Past Definite.

Je parlai, I spoke or did speak.
tu parlas, thou spokest.
il parla, he spoke.
on parla, one spoke.
nous parlâmes, we spoke.
vous parlâtes, you spoke.
ils parlèrent, they spoke.

First Future.

Je parlerai, I shall or will speak.
tu parleras, thou wilt speak.
il parlera, he will speak.
on parlera, one will speak.
nous parlerons, we shall speak.
vous parlerez, you will speak.
ils parleront, they will speak.
 Past Anterior.

J'eus parlé, I had spoken.
tu eus parlé, thou hadst spoken.
il eut parlé, he had spoken.
on eut parlé, one has spoken.
nous eûmes parlé, we had spoken.
vous eûtes parlé, you had spoken.
ils eurent parlé, they had spoken.

Second Future.

J'aurai parlé, I shall have spoken.
tu auras parlé, thou wilt have spoken.
il aura parlé, he will have spoken.
on aura parlé, one will have spoken.
nous aurons parlé, we shall have spoken.
vous aurez parlé, you will have spoken.
ils auront parlé, they will have spoken.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Present.

Je parlerais, I should, would speak.
tu parlerais, thou shouldst speak.
il parlerait, he should speak.
on parlerait, one should speak.
nous parlerions, we should speak.
vous parleriez, you would speak.
ils parleraient, they would speak.
 Past.

J'aurais parlé, I should have spoken.
tu aurais parlé, thou wouldst have spoken.
il aurait parlé, he would have spoken.
on aurait parlé, one would have spoken.
nous aurions parlé, we should have spoken.
vous auriez parlé, you would have spoken.
ils auraient parlé, they would have spoken.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

parle, speak (thou).
qu'il parle, let him speak.
parlons, let us speak.
parlez, speak ye or you.
qu'ils parlent, let them speak.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

On veut, they want:
que je parle, that I may speak.
que tu parles, that thou mayst speak.
qu'il parle, that he may speak.
qu'on parle, that one may speak.
que nous parlions, that we may speak.
que vous parliez, that you may speak.
qu'ils parlent, that they may speak.

Imperfect.

Elle a trouvé bon, she has approved:
que je parlasse, that I might speak.
que tu parlasses, that thou mightst speak.

qu'il parlât, that he might speak.
qu'on parlât, that one might speak.
que nous parlassions, that we might speak.

que vous parlassiez, that you might speak.

qu'ils parlassent, that they might speak.
 Past.

Je regrette, I regret:
que j'aie parlé, that I may have spoken.
que tu aies parlé, that thou mayst have spoken.
qu'il ait parlé, that he may have spoken.
qu'on ait parlé, that one may have spoken.
que nous ayons parlé, that we may have spoken.
que vous ayez parlé, that you may have spoken.
qu'ils aient parlé, that they may have spoken.

Pluperfect.

Ils auraient mieux aimé, they would have preferred:
que j'eusse parlé, that I might have spoken.
que tu eusses parlé, that thou mightst have spoken.
qu'il eût parlé, that he might have spoken.
qu'on eût parlé, that one might have spoken.
que nous eussions parlé, that we might have spoken.
que vous eussiez parlé, that you might have spoken.
qu'ils eussent parlé, that they might have spoken.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.
parler, to speak.
 Past.
avoir parlé, to have spoken.

Participle.

Present.
parlant, speaking.
 Compound.
ayant parlé, having spoken.
 Past.
parlé, spoken.

§ 37. Models for Practice.

Observe that the additions to the verb retain their respective places, just as given in the models, through all the tenses. From this, however, as will be shown below, the Imperative must be excepted.

Assertives.

1. Je ne parle pas, I speak not.
2. Je le parle, I speak it (French).
3. Je ne le parle pas, I speak it not.
4. Je lui parle, I speak to him (her).
5. Je ne lui parle pas, I speak not to him (her).

