
• Shingle, heading and stave bolts, 109
• Shingle oak, 75
• Shining willow, 84
• Short-leaf pine, 26
• Short-straw pine, 25
• Shrinkage of wood, 130
• Shucks, honey, 66
• Sitka spruce, 28
• Silver birch, 42
• Silver-leaved maple, 69
• Silver maple, 69
• Slash pine, 25, 26
• Slippery elm, 51
• Small-leaved basswood, 39
• Small magnolia, 67
• Soft maple, 69
• Soft pine, 23, 24
• Soil and moisture, demands upon, 56
• Sorrel-tree, 80
• Sound pine, Puget, 29
• Sour gum, 62, 80
• Sourwood, 80
• Southern hard pine, 24
• Southern pine, 24
• Spanish oak, 75
• Spanish oak, swamp, 73
• Specialties, dry-kiln, 206
• Species, different kiln-drying according to, 170
• Species, temperature depends upon condition and, 171
• Species, weight of kiln-dried wood of different, 95
• Spindle tree, 82
• Splitting, prevention of checking and, 129
• Spring and summer-wood, 12
• Spruce, 27
• Spruce, bastard, 29
• Spruce, black, 27
• Spruce, Douglas, 29
• Spruce, hemlock, 21
• Spruce pine, 26
• Spruce, red, 28
• Spruce, Sitka, 28
• Spruce, tide-land, 28
• Spruce, white, 28
• Stain and mildew, elimination of, 136
• Stave, heading and shingle bolts, 109
• Staves and heads of barrels containing alcoholic liquids, 112
• Steam, drying by superheated, 150
• Steam gauge, the recording, 246
• Steaming of gum, preliminary, 182
• Steaming of gum, final, 182
• Stock and wooden truss hoops, dry cooperage, 112
• Straw pine, long, 24
• Straw pine, short, 25
• Striped maple, 70
• Structure, anatomical, 14
• Structure, minute, 34
• Structure of wood, 4
• Stump tree, 49
• Success in kiln-drying, conditions of, 169
• Sugar berry, 62
• Sugar maple, 68
• Sugar pine, 24
• Summerwood, spring and, 12
• Superheated steam, drying by, 150
• Swamp cottonwood, 78
• Swamp hickory, 64
• Swamp magnolia, 67
• Swamp maple, 69
• Swamp pine, 26
• Swamp poplar, 60
• Swamp post oak, 73
• Swamp Spanish oak, 73
• Swamp white oak, 72, 73
• Sweet bay, 67
• Sweet buckeye, 45
• Sweet birch, 41
• Sweet gum, 54, 80
• Sweet locust, 66
• Switchbud hickory, 64
• Sycamore, 80, 81
•  
• Tacmahac, 79
• Tamarack, 22, 27, 29
• Temperature depends upon conditions and species, 171
• Test samples for scalometer, 248
• Theory and description of the forest service kiln, 161
• Theory of kiln-drying, 157
• Thermometer, the recording, 245
• Thermometer, the registering, 246
• Thorned acacia, three, 66
• Three-thorned acacia, 66
• Tide-land spruce, 28
• Timber, 1
• Timber beetles, ambrosia or, 99
• Timber with bark on, round, 106
• Timber worms, 103
• Tolerance of red gum, 56
• Toothed aspen, large-, 79
• Torch pine, 26
• Tower dry kiln, the, 202
• Treatments, preliminary, 151
• Tree, abele, 79
• Tree, bee, 39
• Tree, button ball, 80
• Tree, coffee, 49
• Tree, cucumber, 49, 67
• Tree, fir, 20
• Tree, lime, 39
• Tree, nettle, 62
• Tree of life, 17
• Tree, plane, 80
• Trees, broad-leaved, 31
• Trees, classes of, 5
• Trees, coniferous, 8
• Trees, list of important coniferous, 17
• Trees, list of most important broad-leaved, 37
• Tree, sorrel, 80
• Tree, spindle, 82
• Tree, stump, 49
• Trees, wood of broad-leaved, 31
• Trees, wood of the coniferous, 8
• Tree, tulip, 81
• Tree, umbrella, 67
• Troemroid Scalometer, the, 247
• Truss hoops, dry cooperage stock and, 112
• Tulip tree, 81
• Tulip wood, 67, 81
• Tupelo, 82
• Tupelo gum, 60
• Tupelo gum, range of, 61
• Tupelo gum, uses of, 61
• Types of dry kilns, different, 185
• Types of kiln doors, different, 231
• Types, kilns of different, 196
•  
• Umbrella Tree, 67
• Underlying principles of kiln-drying, 166
• Unseasoned products in the rough, 109
• Unseasoned wood, difference between seasoned and, 121
