CALM as that second summer which precedes
The first fall of the snow,
In the broad sunlight of heroic deeds,
The city bides the foe.
Dec. 13, 1862
THE increasing moonlight drifts across my bed,
And on the church-yard by the road, I know
It falls as white and noiselessly as snow.
’Twas such a night two weary summers fled;
The stars, as now, were waning overhead.
Listen! Again the shrill-lipped bugles blow
Where the swift currents of the river flow
Past Fredericksburg: far off the heavens are red
With sudden conflagration: on yon height,
Linstock in hand, the gunners hold their breath:
A signal-rocket pierces the dense night,
Flings its spent stars upon the town beneath:
Hark! the artillery massing on the right,
Hark! the black squadrons wheeling down to Death!
"RIFLEMAN, shoot me a fancy shot
Straight at the heart of yon prowling vidette;
Ring me a ball in the glittering spot
That shines on his breast like an amulet!”
[2] The above has been sometimes entitled “The Fancy Shot.” It appeared first in a London weekly and is commonly attributed to Charles Dawson Shanly, who died in the late seventies.
WITHIN Shiloh Church that fateful day of 1862, no sound of song or praise was heard. But all without the leaden missiles rang and sang in chorus of red death. Green blades of grass, dew-tipped, sprang up to greet the sun that April morn, but ere night fell were bowed to earth with weight of human blood. Ne’er before had little church looked out on such a scene. Ten thousand homes and hearts of North and South were there made desolate; and twice ten thousand men gave up their lives. The world looked on and wondered.
Albert Sidney Johnston, the hero of three wars, had staked his life and cause that April day, for victory or defeat.
He met—both.
It was recognized by both the Northern and Southern armies that Johnston was a formidable antagonist. That he was a man of most magnetic personality as well as a brave officer.
Where he led men followed.
The Black Hawk War made his name familiar throughout the country. In the War with Mexico he won distinction.
As he reviewed his troops at Shiloh, he beheld on every side his friends of other days, and men who had served under him on other fields.
When the War between the States came on, Johnston was a brigadier general in the United States Army; and although he was offered any position he might desire with the Federal government, he resigned to cast his lot with the South, and against the land of his ancestry, for he was a son of Connecticut. Texas had been his home, and to the Lone Star State he felt his allegiance due.
Disappointment, as pertained to his life ambitions, had often before waited upon his footsteps when the thing desired seemed ready to his grasp. Yet, seeing his duty clearly, he did it.
To his sister by marriage, when she, in surprise at his action in resigning, wrote him in California, where he was then stationed, he replied that he was deeply sensible of the “calamitious condition” of the country; and that whatever his part thereafter regarding it, he congratulated himself that no act of his had aided in bringing it about; that the adjustment of the difficulties by the sword was not in his judgment the remedy.
Secession was to him a grievous thing.
Arriving at Richmond from the West, General Johnston was given the command of the Western Department of the Confederacy.
From September to February, 1862, he held the line against heavy odds at Bowling Green, Ky., when he retreated to Corinth, Miss., where he assembled his entire army and attacked Grant at Shiloh Church near Pittsburg Landing, Tenn.
In the flush tide of a great victory, he was struck by a Minie ball and expired in a few moments.
He rode a magnificent black animal called “Fire-eater.” On horseback General Johnston appeared to distinct advantage. The masterly manner in which he sat his horse attracted the attention of the commander in chief of the army, Thomas J. Rusk, during the Texan Revolution, and procured him the appointment of adjutant general over several eager aspirants for the position.
As he passed along the lines to the front of the troops at Shiloh, he raised his hat and cried out,
“I will lead you!”
To this the men responded with a mighty cheer and quickened movement, albeit they knew he was leading many of them to death.
Hard up the slopes they pressed.
Nor shot, nor shell, nor falling men deterred them.
The summit was reached. The Federals were in retreat. A little apart from the others, a fine target for the deadly marksman, the figure of General Johnston on “Fire-eater” was plainly visible.