6. Je leur parle, I speak to them.
7. Je ne leur parle pas, I speak not to them.
8. J'en parle, I speak of it.
9. Je n'en parle pas. I speak not of it.
10. Je lui en parle, I speak to him (her) of it.
11. Je ne lui en parle pas, I speak not to him (her) about it.
 Je n'ai pas parlé, I have not spoken.
Je l'ai parlé, I have spoken it.
Je ne l'ai pas parlé, I have not spoken it.
Je lui ai parlé, I have spoken to him (her).
Je ne lui ai pas parlé, I have not spoken to him (her).
Je leur ai parlé, I have spoken to them.
Je ne leur ai pas parlé, I have not spoken to them.
J'en ai parlé, I have spoken of it.
Je n'en ai pas parlé, I have not spoken of it.
Je lui en ai parlé, I have spoken to him (her) of it.
Je ne lui en ai pas parlé, I have not spoken to him (her) about it.

N. B.--By placing est-ce que before the above models, interrogatives are obtained, as: Est-ce que je ne parle pas? Do I not speak?

Interrogatives.

12. Parle-je? Do I speak?
13. Ne parle-je pas? Do I not speak?
14. Le parle-je? Do I speak it?
15. Ne le parle-je pas? Do I not speak it?
16. Lui parle-je? Do I speak to him (to her)?
17. Ne lui en parle-je pas? Do I not speak to him about it?
18. Leur parlé-je? Do I speak to them?
19. Ne leur parlé-je pas? Do I not speak to them?

20. En parlé-je? Do I speak of it?
21. N'en parlé-je pas? Do I not speak of it?
22. Lui en parlé-je? Do I speak to him of it?
23. Ne lui en parlé-je pas? Do I not speak to him of it?
 Ai-je parlé? Have I spoken?
N'ai-je pas parlé? Have I not spoken?
L'ai-je parlé? Have I spoken it?
Ne l'ai-je pas parlé? Have I not spoken it?
Lui ai-je parlé? Have I spoken to him (to her)?
Ne lui en ai-je pas parlé? Have I not spoken to him about it?
Leur ai-je parlé? Have I spoken to them about it?
Ne leur ai-je pas parlé? Have I not spoken to them of it?
En ai-je parlé? Have I spoken of it?
N'en ai-je pas parlé? Have I not spoken of it?
Lui en ai-je parlé? Have I spoken to him about it?
Ne lui en ai-je pas parlé? Have I not spoken to him of it?

Imperatives.

24. Affirmatively:

         { le   { lui!  }             { him (it) }      { him!
         { la   { moi!  }             { her (it) } to   { me!
         { les  { nous! }             { them     }      { us!
Donne-   {      { leur! } give (thou) {                 { them!
Donnez-  { m'   }       } give (ye)   { me       }
         { lui  }       }             { him      }  some of it!
         { nous } en!   }             { us       }
         { leur }       }             { them     }

25. Negatively:

   { le   { lui  }                         { him (it) }          {  him!
   { la   { nous }                         { her (it) }  not to  {  us!
   { les  { leur }                         { them     }          {  them!
   {             }                         {
Ne { me   { le   }                         { him (it) }          { me!
   { nous { la   }  donne pas! Give (thou) { her (it) }  not to  { us!
   {      { les  }  donnez pas! Give (ye)  { them     }
   {             }                         {
   { m'   }      }                         { me       }
   { lui  }      }                         { him      }
   { nous } en   }                         { us       }  not any!
   { leur }      }                         { them     }

§ 38. On the Orthography of a Great Many Verbs of the First Conjugation.

1. Verbs ending in ger, whenever through the tenses the g comes in contact with a or o, insert an e between them, as:

Nous changeons, we change.
 Je changeais, I changed.

2. Verbs ending in yer change the y to i before e, es, ent, as: ennuyer.

Je m'ennuie, I am weary.
 Je m'ennuierai, I shall be weary

3. Verbs ending in cer, whenever through the tenses the c comes in contact with a or o, it takes a cedilla (ç), as: avancer, etc.

J'avançais, I advanced.
 Nous commençons, we begin.

4. Verbs in eter and eler double the t or l when it comes before e, es, ent, and the erai, erais of the future and conditional, as:

J'appelle, I call.
 Je jetterai, I shall throw.

