1. He is not a broad-minded man; (     ) he has many prejudices.
2. A number of friends came in, bringing refreshments, (     ) we spent a delightful evening.
3. We ought to return now, for it is growing dark; (     ) I told Mary we would be home at six o'clock.
4. I do not believe that climate is responsible for many of the differences between races, (     ) Taine says that it is.
5. She took the letter from me and read it slowly, (     ) her eyes filled with tears.

Repetition of Connective with a Gain in Clearness

37. Connectives that accompany a parallel series should be repeated when clearness requires.

• Preposition to be repeated: He was regarded as a hero by all who had known him at school, and especially his old school mates.
• Right: He was regarded as a hero by all who had known him at school, and especially by his old school mates.
• Sign of the infinitive to be repeated: He wishes to join with those who love freedom and justice, and end needless suffering.
• Right: He wishes to join with those who love freedom and justice, and to end needless suffering.
• Conjunction to be repeated: Since he was known to have succeeded in earlier enterprises, though confronted by difficulties that would have taxed the ability of older men, and his powers were now acknowledged to be mature, he was put in charge of the undertaking.
• Right: Since he was known to have succeeded in earlier enterprises, though confronted by difficulties that would have taxed the ability of older men, and since his powers were now acknowledged to be mature, he was put in charge of the undertaking.
• Conjunction to be repeated: He explained that the strikers asked only a fair hearing, since their contentions were misunderstood; were by no means in favor of the violent measures to which the public had grown accustomed; and had no desire to resort to bloodshed and the destruction of property.
• Right: He explained that the strikers asked only a fair hearing, since their contentions were misunderstood; that they were by no means in favor of the violent measures to which the public had grown accustomed; and that they had no desire to resort to bloodshed and the destruction of property.

Exercise:

1. The place is often visited by fishermen who catch some strange varieties of fish and especially summer tourists.
2. The worth of a man depends upon his character, not his possessions. 3. He was delighted with that part of the city which overlooked the harbor and bay, and especially the citadel on the highest point.
3. Although he was so youthful in appearance that the recruiting officer must have known he was under twenty-one, and had not yet become a fully naturalized citizen, his effort to enlist met with immediate success.
4. In the course of his speech he said that he was a foreigner, he came to this country when he was fourteen years old, landing in New York with his only possessions tied in a handkerchief, went to work in an iron foundry, and after many years of toil he found himself at the head of a great industry.

Repetition of Connective with a Loss in Clearness

38. Do not complicate thought by persistent repetition of elements beginning with that, which, of, for, or but, and NOT parallel in structure.

• Complicated repetition of that: He gave a quarter to the boy that brought the paper that printed the news that the war was ended. [That, which, and who are often used carelessly to form a chain of subordinate clauses. Three successive subordinations are all that a reader can possibly keep straight; ordinarily a writer should not exceed two. But in parallel structure (See 30 and 37) the number of that, which, or who clauses does not matter; a writer may fill a page with them and not confuse the reader at all.]
• Right: He gave the boy a quarter for bringing him the paper with the news that the war was ended.
• Complicated repetition of of: The East Side Civics Club is an organization of helpers of the helpless of the lower classes of the city.
• Right: The East Side Civics Club is organized to help the helpless poor of the city.
• Complicated repetition of for: The general was dismayed, for he had not expected resistance, for he had thought the power of the enemy was shattered.
• Right: The general was dismayed; he had not expected resistance, for he had thought the power of the enemy was shattered.
• Complicated repetition of but: He was undoubtedly a brave man, but now he was somewhat alarmed, but he would not turn back.
• Right: He was undoubtedly a brave man; though now somewhat alarmed, he would not turn back. [Or] He was undoubtedly a brave man. He was now somewhat alarmed, but he would not turn back.

Note.—Guard against the but-habit. Frequent recurrence of but makes the reader's thought "tack" or change its course too often. There are ways to avoid an excessive use of but and however. When one wishes to write about two things, A and B, which are opposed, he need not rush back and forth from one idea to the other. Let him first say all he wants to say about A. Then let him deliberately use the adversative but, and proceed to the discussion of B. In the following paragraph on "Whipping Children" the writer tries to be on both sides of the fence at once.