His clothing was torn in places. His boot sole was slashed by a ball, but he himself was uninjured.
In his countenance was reflected a satisfaction of the day’s results.
The wisdom of his decisions had been proven; his judgment justified.
From the last line of the retreating Federals a bullet whistled back, whistled back and cut him down, did its fatal work in the very moment in which he felt the conviction that success now lay with the Confederate cause.
His death seemed for a time to paralyze the further efforts of his troops, to whom his presence had been a continual inspiration.
General Beauregard took command.
Night fell and the battle was stayed.
The Federals had been driven to the banks of the Tennessee River, where the gunboats afforded but meager protection.
From Nashville, General Buell arrived before daybreak with the needed reënforcements. Lew Wallace came in. Grant assumed the offensive; and the afternoon of the second day of the hard-fought contest the final victory swept to the Federals.
What would have been the result to the Confederate cause had the great leader not fallen that first day, who can say?
“In his fall, the great pillar of the Southern Confederacy was crushed,” says Jefferson Davis in his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, “and beneath its fragments the best hope of the Southland lay buried.”
I HEAR again the tread of war go thundering through the land,
And Puritan and Cavalier are clinching neck and hand,
Round Shiloh church the furious foes have met to thrust and slay,
Where erst the peaceful sons of Christ were wont to kneel and pray.
SPRING on the Tennessee; April—and flowers
Bloom on its banks; the anemones white
In clusters of stars where the green holly towers
O’er bellworts, like butterflies hov’ring in flight.
The ground ivy tips its blue lips to the laurel,
And covers the banks of the water-swept bars
With a background of blue, in which the red sorrel
Are stripes where the pale corydalis are stars.
THE Confederate frigate, Merrimac, newly arisen from her briny bath in the Norfolk Navy Yards, with her sides new coated in an almost impenetrable mail of iron and rechristened the Virginia, steamed slowly down the river May 8th, 1862, to Newport News, where the Cumberland, the Congress, and the Minnesota of the Union fleet lay at anchor.
The crews of the latter vessels were taking life leisurely that day, and were indulging in various pastimes beloved of seamen. The Merrimac as she hove in sight did not look especially belligerent. Indeed she appeared “like a house submerged to the eaves and borne onward by the flood.”
Notwithstanding her somewhat droll appearance, the Merrimac had herself well in control and was not on a cruise of pleasure bent, as the navies well knew.
With steady determination she came on, until within easy distance of the Congress, a vessel which gave her greeting with a shot from one of her stern guns, and received in response a shower of grape.
Broadsides were then exchanged, resulting in fearful slaughter to the crew of the Congress and damage to the guns. An officer of the Congress was a favorite brother of Captain Buchanan of the Merrimac. But such relation effected naught in the exigencies of war.
Before the Congress could recover herself, the Merrimac headed for the Cumberland. The fires of the Cumberland, as she approached, had no effect upon her armored sides.
Into the Cumberland she ran her powerful iron prow, crashing in her timbers and strewing her decks with the maimed, the dead, and dying.
Again she turned her attention to the Congress, remembering also the frigate Minnesota with her fiery baptisms. Upon the Congress she soon forced a surrender. The Minnesota found refuge in flight.
Her work upon the Cumberland was complete. And albeit the vessel had been rammed and was sinking, her men ascended to the spar deck and fought till the waters engulfed them. The last shot was fired from a gun half submerged in the water.
As the ship settled to the bottom she careened slightly and then righted herself; and the flag, as if defying the fate that threatened its destruction, still flew above the masthead.
There, close to the waves—her colors almost touching the water—the captain, who was absent from his ship, found his flag upon his return. A harbinger as it proved of the issue that was to be.
AT anchor in Hampton Roads we lay,
On board of the Cumberland, sloop of war;
And at times from the fortress across the bay
The alarum of drums swept past,
Or a bugle blast
From the camp on the shore.
TWO old Spanish ships had, prior to the sinking of the Cumberland, met a like fate at the hands of the Confederates; and the signal success of the Merrimac now augured well for the break of the blockade.