5. The following verbs, although ending in eter and eler, deviate from the foregoing, and make, by means of the grave accent, the following changes, as: acheter, etc.

J'achète, I buy.
Je pèle, I peel.
 Il gèlera, it will freeze.
Je harcèle, I tease.

Of the same order are the following ending in:

ecer,
écer,
ébrer,
écher,
éder,
 emer,
égler,
égner,
égrer,
éguer,
 ener,
éler,
émer,
éner,
équer,
 ever,
érer,
éter,
étrer.

Be it understood that those with an é change this also into è.

N. B.--For the better understanding of these and others, the student is referred to the models given in the Alphabetical Table, § 49.



§ 39. Second Conjugation, ending in ir.

Model Verb.
finir, to finish.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Simple Tenses.

Present.

Je finis, I finish.
tu finis, thou finishest.
il finit, he finishes.
on finit, one finishes.
nous finissons, we finish.
vous finissez, you finish.
ils finissent, they finish.

Imperfect.

Je finissais, I was finishing.
tu finissais, thou wast finishing.
il finissait, he was finishing.
on finissait, one was finishing.
nous finissions, we were finishing
. vous finissiez, you were finishing.
ils finissaient, they were finishing.

Past Definite.

Je finis, I finished, did finish.
tu finis, thou didst finish.
il finit, he did finish.
on finit, one did finish.
nous finîmes, we did finish.
vous finîtes, you did finish.
ils finirent, they did finish.

First Future.

Je finirai, I shall finish.
tu finiras, thou wilt finish.
il finira, he will finish.
on finira, one will finish.
nous finirons, we shall finish.
vous finirez, you will finish.
ils finiront, they will finish.
 Compound Tenses.

Past Indefinite.

J'ai fini, I have finished.
tu as fini, thou hast finished.
il a fini, he has finished.
on a fini, one has finished.
nous avons fini, we have finished.
vous avez fini, you have finished.
ils ont fini, they have finished.

Pluperfect.

J'avais fini, I had finished.
tu avais fini, thou hadst finished.
il avait fini, he had finished.
on avait fini, one had finished.
nous avions fini, we had finished.
vous aviez fini, you had finished.
ils avaient fini, they had finished.

Past Anterior.

J'eus fini, I had finished.
tu eus fini, thou hadst finished.
il eut fini, he had finished.
on eut fini, one had finished.
nous eûmes fini, we had finished.
vous eûtes fini, you had finished.
ils eurent fini, they had finished.

Second Future.

J'aurai fini, I shall have finished.
tu auras fini, thou wilt have finished.
il aura fini, he will have finished.
on aura fini, one will have finished.
nous aurons fini, we shall have finished.
vous aurez fini, you will have finished.
ils auront fini, they will have finished.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Present.

Je finirais, I should, would finish.
tu finirais, thou wouldst finish.
il finirait, he would finish.
on finirait, one would finish.
nous finirions, we should finish.
vous finiriez, you would finish.
ils finiraient, they would finish.
 Past.

J'aurais fini, I should have finished.
tu aurais fini, thou wouldst have finished.
il aurait fini, he would have finished.
on aurait fini, one would have finished.
nous aurions fini, we should have finished.
vous auriez fini, you would have finished.
ils auraient fini, they would have finished.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

finis, finish (thou).
qu'il finisse, let him finish.
qu'on finisse, let one finish.
finissons, let us finish.
finissez, finish (ye or you).
qu'ils finissent, let them finish.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

Il veut, he wished:
que je finisse, that I may finish.
que tu finisses, that thou mayst finish.
qu'il finisse, that he may finish.
qu'on finisse, that one may finish.
que nous finissions, that we may finish.
que vous finissiez, that you may finish.
qu'ils finissent, that they may finish.

Imperfect.

Il a desiré, he has desired:
que je finisse, that I might finish.
que tu finisses, that thou mightst finish.
qu'il finît, that he might finish.
qu'on finît, that one might finish.
que nous finissions, that we might finish.

que vous finissiez, that you might finish.
qu'ils finissent, that they might finish.
 Past.