• Unsolved problems in kiln-drying, 143
• Uses of the humidity diagram, 237
• Uses of tupelo gum, 61
•  
• Vacuum, Drying under Pressure and, 146
• Valparaiso oak, 76
• Virgilia, 85
•  
• Wahoo, 51, 82
• Walnut, 45, 82
• Walnut, black, 44, 82
• Walnut, circassian, 60
• Walnut, satin, 54
• Walnut, white, 45, 83
• Water beech, 44, 80
• Water by dry wood, absorption of, 124
• Water elm, 50
• Water in wood, 114
• Water in wood, distribution of, 114
• Water in wood, local distribution of, 114
• Water in wood, seasonal distribution of, 115
• Water lost in drying 100 lb. of green wood in the kiln, pounds of, 179
• Water, manner of evaporation of, 123
• Water maple, 69
• Water oak, 73
• Weeping willow, 84
• Weighing with scalometer, 248
• Weight, and figure in wood, grain, color, odor, 86
• Weight of kiln-dried wood of different species, 95
• Weight of wood, 91
• Western larch, 22
• Western pine, 25
• Western white oak, 71
• Western white pine, 25
• Western yellow pine, 25
• West, red cedar of the, 17
• Weymouth pine, 23
• What seasoning is, 119
• White ash, 37
• White basswood, 39
• White beech, 40
• White birch, 42, 43
• White cedar, 17, 18
• White cypress, 19
• White elm, 50
• White fir, 20, 21
• White heart hickory, 64
• White mahogany, 45
• White maple, 69
• White oak, 71, 72
• White oak, swamp, 72, 73
• White oak, western, 71
• White pine, 23, 24
• White pine, California, 25
• White pine, western, 25
• White poplar, 79, 81
• White spruce, 28
• White walnut, 45, 83
• White willow, 83
• Whitewood, 39, 81, 83
• Wild apple, 49
• Wild cherry, 47
• Wild red cherry, 47
• Willow, 83
• Willow, almond-leaf, 84
• Willow, bebb, 84
• Willow, black, 83
• Willow, blue, 83
• Willow, crack, 84
• Willow, glaucous, 84
• Willow, long-leaf, 84
• Willow, oak, 72
• Willow, perch, 84
• Willow, pussy, 84
• Willow, sand bar, 84
• Willow, shining, 84
• Willow, weeping, 84
• Willow, white, 83
• Willow, yellow, 83
• Winged elm, 51
• Wintergreen birch, 41
• Wood, absorption of water by dry, 124
• Wood, beaver, 67
• Wood, canary, 81
• Wood, characteristics and properties of, 1
• Wood, color and odor of, 89
• Wood, different grains of, 86
• Wood, difference between seasoned and unseasoned, 121
• Wood, difficulties of drying, 138
• Wood, distribution of water in, 114
• Wood, effects of moisture on, 117
• Wood, enemies of, 98
• Wood, expansion of, 135
• Wood, figure in, 96
• Wood, grain, color, odor, weight, and figure in, 86
• Wood, how seasoned, 145
• Wood in the kiln, pounds of water lost in drying 100 lb. of green, 179
• Wood, iron, 65
• Wood, kiln-drying of, 156
• Wood, lever, 65
• Wood, local distribution of water in, 114
• Wood, moose, 70
• Wood, of broad-leaves trees, 31
• Wood of different species, weight of kiln-dried, 95
• Wood of coniferous trees, 8
• Wood, physical conditions governing the drying of, 156
• Wood, properties of, 4
• Wood, seasonal distribution of water in, 115
• Wood, shrinkage of, 130
• Woods, list of important coniferous, 17
• Wood, spring and summer, 12
• Wood, structure of, 4
• Wood that effect drying, properties of, 141
• Wood, the fibre saturation point in, 118
• Wood, tulip, 67, 81
• Wood, water in, 114
• Wood, weight of, 89
• Wood, white, 81, 83
• Wood, yellow, 85
• Wooden truss hoops, dry cooperage, stock and, 112
• Worms, timber, 103
•  
• Yearly Ring, the Annual of, 10
• Yellow birch, 42
• Yellow cedar, 18
• Yellow deal, 23
• Yellow fir, 29
• Yellow locust, 66
• Yellow oak, 73, 74
• Yellow pine, 24, 25, 26
• Yellow pine, western, 25
• Yellow poplar, 81
• Yellow willow, 83
• Yellow wood, 85
• Yew, 29, 30