The South was greatly elated. The North was disquieted.
Twenty-four hours later the trend of events was changed.
There appeared in Hampton Roads a strange new craft, called the Monitor. It was unlike any vessel before seen, having a revolving round tower of iron, that enabled the gunners to train the guns on the enemy continuously, without regard to the position of the ship. The hull had an “overhang,” a projection constructed of iron and wood, as a protection against rams.
The inventor and builder of this little giant was John Ericsson.
His,
The vessel had been launched in less than a hundred days after the laying of the keel, in an effort of the Federal government to have her in service before the completion of the Merrimac (the Virginia.)
The new warship attracted the attention of the navies of Europe and brought about a change in the construction of war vessels.
As if indignant at the actions of the Merrimac in preceding her, and in attacking the Union fleet, the Monitor bore down upon her like some live thing bent upon retribution, and at once engaged her in a terrific encounter.
With the hope born of confidence in the strength of the Confederate ironclad, and her ability to overpower completely the Union flotilla, boats filled with sight-seers had gone out from Norfolk, but with the first terrible onset of the armored combatants speedily made their way back to safety.
In this battle of the waters two old Naval Academy comrades fought on opposite sides, Lieutenant Green and Lieutenant Butt, both well-known names.
For five long awful hours the strength of the two iron monsters was pitted against each other for supremacy on the seas, without apparent serious injury to either vessel.
At last the Merrimac ended the gigantic contest by turning her prow and withdrawing to Norfolk.
Hampton Roads, Virginia, March 9, 1862
OUT of a Northern city’s bay,
’Neath lowering clouds, one bleak March day,
Glided a craft,—the like I ween,
On ocean’s crest was never seen
Since Noah’s float,
That ancient boat,
Could o’er a conquered deluge gloat.
IN March, 1862, McClellan set out from Washington to capture the Confederate capital. At Yorktown he was held in check for a month by an inferior force of Confederates. It was the last of May before he reached Fair Oaks (Seven Pines), seven miles from Richmond. The Confederates here attacked him, and a furious battle of two days’ duration ensued, when the Confederates were driven back. A notable event of this engagement was the appointment of General Robert E. Lee, as commander in chief of the Confederate armies; in place of General Joseph E. Johnston, who was severely wounded.
One of the most conspicuous figures of this battle of Fair Oaks was General Philip Kearney.
In the words of Stedman:—
“Kearney was the bravest man and the most perfect soldier I ever saw,” said General Scott. “A man made for the profession of arms,” says Rope. “In the field he was always ready, always skillful, always brave, always untiring, always hopeful, and always vigilant and alert.”
He distinguished himself in the War with Mexico, and lost an arm while he was leading cavalry troops in close pursuit of the retreating Mexicans, at the battle of Churubusco, when they retreated into the city of San Antonio itself.
Mounted upon his great gray steed, “Monmouth,” he spurred through a rampart, felling the Mexicans as he went. A thousand arms were raised to strike him, a thousand sabers glistened in the air, when he hurriedly fell back, but too late to escape the wound which necessitated the amputation of his left arm.
At Churubusco ended the spectacular career of the celebrated San Patricios battalion of Irish deserters, who deserted to the American army on the Canadian border and afterwards deserted to the Mexicans from the Texan border, fighting against the American in every Mexican war battle of consequence from Palo Alto to Churubusco. After capture the leaders and many of the men were court-martialed and shot; their commander, the notorious Thomas Riley, among the latter. The survivors were branded in the cheek with the letter “D” as a symbol of their treachery.
General Kearney resigned from the army in 1851 and made a tour of the world. He then went to France and fought in the war of that country against Italy. At Magenta, while he was leading the daring and hazardous charge that turned the situation and won Algiers to France, he charged with the bridle in his teeth.
For his bravery he received the Cross of the Legion of Honor, being the first American thus honored.
When the Civil War cloud burst, he came back to the United States and was made brigadier general in the Federal army and given the command of the First New Jersey Brigade.
His timely arrival at Williamsburg saved the day for the Federals.