• Confusing: It is easier to punish a child for a misdeed, than to explain and argue. But the gentler method is better. Yet we all admit that the birch must be used sometimes. However, if it is used only for serious transgressions, the child will have a sense of proportion regarding what offenses are grave. But for ordinary small misdemeanors I think we need a new motto: Spoil the rod and spare the child.
• Right: It is easier to punish a child for a misdeed than to explain and argue. And of course we all admit that the birch must be used sometimes. But if it is used only for serious transgressions, the child will have a sense of proportion regarding what offenses are grave. For ordinary small misdemeanors I think we need a new motto: Spoil the rod and spare the child.

Exercise:

1. He did not agree at first, but hesitated for a time, but finally said that he would go along.
2. Push down on the foot lever, which closes a switch which starts an electric motor which turns the flywheel so that the gasoline engine starts.
3. Apple dumplings are good, but they must be properly baked, but fortunately this is not difficult to do.
4. The work of the course consists partly of the study of the principles of grammar and of rhetoric, partly of the writing of themes, partly of oral composition, and partly of the reading and study of models of English prose.
5. The landscape which lay before me was one which was different from any which I had ever seen before. There was one thing which impressed me, and that was the miles and miles of grass which stretched and undulated away from the hill on which I stood.

39. EXERCISE IN CLEARNESS OF THOUGHT

A. Parallel Structure

1. Baskets are of practical value as well as being used for ornaments.
2. The Book of Job ought to be interesting to a student, or for anybody.
3. The important considerations are whether the soil is sandy, and if it is well drained, and that it shall be easily cultivated.
4. A flower garden is a source of profit—profit not measured in money but in pleasure.
5. He was successful in business, and also attained success in the political world.
6. Whether his object was writing for pastime, or to please a friend, or money, we do not know.
7. Always praise your enemy, because if you whip him your glory is increased, and if he whips you it lets you down easy.
8. Either the ship will sink in the rough sea or go to pieces on the shore.
9. An athlete must possess strength, nerve, and be able to think quickly.
10. We were interested in buying some dry-goods, and at the same time see the sights of the great city.
11. Some people talk foolishness, and others on serious subjects, and some keep still.
12. Not only she noticed my condition, but commented on it.
13. He abides by neither the laws of God nor man. He spoke both to Harry and Tom.
14. It is good for the health of one's mind to get new ideas every day, and expressing them clearly in writing.
15. Everyone who is capable of understanding the tax laws should know them and how they are abused.
16. I began by making applications at federal, state, and city employment bureaus for a position as cost accountant, salesman, or clerical work.
17. The damage to the trunk was caused by rough handling and not from faults in construction.
18. Pope, Swift, Addison, and Defoe were four satirists, but differing greatly in their work.
19. The occupants of these buildings are engaged in various kinds of business, namely: shoe-shining, shoe repair shops, cleaning and pressing clothes, confectionery stores, and restaurants.
20. I sing of geese: of the Biblical goose, that blew his bugle from the roof of Noah's Ark; the classical goose that picked his livelihood along the shores of the Ægean; of the historical goose, that squawked to save old Rome; the mercenary goose, laying the golden egg; and, finally, of the roast goose.

B. Shift in Subject or Voice

1. After you decide on the plan of the house, your attention is turned to the materials of construction.
2. Editors are careful to use words that are exact, yet simple, and the use of technical terms is not generally considered to be good.
3. Bank accounts should be balanced once a month in order that you may know your exact standing.
4. We should have our athletic contest between the weakest students, and in that way they will become physically strong.
5. When one is making a long-distance run, several cautions should be borne in mind by him.
6. In melody the poem is good, but the author's ideas are eccentric.
7. Lincoln's sentences are plain, blunt, and to the point. He lacks the ornate eloquence of Jefferson.
8. The operator places a large shovelful of concrete in the mold, and the mixture is made solid by tamping.
9. He might become angry, but it was over in a few minutes.
10. The pauper chanced to gain entrance to the royal palace, and while there the young prince is met by him.
11. When the weather is hot, plowing is accomplished very slowly with horses, while on the tractor the heat has no effect.
12. First, one should mix one-half cup of corn syrup and one cup of brown sugar; then one cup of cream and the flavoring are added.
13. In the college situated in a small town there are dormitories for the student, but in the cities they usually room where they please.
14. An education should enable us to tell the valuable from the cheap book, and by it we should be able to tell the true from the counterfeit man.
15. Moisten the sand thoroughly and set the box in a warm place, and in about a week's time it can readily be seen by the way the grains have sprouted which ears of seed corn have greatest vitality.