Il doute, he doubts:
que j'aie fini, that I may have finished.
que tu aies fini, that thou mayst have finished.
qu'il ait fini, that he may have finished.
qu'on ait fini, that one may have finished.
que nous ayons fini, that we may have finished.
que vous ayez fini, that you may have finished.
qu'ils aient fini, that they may have finished.

Pluperfect.

Il doutait, he doubted:
que j'eusse fini, that I might have finished.
que tu eusses fini, that thou mightst have finished.
qu'il eût fini, that he might have finished.
qu'on eût fini, that one might have finished.
que nous eussions fini, that we might have finished.
que vous eussiez fini, that you might have finished.
qu'ils eussent fini, that they might have finished.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.
finir, to finish.
 Past.
avoir fini,to have finished.

Participle.

Present.

finissant, finishing.
 Compound.

ayant fini, having finished.
 Past.

fini, finished.

§ 40. Models for Practice.

Assertives.

1. Je ne finis jamais, I never finish.
2. Je ne le finis jamais, I never finish it.
3. Je n'en finis jamais, I never finish with it.
 Je n'ai jamais fini, I have never finished.
Je ne l'ai jamais fini, I have never finished it.
Je n'en ai jamais fini, I have never finished with it.

N. B.--Remember, by placing est-ce que before the models 1, 2, 3, interrogatives are formed.

Interrogatives

4. Ne finis-je jamais? Do I never finish?
5. Ne le finis-je jamais? Do I never finish it?
6. N'en finis-je jamais? Do I never finish with it?
 N'ai-je jamais fini? Have I never finished?
Ne l'ai-je jamais fini? Have I never finished it?
N'en ai-je jamais fini? Have I never finished with it?


§ 41. Third Conjugation, ending in oir.

Model Verb.
recevoir, to receive.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Simple Tenses.

Present.

Je reçois, C I receive.
tu reçois, thou receivest.
il reçoit, he receives.
on reçoit, one receives.
nous recevons, we receive.
vous recevez, you receive.
ils reçoivent, they receive.

Imperfect.

Je recevais, I was receiving.
tu recevais, thou wast receiving.
il recevait, he was receiving.
on recevait, one was receiving.
nous recevions, we were receiving.
vous receviez, you were receiving.
ils recevaient, they were receiving.

Past Definite.

Je reçus, I received, did receive.
tu reçus, thou didst receive.
il reçut, he did receive.
on reçut, one did receive.
nous reçûmes, we did receive.
vous reçûtes, you did receive.
ils reçurent, they did receive.
 Compound Tenses.

Past Indefinite.

J'ai reçu, I have received.
tu as reçu, thou hast received.
il a reçu, he has received.
on a reçu, one has received.
nous avons reçu, we have received.
vous avez reçu, you have received.
ils ont reçu, they have received.

Pluperfect.

J'avais reçu, I had received.
tu avais reçu, thou hadst received.
il avait reçu, he had received.
on avait reçu, one had received.
nous avions reçu, we had received.
vous aviez reçu, you had received.
ils avaient reçu, they had received.

Past Anterior.

J'eus reçu. I had received.
tu eus reçu, thou hadst received.
il eut reçu, he had received.
on eut reçu, one had received.
nous eûmes reçu, we had received.
vous eûtes reçu, you had received.
ils eurent reçu, they had received.
Footnote C: (return) When in these verbs of the third conjugation the c comes in contact with o and u, it takes the cedilla (ç).
First Future.

Je recevrai, I shall receive.
tu recevras, thou wilt receive.
il recevra, he will receive.
on recevra, one will receive.
nous recevrons, we shall receive.
vous recevrez, you will receive.
ils recevront, they will receive.
 Second Future.

J'aurai reçu, I shall have received.
tu auras reçu, thou wilt have received.
il aura reçu, he will have received.
on aura reçu, one will have received.
nous aurons reçu, we shall have received.
vous aurez reçu, you will have received.
ils auront reçu, they will have received.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Present.

