Samuel Clarke (1675-1729), a man of large attainments in science and divinity, was the favourite theologian of Queen Caroline, who admired his latitudinarian views, and delighted in his conversation. His works, edited by Bishop Hoadly, were published in 1738 in four folio volumes. In 1704 he delivered the Boyle lectures on The Being and Attributes of God, and in 1705 On Natural and Revealed Religion. His Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity (1712) was condemned by convocation. In defence of Sir Isaac Newton, Clarke had a controversy with Leibnitz, and having published the correspondence dedicated it to the Queen. His sermons, Mr. Leslie Stephen says, are 'for the most part not sermons at all, but lectures upon metaphysics.' In Addison's judgment Clarke was one of the most accurate, learned, and judicious writers the age had produced.
Elijah Fenton (1683-1730) wrote poems and Mariamne a tragedy, in which, according to his friend Broome, 'great Sophocles revives and reappears.' It was acted with applause, and brought nearly one thousand pounds to its author. His name is now chiefly known as having assisted Pope in his translation of the Odyssey.
Richard Glover (1712-1785), the son of a London merchant, was himself a merchant of high reputation in the city. He also 'cultivated the Muses,' and his Leonidas (1737), an elaborate poem in blank verse, preferred by some critics of the day to Paradise Lost, passed through several editions and was praised by Fielding and by Lord Chatham. Power is visible in this epic, which displays also a large amount of knowledge, but the salt of genius is wanting, and the poem, despite many estimable qualities, is now forgotten. Leonidas was followed by Boadicea (1758), and The Atheniad, published after his death in 1788. Glover was a politician as well as a verseman. His party feeling probably inspired Admiral Hosier's Ghost (1739), a ballad still remembered and preserved in anthologies.
Matthew Green (1696-1737) is the author of The Spleen, an original and brightly written poem. The Grotto, printed but not published in 1732, is also marked by freshness of treatment. Green's poems, written in octosyllabic metre, were published after his death.
James Hammond (1710-1742) produced many forlorn elegies on a lady who appears to have scorned him, and who lived in 'maiden meditation' for nearly forty years after the poet's death. His love is said to have affected his mind for a time. 'Sure Hammond has no right,' says Shenstone, 'to the least inventive merit. I do not think that there is a single thought in his elegies of any eminence that is not literally translated.'
Nathaniel Hooke (1690-1763), the author of a Roman History, is better known as the editor of An Account of the conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, from her first coming to Court in the year 1710, in a letter from herself to Lord —— in 1742. The duchess is said to have dictated this letter from her bed, and to have been so eager for its completion that she insisted on Hooke's not leaving the house till he had finished it. He was munificently rewarded for his labour by a present of £5,000. It was Hooke, a zealous Roman Catholic, who, when Pope was dying, asked him if he should not send for a priest, and received the poet's hearty thanks for putting him in mind of it.
John Hughes (1677-1719) was the author of poems, an opera, a masque, several translations, and a tragedy, The Siege of Damascus, which was well received, and kept its place on the stage for some years. He died on the first night's performance of the play. Several articles in the Tatler and Spectator are from his pen. In 1715 he published an edition of Spenser in six volumes. Hughes received warm praise from Steele, and enjoyed also the friendship of Addison.
Conyers Middleton (1683-1750) is now chiefly known for an extravagantly eulogistic life of Cicero (1741), in which, as Macaulay observes, he 'resorted to the most disingenuous shifts, to unpardonable distortions and suppressions of facts.' The book is written in a forcible and lively style. A man of considerable learning, Middleton was a violent controversialist, who liked better to attack and to defend than to dwell in the serene atmosphere of literature or of practical divinity. He assailed the famous Richard Bentley with such rancour that he had to apologize and was fined £50 by the Court of King's Bench. Middleton was a doctor of divinity, but his controversial works, while never directly attacking the chief tenets of the religion he professed, lean far more to the side of the Deists than to the orthodox creed, and, indeed, it would not be uncharitable to class him among them. He appears, like Swift, to have chiefly regarded the Christian religion as an institution of service to the stability of the State. Of the Miscellaneous Works which were published after his death in five volumes, the most elaborate and the most provocative of disputation is A Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers which are supposed to have subsisted in the Christian Church through several successive centuries (1749). Middleton was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1734 was elected librarian of the University.