C. Shift in Number, Person, or Tense

1. Every one has a right to their own opinion.
2. Bryant rushed to the window and shouts at the postman.
3. The life of the honey bee has been studied, and their activities found to be remarkable.
4. He says to me, "Are you ready?" And I answered, "No."
5. When a person keeps a store, you should remember the names and faces of your customers.
6. An automobile is expensive, and they are liable to become an elephant on your hands.
7. If one studies the market, he would find that prices rise every year.
8. If one went to Europe, he will find everything different.
9. Since these tires were different in construction, the method of repairing will vary.
10. Contentment is a state of mind in which one is satisfied with themselves and their surroundings.
11. It is easy to catch 'possums if you can find the rascal.
12. The writer of a theme should not waste time on a long introduction, and get to the facts of your subject as quickly as possible.
13. Shakespeare's comedies are great fun. I prefer it to tragedy.
14. Often a man will knock at the door, and finds no one at home.
15. Too much attention will spoil a child. They should not be entertained every minute.

D. The Exact Connective

1. Wealth is a good thing, while honest wealth is better.
2. Spend an hour in the open air every day when you want to keep your health.
3. The rattlesnake gives warning and it is only afterward that he strikes.
4. South Americans are our national neighbors, and we as a nation should understand them.
5. The city man knows nothing about a cow, only that it has horns.
6. He got up early in order that he might be able to see the sunrise.
7. The tenderfoot saw the funnel-shaped cloud when he made for a cyclone cellar.
8. Men fear what they do not understand, and a coward is one who is ignorant.
9. Hinting did not influence her; then he tried scolding.
10. The valet spilled the wine, and the duke started up with an oath.
11. While he writhed on the ground, he was not really hurt.
12. He will not cash the check without you indorse it.
13. We want this work done by the first of April, so please send an estimate soon.
14. He had traveled everywhere, and he had a vivid recollection of only three scenes: Niagara Falls, the Jungfrau, and Lake Como.
15. I never hear him talk but he makes me angry.
16. Animals have some of the same feelings as human beings have.
17. It was four o'clock and we decided to return and be home for supper.

E. Repetition of Connectives

1. With the coming of meal time, the potatoes are removed from the fire with a fork with a long handle.
2. His clothes were brushed and neat, but patched and repatched. But still he could be bright and cheery.
3. To no other magazine do I look forward to the arrival of its new issue, more than I do to the World's Work.
4. At the time the book was written, I believe Forster was considered to be almost the best biographer living at that time.
5. The freshman has no spirit until the sophomores have provoked him until he resists until he finds that he has spirit.
6. Some socialists are against the present system of initiative, referendum, and recall, but advocate a system much like it but applied in a different way.
7. The gun with which the Germans bombarded Paris with had a range of seventy-five miles.
8. Basketball is a game that I have played for years, and I am greatly interested in.
9. This is the lever which throws the switch which directs the train that takes the track that goes to Boston.
10. Short talks were made by the captain, the coach, and by the faculty.
11. At this school one can study to be a doctor, dentist, farmer, a lawyer, or an engineer.
12. I like to cross the harbor on the ferry, to dodge in and out among the ships, see the gulls dart among the waves, smell the sharp tang of salty air, and to feel the rocking motion of the boat.
13. In the sultry autumn, and when the winter's storms came, and when in spring the winds whistled, and in the summer's heat, he always wore the same old coat.
14. He knew that if he did not ignite the piece of wet bark this time, that he could not dry his clothing or broil the bacon.
15. The next speaker said that the need was critical, the schools must be enlarged, and that the paving now begun must be completed, and a new board of health should be created, that the interest on past debts had to be paid, and the city treasury was at this moment out of funds.

EMPHASIS

Emphasis by Position

40. Reserve the emphatic positions in a sentence for important words or ideas. (The emphatic positions are the beginning and the end—especially the end.)