Je recevrais, I should receive.
tu recevrais, thou wouldst receive.
il recevrait, he would receive.
on recevrait, one would receive.
nous recevrions, we should receive.
vous recevriez, you would receive.
ils recevraient, they would receive.
 Past.

J'aurais reçu, I should have received.
tu aurais reçu, thou wouldst have received.
il aurait reçu, he would have received.
on aurait reçu, one would have received.
nous aurions reçu, we should have received.
vous auriez reçu, you would have received.
ils auraient reçu, they would have received.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

reçois, receive (thou).
qu'il reçoive, let him receive.
qu'on reçoive, let one receive.
recevons, let us receive.
recevez, receive (ye or you).
qu'ils reçoivent, let them receive.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

que je reçoive, that I may receive.
que tu reçoives, that thou mayst receive.
qu'il reçoive, that he may receive.
qu'on reçoive, that one may receive.
que nous recevions, that we may receive.
que vous receviez, that you may receive.
qu'ils reçoivent, that they may receive.

Imperfect.

que je reçusse, that I might receive.
que tu reçusses, that thou mightst receive.

qu'il reçût, that he might receive.
qu'on reçût, that one might receive.
que nous reçussions, that we might receive.

que vous reçussiez, that you might receive.

qu'ils reçussent, that they might receive.
 Past.

que j'aie reçu, that I might have received.
que tu aies reçu, that thou mightst have received.
qu'il ait reçu, that he might have received.
qu'on ait reçu, that one might have received.
que nous ayons reçu, that we might have received.
que vous ayez reçu, that you might have received.
qu'ils aient reçu, that they might have received.

Pluperfect.

que j'eusse reçu, that I might have received.
que tu eusses reçu, that thou mightst have received.
qu'il eût reçu, that he might have received.
qu'on eût reçu, that one might have received.
que nous eussions reçu, that we might have received.
que vous eussiez reçu, that you might have received.
qu'ils eussent reçu, that they might have received.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.
recevoir, to receive.
 Past.
avoir reçu, to have received.

Participle.

Present.
recevant, receiving.
 Compound.
ayant reçu, having received.
 Past.
reçu, received.

N. B.--To this conjugation belong only six others, as:

apercevoir, to perceive.
concevoir, to conceive.
décevoir, to deceive.
 devoir, to owe.
percevoir, to collect duties.
redevoir, to owe again.

§ 42. Models for Practice.

Assertives.

1. Je ne reçois rien, I receive nothing.
2. Je ne le reçois plus, I receive him no more.
3. Je n'en reçois guère, I receive but little of it.
4. Je ne la reçois pas, I do not receive her.
5. Je ne les reçois jamais, I never receive them.
 Interrogatives.

6. Ne reçois-tu rien? Receivest thou nothing?
7. Ne le reçois-tu plus? Dost thou receive him no more?
8. N'en reçois-tu guère? Receivest thou but little of it?
9. Ne la reçois-tu pas? Dost thou not receive her?
10. Ne les reçois-tu jamais? Dost thou never receive them?

N. B.--Reçois-je is avoided, as being inelegant. In place of such forms est-ce que is used, as: Est-ce que je ne reçois rien? Do I receive nothing?



§ 43. Fourth Conjugation, ending in re.

Model Verb.
vendre, to sell.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Simple Tenses.

Present.

Je vends, I sell.
tu vends, thou sellest.
il vend, he sells.
on vend, one sells.
nous vendons, we sell.
vous vendez, you sell.
ils vendent, they sell.

Imperfect.

Je vendais, I was selling.
tu vendais, thou wast selling.
il vendait, he was selling.
on vendait, one was selling.
nous vendions, we were selling.
vous vendiez, you were selling.
ils vendaient, they were selling.

Past Definite.

Je vendis, I sold or did sell.
tu vendis, thou soldest.
il vendit, he sold.
on vendit, one sold.
nous vendîmes, we sold.
vous vendîtes, you sold.
ils vendirent, they sold.

First Future.