Richard Savage (1698-1743), whose fate is one of the most melancholy in the annals of versemen, lives in the admirable though neither impartial nor wholly accurate biography of Dr. Johnson. In 1719 he produced Love in a Veil, a comedy from the Spanish; and in 1723 his tragedy Sir Thomas Overbury was acted, but with little success. In the same year he published The Bastard, a poem which is said to have driven his mother out of society. The Wanderer, in five cantos, appeared in 1729, and was regarded by the author as his masterpiece. It has some vigorous lines and several descriptive passages that are not conventional. Savage died in prison at Bristol, a city which recalls the equally painful story of Chatterton.
Lewis Theobald (1688-1744), the original hero of the Dunciad, was a dramatist and translator, but is chiefly known as the author of Shakespeare Restored; or specimens of blunders committed or unamended in Pope's edition of the poet (1726). This was followed two years later by Proposals for Publishing Emendations and Remarks on Shakespeare, and in 1733 by his edition of the dramatist in seven volumes. 'Theobald as an editor,' say the editors of the Cambridge Shakespeare, 'is incomparably superior to his predecessors and to his immediate successor Warburton, although the latter had the advantage of working on his materials. He was the first to recall a multitude of readings of the first Folio unquestionably right, but unnoticed by previous editors. Many most brilliant emendations ... are due to him.'
William Walsh (1663-1708) has chronologically little claim to be noticed here, for his poems were published before the beginning of the century, but he is to be remembered as the early friend and wise counsellor of Pope, and also as the author, I believe, of the only English sonnet between Milton's in 1658, and Gray's, on Richard West, in 1742.
Anne Finch, Countess of Winchelsea (1660-1720), published a volume of verse in 1713 under the title of Miscellany Poems on Several Occasions, Written by a Lady. The book contains a Nocturnal Reverie, which has some lines showing a close and faithful observation of rural sounds and sights, as for example:
The Nocturnal Reverie, however, is an exception to the general character of Lady Winchelsea's poems, which consist chiefly of odes (including the inevitable Pindaric), fables, songs, affectionate addresses to her husband, poetical epistles, and a tragedy, Aristomenes; or the Royal Shepherd. The Petition for an Absolute Retreat is one of the best pieces in the volume. It displays great facility in versification, and a love of country delights.
Thomas Yalden (1670-1736), born in Exeter, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, entered into holy orders (1711), and was appointed lecturer of moral philosophy. 'Of his poems,' writes Dr. Johnson, 'many are of that irregular kind which, when he formed his poetical character, was supposed to be Pindaric.' Pindarics were indeed the bane of the age. Every minor poet, no matter however feeble his poetical wings might be, endeavoured to fly with Pindar. Like Gay, Yalden tried his skill as a writer of fables.
Note.
Mrs. Veal's Ghost (see pp. 186-187). A curious discovery, made by Mr. G. A. Aitken (see Nineteenth Century, January, 1895), makes it certain, he thinks, that 'the whole narrative is literally true.' He even hopes that the receipt for scouring Mrs. Veal's gown may some day be found. Mr. Aitken seems to infer that Defoe's other tales will also turn out to be true histories, but Defoe avers, with all the seriousness he expends on Mrs. Veal, that he witnessed the great Plague of London, which it is needless to say he did not.
Addison, Joseph, 4, 5, 15, 16, 19, 20, 35, 59, 62, 125-136, 145, 146.
Addison, Address to Mr., 112.
Admiral Hosier's Ghost, 244.
Agamemnon, 88.
Akenside, Mark, 117.
Ambitious Step-mother, the, 103.
Amyntor and Theodora, 119.
Analogy of Religion, 236.
Appius and Virginia, 191, 193.