• Weak ending: Then like a flash a vivid memory of my uncle's death came to me.
• Weak: I demand the release of the prisoners, in the first place.
• Weak: This principle is one we cannot afford to accept, if my understanding of the question is correct.

Place the important idea at the end. Secure, if possible, an emphatic beginning. "Tuck in" unimportant modifiers.

• Emphatic: Like a flash came to me a vivid memory of my uncle's death.
• Emphatic: I demand, in the first place, the release of the prisoners.
• Emphatic: This principle, if my understanding of the question is correct, is one we cannot afford to accept.

Exercise:

1. "War is inevitable," he said.
2. The cat had been poisoned to all appearances.
3. There are several methods of learning to swim, as everyone knows.
4. A liar is as bad as a thief, in my estimation.
5. He saw a fight below him in the street, happening to look out of the window.

Emphasis by Separation

41. An idea which needs much emphasis may be detached, and allowed to stand in a sentence by itself.

• Faulty: The flames were by this time beyond control, and the walls collapsed, and several firemen were hurt. [The ideas here are too important to be run together in one sentence.]
• Right: By this time the flames were beyond control, and the walls collapsed. Several firemen were hurt.

A quotation gains emphasis when it is separated from what follows.

• Faulty:
  "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men
  Gang aft a-gley,"
  
  are some lines from Burns which McDonald was always quoting.
• Right:
  "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men
  Gang aft a-gley."
  
  McDonald was always quoting these lines from Burns.

Direct discourse is more emphatic when it is separated from explanatory phrases, particularly from those which follow.

• Faulty: Mosher leaped to the stage and shouted defiantly, "I will never consent to that!" and he looked as if he meant what he said.
• Right: Mosher leaped to the stage and shouted his defiance: "I will never agree to that!" And he looked as if he meant what he said.

Exercise:

1. After the tents are pitched, the beds made, and the fires started, the first meal is cooked and served, and this meal is the beginning of camp-life joy.
2. He tried to make his wife vote for his own, the Citizen's Party, but she firmly refused.
3. At the word of command the dog rushed forward; the covey rose with a mighty whir, and the hunter fired both barrels, and the dog looked in vain for a dead bird, and then returned disconsolate.
4. I sat and gazed at the motto, "Aim high, and believe yourself capable of great things," which my mother had placed there for me.
5. "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough,
   A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread, and Thou
   Beside me singing in the Wilderness."
   
   were the four things Omar Khayyam wanted to make him happy.

Emphasis by Subordination

42. Do not place the important idea of a sentence in a subordinate clause or phrase. Make the important idea grammatically independent. If possible, subordinate the rest of the sentence to it.

• Faulty: He had a manner which made me angry.
• Faulty: The fire spread to the third story, when the house was doomed.
• Faulty: For years the Indians molested the white people, thereby causing the settlers to want revenge.

The important idea should not be placed in a which clause, or a when clause, or a participial phrase.

• Right: His manner made me angry.
• Right: When the fire spread to the third story, the house was doomed.
• Right: Years of molestation by the Indians made the white men want revenge.

Exercise:

1. I was riding on the train, when suddenly there was an accident.
2. There are two windows in each bedroom, thus insuring good ventilation.
3. Yonder is the house which is my home.
4. He saw that argument was useless, so he let her talk.
5. His clothes were very old, making him look like a tramp.

The Periodic Sentence

43. To give emphasis to a loosely constructed sentence, turn it into periodic form.

• Loose: I saw two men fight a duel, many years ago, on a moonlit summer night, in a little village in northern France. [What is most important, the time? the place? or the actual duel? Place the important idea last.]
• Periodic: Many years ago, on a moonlit summer night, in a little village in northern France, I saw two men fight a duel.
• Loose: We left Yellowstone Gateway for the ride of our lives in a six-horse tally-ho. [Place the important idea last, and make all other ideas grammatically subordinate.]
• Periodic: Leaving Yellowstone Gateway in a six-horse tally-ho, we had the ride of our lives.
• Loose: The river was swollen with incessant rain, and it swept away the dam. [Which is the important idea? Why not make it appear more important by subordinating everything to it?]
• Periodic: The river, swollen with incessant rain, swept away the dam.
• Loose: War means to have our pursuit of knowledge and happiness rudely broken off, to feel the sting of death and bereavement, to saddle future generations with a burden of debt and national hatred.
• Periodic: To have our pursuit of knowledge and happiness rudely broken off, to feel the sting of death and bereavement, to saddle future generations with a burden of debt and national hatred—this is war.