Je vendrai, I shall sell.
tu vendras, thou wilt sell.
il vendra, he will sell.
on vendra, one will sell.
nous vendrons, we shall sell.
vous vendrez, you will sell.
ils vendront, they will sell.
 Compound Tenses.

Past Indefinite.

J'ai vendu, I have sold.
tu as vendu, thou hast sold.
il a vendu, he has sold.
on a vendu, one has sold.
nous avons vendu, we have sold.
vous avez vendu, you have sold.
ils ont vendu, they have sold.

Pluperfect.

J'avais vendu, I had sold or been selling.
tu avais vendu, thou hadst sold.
il avait vendu, he had sold.
on avait vendu, one had sold.
nous avions vendu, we had sold.
vous aviez vendu, you had sold.
ils avaient vendu, they had sold.

Past Anterior.

J'eus vendu, I had sold.
tu eus vendu, thou hadst sold.
il eut vendu, he had sold.
on eut vendu, one had sold.
nous eûmes vendu, we had sold.
vous eûtes vendu, you had sold.
ils eurent vendu, they had sold.

Second Future.

J'aurai vendu, I shall have sold.
tu auras vendu, thou wilt have sold.
il aura vendu, he will have sold.
on aura vendu, one will have sold.
nous aurons vendu, we shall have sold.
vous aurez vendu, you will have sold.
ils auront vendu, they will have sold.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.

Present.

Je vendrais, I should sell.
tu vendrais, thou wouldst sell.
il vendrait, he would sell.
on vendrait, one would sell.
nous vendrions, we should sell.
vous vendriez, you would sell.
ils vendraient, they would sell.
 Past.

J'aurais vendu, I should have sold.
tu aurais vendu, thou wouldst have sold.
il aurait vendu, he would have sold.
on aurait vendu, one would have sold.
nous aurions vendu, we should have sold.
vous auriez vendu, you would have sold.
ils auraient vendu, they would have sold.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

vends, sell (thou).
qu'il vende, let him sell.
qu'on vende, let one sell.
vendons, let us sell.
vendez, sell (ye or you).
qu'ils vendent, let them sell.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

que je vende, that I may sell.
que tu vendes, that thou mayst sell.
qu'il vende, that he may sell.
qu'on vende, that one may sell.
que nous vendions, that we may sell.
que vous vendiez, that you may sell.
qu'ils vendent, that they may sell.

Imperfect.

que je vendisse, that I might sell.
que tu vendisses, that thou mightst sell.
qu'il vendît, that he might sell.
qu'on vendît, that one might sell.
que nous vendissions, that we might sell.
que vous vendissiez, that you might sell.
qu'ils vendissent, that they might sell.
 Past.

que j'aie vendu, that I may have sold.
que tu aies vendu, that thou mayst have sold.
qu'il ait vendu, that he may have sold.
qu'on ait vendu, that one may have sold.
que nous ayons vendu, that we may have sold.
que vous ayez vendu, that you may have sold.
qu'ils aient vendu, that they may have sold.

Pluperfect.

que j'eusse vendu, that I might have sold.
que tu eusses vendu, that thou mightst have sold.
qu'il eût vendu, that he might have sold.
qu'on eût vendu, that one might have sold.
que nous eussions vendu, that we might have sold.
que vous eussiez vendu, that you might have sold.
qu'ils eussent vendu, that they might have sold.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present.
vendre, to sell.
 Past.
avoir vendu, to have sold.

Participle.

Present.
vendant, selling.
 Compound.
ayant vendu, having sold.
 Past.
vendu, sold.

§ 44. Models for Practice.

Assertives.

1. Je lui vends beaucoup, I sell him much.
2. Je ne lui vends guère, I sell him but little.

3. Je n'en vends pas grand'chose, I sell not much
of it.
4. Je ne lui en vends pas grand'chose, I sell him not much of it.
 Interrogatives.

5. Lui vends-tu beaucoup? Do you sell him much?
6. Ne lui vends-tu guère? Do you sell him but little?
7. N'en vends-tu pas grand'chose? Do you not sell much of it?
8. Ne lui en vends-tu pas grand'chose? Do you not sell him much of it?