Exercise:

1. I am happy when the spring comes, when the sun is warm, when the fields revive.
2. He cares nothing for culture, for justice, for progress.
3. As the boat gathered speed, the golden sun was setting far across the harbor.
4. He amassed a great fortune, standing there behind his dingy counter, discounting bills, pinching coins, buying cheap and selling dear.
5. The shattered aqueducts, pier beyond pier, melt into the darkness, from the plains to the mountains.

Order of Climax

44. In a series of words, phrases, or clauses of noticeable difference in strength, use the order of climax.

• Wrong order: He was insolent and lazy.
• Weak ending: Literature has expanded into a sea, where before it was only a small stream.
• Weak ending: As we listened to his story we felt the sordid misery and the peril and fear of war.
• Emphatic: He was lazy and insolent.
• Emphatic: The stream of literature has swollen into a torrent, expanded into a sea.
• Emphatic: As we listened to his story we felt the fear, the peril, the sordid misery of war.

Exercise:

1. We boarded the train, after having bought our tickets and checked our baggage.
2. War brings famine, death, disease after it.
3. They have broken up our homes, enslaved our children, and stolen our property.
4. In the old story, the drunken man, carried into the duke's palace, sees himself surrounded with luxury, and imagines himself a true prince, after waking up.
5. The becalmed mariners were famished, hungry.

The Balanced Sentence

45. Two ideas similar or opposite in thought gain in emphasis when set off, one against the other, in similar constructions.

• Weak and straggling: This paper, like many others, has many bad features, but in some ways it is very good. The news articles are far better than the editorials, which are feeble.
• Balanced structure: This paper is in some respects good; in other respects very poor. The news articles are impressive, the editorials are feeble.
• Weak and complicated: From the East a man who lives in the West can learn a great deal, and an Easterner ought to be able to understand the West.
• Balanced: A Westerner can learn much from the East, and an Easterner needs to understand the West.
• Weak: Both Mill and Macaulay influenced the younger writers. Mill taught some of them to reason, but many more of them learned from Macaulay only a superficial eloquence.
• Balanced: Both Mill and Macaulay influenced the younger writers. If Mill taught some of them to reason, Macaulay tempted many more of them to declaim.

Note.—Although excessive use of balance is artificial, occasional use of it is powerful. It can give to writing either dignity (as in an oration) or point (as in an epigram). Observe how many proverbs are in balanced structure. "Seeing is believing.—Nothing venture, nothing have.—For every grain of wit there is a grain of folly.—You cannot do wrong without suffering wrong.—An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." Note the effective use of balance in Emerson's Essays, particularly in Compensation; and in the Old Testament, particularly in Psalms and Proverbs.

Exercise:

1. Machinery is of course labor-saving, but countless men are thrown out of work.
2. There is a difference between success in business and in acquiring culture.
3. I attend concerts for the pleasure of it, and to get an understanding of music.
4. The stag in the fable admired his horns and blamed his feet; but when the hunter came, his feet saved him, and afterward, caught in the thicket, he was destroyed by his horns.
5. We do not see the stars at evening, sometimes because there are clouds intervening, but oftener because there are glimmerings of light; thus many truths escape us from the obscurity we stand in, and many more from the state of mind which induces us to sit down satisfied with our imaginations and of our knowledge unsuspicious. [This sentence is correctly balanced, except at the end.]

The Weak Effect of the Passive Voice

46. Use the active voice unless there is a reason for doing otherwise. The passive voice is, as the name implies, not emphatic.

• Weak: Your gift is appreciated by me.
• Better: I appreciate your gift.
• Weak and vague: His step on the porch was heard.
• Better: His step sounded on the porch. [Or] I heard his step on the porch.

The passive voice is especially objectionable when by failing to indicate the agent of the verb it unnecessarily mystifies the reader.

• Vague: The train was seen speeding toward us.
• Better: We saw the train speeding toward us.

Exercise:

1. Their minds were changed frequently as to what profession should be taken up by them.
2. A gun should be examined and oiled well before a hunter starts.
3. Finally the serenaders were recognized.
4. In athletics a man is developed physically.
5. If a man uses slang constantly, a good impression is not made.

Effective Repetition

47a. The simplest and most natural way to emphasize a word or an idea is to repeat it. The Bible is the best standard of simplicity and dignity in our language, and the Bible uses repetition constantly. A word or idea that is repeated must, of course, be important enough to deserve emphasis.

• Fairly emphatic: He works and toils and labors, but he seems never to get anywhere.
• Very emphatic: Work, work, work, all he does is work, and still he seems never to get anywhere.
• Fairly emphatic: How did the general meet this new menace? He withdrew before it!
• Very emphatic: How did the general meet this new menace? He withdrew! He retreated! He ran away!
• Homely but emphatic: "I went under," said the old salt; "bows, gunnels, and starn—all under."
• Deliberately too emphatic: Everywhere we hear of efficiency—efficiency experts, efficiency bureaus, efficiency methods, in the office, in the school, in the home—until one longs to fly to some savage island beyond the reach of inhuman modern science.

b. Not only words, but an entire grammatical structure may be repeated on a large scale for emphasis.

• Weak: We hope that this shipment will reach you in good condition, and that you will favor us with other orders in the future, which will be given prompt and courteous attention. [This sentence is flimsy and spineless because the writer had a timid reluctance to repeat.]
• Strong: We hope that this shipment will reach you in good condition. We believe that the quality of our goods will induce you to send us a second order. We assure you that such an order will receive prompt and courteous attention. [Note the emphasis derived from the resolute march of the expressions We hope, We believe, We assure.]
• Emphatic: Through the patience, the courage, the high character of Alfred the country was saved—saved from the rapacities of fortune, saved from the malignancy of its enemies, saved from the sluggish despair of the people of England themselves.
• Emphatic and natural: This corner of the garden was my first playground. Here I made my first toddling effort to walk. Here on the soft grass I learned the delight of out-of-doors. Here I became acquainted with the bull-frog, and the bumble-bee, and the neighbor's dog.
• Emphatic and delightful: He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul; he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.

Exercise:

1. He kept digging away for gold through long years.
2. Breaking against the shore, came innumerable waves.
3. Sand, sagebrush, shimmering flat horizon. I could not endure the barren monotony of the desert.
4. We want you to come and visit us, and bring along a good appetite and your customary high spirits. Plan to stay a long time.
5. 'Twas bitter cold outside. The cat meowed until I had to let her in.

Offensive Repetition

48a. Unless a word or phrase is repeated deliberately to gain force or clearness, its repetition is a blunder. Get rid of recurring expressions in one of three ways: (1) by substituting equivalent expressions, (2) by using pronouns more liberally, (3) by rearranging the sentence so as to say once what has awkwardly been said twice. Each of these schemes is illustrated below.

1. Repetition cured by the use of equivalent expressions (synonyms).

• Bad: Just as we were half way down the lake, just off Milwaukee, we began to feel a slight motion of the ship and the wind began to freshen. The wind began to blow more fiercely from the south and the waves began to leap high. The boat began to pitch and roll.
• Right: Just as we were half way down the lake, opposite Milwaukee, we began to feel a slight motion of the ship, for the wind had freshened. Before long a gale, blowing from the south, kicked up a heavy sea and caused the boat to pitch and roll. [Notice how combining the last two sentences helps to solve the problem of the last began, besides giving firmer texture to the construction.]

2. Repetition cured by the use of pronouns. (In using this method, one should take care that the reference of the pronouns is clear.)

• Bad: The Law Building, the Commerce Building, and the Science Building are close together. The Commerce Building is south of the Law Building, and the Science Building is south of the Commerce Building. The Law Building is old and dilapidated. The Commerce Building is a red brick building, trimmed in terra-cotta. The Science Building resembles the Commerce Building.
• Right: The Law, Commerce, and Science Buildings are close together in a row. The first of these is old and dilapidated. South of it stands the Commerce Building, which, because of its red brick and terra-cotta trimmings, somewhat resembles the Science Building.

3. Repetition cured by rearranging and condensing.

• Bad: The autumn is my favorite of all the seasons. While autumn in the city is not such a pleasant season as autumn in the country, yet even in the city my preference will always be for the autumn.
• Right: My favorite season is autumn. I like it best in the country, but even in the city it is the best time of the year.

b. Avoid a monotonous repetition of sentence structure. To give variety to successive sentences: (1) vary the length, (2) vary the beginnings, (3) avoid a series of similar compound sentences, (4) interchange loose with periodic structure, (5) use rhetorical question, exclamation, direct discourse, (6) avoid an excessive use of participles or adjectives.

1. Vary the length of sentences.

• Bad: Walter came up the path carrying Betty in his arms. She was wet from head to toe. Damp curls clung to her pale face. Water dripped from her clothes. One hand hung loosely over Walter's arm. The other held a live duckling. She had saved the little duck from drowning. This was Betty's first day in the country.
• Right: Walter came up the path carrying Betty in his arms—little Betty who was spending her first day in the country. She was wet from head to toe; damp curls clung to her pale face, and water dripped from her clothes. In one hand she held a live duckling. Her face lighted with courage as she told how she jumped into the pond and saved the little duck from drowning.

2. Vary the beginnings of sentences. Do not allow too many sentences to begin with the subject, or with a time clause, or with a participle, or with so. When you have finished a composition, rapidly read over the opening words of each sentence, to see if there is sufficient variety.

• Bad [too many sentences begin directly with the subject]: Our way is circuitous. A sharp turn brings us round a rocky point. The road drops suddenly into a little valley. The roof of a house appears in a grove of trees below. A cottage is there and a flower garden. An old-fashioned well is near the door.
• Right: Presently, on our circuitous way, we make a sharp turn round a rocky point. Before us the road drops suddenly into a little valley. In a grove of trees below appears the roof of a house, and as we draw nearer we see a cottage surrounded by flowers. Nothing could be more attractive to a weary traveler than the old-fashioned well near the door.

3. Avoid a series of similar compound sentences, especially those of two parts of equal length, joined by and or but.

• Bad: Ring was a sheep dog, and tended the flock with his master. One day there came a deep snow, and the flock did not return. They found the herder frozen stiff, and the dog shivering beside him.
• Right: Ring was a sheep dog, and tended the flock with his master. One day there came a deep snow. When the flock failed to return, the men became uneasy, and began to search. They found the herder frozen stiff, with the dog shivering beside him.

4. Change occasionally from loose to periodic or balanced structure (See 43 and 45).

• Monotonous: I stood at the foot of Tunbridge hill. I saw on the horizon a dense wood, which, in the evening sunlight, was veiled in purple haze [Loose]. On the left was the village, the houses appearing like specks in the distance [Loose]. Nearer on the right was the creek, winding through the willows [Loose]. The creek approached nearer until it reached the dam, over which it rushed tumultuously [Loose]. Near by was a thicket of tall trees, through which I could see the white tents of my fellow campers, and their glowing camp fires [Loose].
• Right: Far south from Tunbridge hill, on the dim horizon, I saw, veiled in the evening haze, a dense wood [Periodic, long, conveying the idea of distance better than a loose sentence]. On my left stood the village, the houses like specks; on my right wound the creek, nearer and nearer through the willows [Balanced]. The creek advanced by slow sinuous turns, until, reaching the dam, it plunged over tumultuously [Loose]. Through a thicket of tall trees, near at hand, I could see the white tents of my fellow campers, and their glowing camp fires [Periodic through the middle of the sentence; then loose].

5. Use question, exclamation, direct quotation.

• Somewhat flat: He asked me the road to Camden. I did not know. I told him to ask Thurber, who knew the country well.
• Better: He asked me the road to Camden. The road to Camden? How should I know? "Ask Thurber," I said impatiently; "he knows this country. I'm a stranger."

6. Avoid an excessive use of participles. Do not pile adjectives around every noun. Above all, do not form a habit of using adjectives in pairs or triplets.

• Bad: Sitting by the window, I saw a sharp, dazzling flash of lightning, and heard a loud rumbling crash of heavy thunder, warning me of the coming of the storm. Darting across the gray, leaden sky, the quick, jagged lightning flashed incessantly. The tall stately poplar trees thrashed around in the boisterous wind. Then across the window, like a great white curtain, swept the streaming, blinding rain.
• Right: I sat by the window. Suddenly a sharp flash of lightning and a roll of thunder gave warning of the approach of a storm. Soon lightning zig-zagged across the sky incessantly. The wind huddled the poplar trees. Then like a white curtain across the window streamed the rain.

Exercise:

1. The parts of the tables are not put together at the factory, but the different parts are shipped in different shipments.
2. In order to convince the reader that the present management of farms is inefficient, I shall give some examples of efficiency in the farm management on some farms with which I am acquainted.
3. When one wishes to learn how to swim one must first become accustomed to the water. The best way to become accustomed to the water is to go into it frequently. After one has become accustomed to the water he may begin to learn the strokes.
4. The Life of Sir Walter Scott, written by J. G. Lockhart, is an interesting biography of this great writer. It consists of a short biography by Scott himself, and also consists of a continuation of this biography by his son-in-law, J. G. Lockhart.
5. If a piece of steel is kept hot for several seconds, it will lose some of its hardness. If kept hot longer, it will lose more of its hardness. Along with losing its hardness it will lose its brittleness. If the piece of steel is heated continually it will lose nearly all its hardness and brittleness. In other words, it will lose its "temper."

49. EXERCISE IN EMPHASIS

A. Lack of Emphasis in General

1. The man is a thief who fails in business but continues to live in luxury.
2. The plant was withered and dry, not having been watered for over a week.
3. Much time is saved in Chicago by taking the elevated cars, if you have a great distance to travel.
4. The clock struck eleven, when he immediately seized his hat and left.
5. These liberal terms should be taken advantage of by us.
6. The study of biology has proved very interesting, as far as I have gone.
7. Who is this that comes to the foot of the guillotine, crouching, trembling?
8. They must pay the penalty. Their death is necessary. They have caused harm enough.
9. I intend to get up fifteen minutes earlier, thereby giving myself time to eat a good breakfast.
10. The book was reread several times, for I never grew tired of it.
11. "What is the aim of a university education?" the speaker asked.
12. A bicycle is sometimes ridden when a tire contains no air, total ruin resulting from the weight of the rim upon the flat tire.
13. He sprang forward the instant the pistol cracked, since the start of a sprint is very important, and one cannot overdo the practicing of it.
14. Sometimes the fuses fail to burn, or burn too fast, causing an explosion before the workmen are prepared for it.
15. How father made soap was always a mystery to me. Cracklings saved from butchering time, lye, and water went into the kettle on a warm spring day and came out in the form of soap a few hours later, to my great astonishment.

B. Loose or Unemphatic Structure

1. It was Tom, as I had expected.
2. I will not tell, no matter how you beg.
3. The supremacy of the old river steamboat is gone forever, unless conditions should be utterly changed.
4. Across the desert he traveled alone, and over strange seas, and through quaint foreign villages.
5. The hot water dissolves the glue in the muresco, making the mixture more easily applied.
6. Visions of rich meadows and harvest-laden fields now pass before my eyes, as I sit by the fire.
7. Some of the women were weeping bitterly, thinking they would never see their homes again.
8. I splashed along on foot for three miles after night in a driving rain.
9. Very high rent is demanded, thus keeping the peasants constantly in debt.
10. Roderigo was in despair because he had been rejected by Desdemona, and was ready to end his life, by the time Iago entered.
11. Through storm and cold the open boat was brought to the shore at last, after toil and suffering, with great difficulty.
12. The car came to a violent stop against a rock pile, after it demolished two fences, upset a hen-house, and scared a pig out of his wits.
13. The Panama Canal is the fulfilment of the dreams of old Spanish adventurers, the desires of later merchant princes, and the demand of modern nations for free traffic on the seas.
14. The fiddle yelled, and the feet of the dancers beat the floor, and the spectators applauded, and the room fairly rang.
15. The man with the best character, not the man with most money, will come out on top in the end.

C. Faulty Repetition