Arbuthnot, John, 45, 49, 175-179.
Arbuthnot, Epistle to Dr., 59.
Armstrong, John, 242.
Art of Political Lying, the, 177.
Art of Preserving Health, the, 242.
Atheniad, the, 244.
Atterbury, Bishop, 45, 70, 207-212.
Atticus, character of, 59.
Augustan Age, origin of the term, 10.
Baucis and Philemon, 157.
Bangor, three Letters to the Bishop of, 230.
Bangorian Controversy, the, 9.
Bathos, treatise on the, 39.
Battle of Blenheim, the, 192.
Battle of the Books, the, 160.
Bentley, Richard, 36, 48, 160, 207, 208, 243.
Bentley's Dissertations, Examination of, 208.
Berkeley, Bishop, 46, 215, 221-229.
Bickerstaff, Isaac, 161;
Binning, Lord, 121.
Black-eyed Susan, 74.
Blackmore, Sir Richard, 47, 242.
Blair, Robert, 84.
Blenheim, 101.
Blount, Martha and Teresa, 44, 56.
Boadicea, 244.
Boehme, Jacob, 235.
Boileau and Pope compared, 4, 47;
his Art Poétique, 29.
Bolingbroke, Lord, 8, 44, 51, 52, 59, 216-221.
Boyle, Charles, 160, 207, 208.
Braes of Yarrow, the, 121.
Bribery, prevalence of, 19.
Britannia (Thomson's), 87;
(Mallet's), 119.
Brooke, Henry, 242.
Brothers, the, 79.
Busiris, 79.
Butler, Bishop, 236.
Byrom, John, 243.
Cadenus and Vanessa, 154, 165.
Campaign, the, 126.
Captain Singleton, 188.
Careless Husband, the, 196, 197.
Caroline, Queen, 9.
Castle of Indolence, the, 93.
Cato, 128, et seq.
Chandos, Duke of, 57.
Characteristics of Men, Manners, etc., 19, 52, 212.
Charke, Mrs., Narrative of her Life, 11.
Chase, the, 112.
Chit-Chat, 144.
Christian Hero, the, 137.
Christianity, argument against abolishing, 161.
Christian Perfection, 232.
Christian Religion, Grounds of the, 222.
Apology for the Life of, 198.
Cider, 101.
Colin and Lucy, 110.
Colin and Phœbe, 243.
Collier, Jeremy, 137.
Collins, Anthony, 222.
Conscious Lovers, the, 137.
Contentment, Hymn to, 107.
Conversion of St. Paul, Dissertation on the, 205.
Coriolanus, 88.
Country Mouse and City Mouse, the, 66.
Country Walk, the, 114.
Crawford, Robert, 121.
Creation, the, 242.
Criticism, the Essay on, 29, 191.
Criticism in Poetry, grounds of, 192.
Cruelty of the age, 18.
Curll, Edmund, 42.
Delany, Mrs., Life and Correspondence of, 12, 164.
Dialogues of the Dead, 205.
Dispensary, the, 96.
Distrest Mother, the, 98.
Divine Legation of Moses, the, 230, 239.
Dorset, Earl of, 65.
Drapier's Letters, 170.
Drelincourt's Christian's Defence, etc., 187.
Dryden, John, death of, 1;
Dryden, Ode to, 193.
Drummer, the, 134.
Drunkenness, prevalence of, 17.
Duelling, 13.
Dunciad, the, 39, 48, et seq., 240.
Edward and Eleanora, 88.
Edwards, Thomas, 241.
Edwin and Emma, 118.
Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady, 33.
Eloisa to Abelard, 33.
Elvira, 119.
English Convocation, Rights, Powers and Privileges of, 208.
Englishman, the, 144.
English Poets, Account of the greatest, 131.
Epistle to a Friend in Town, 114.
Epistles of Phalaris, Dissertations on the, 160, 208.
Eurydice, 119.
Eusden, Lawrence, 47.
Evergreen, the, 120.
Examiner, the, 162.
Excursion, the, 118.
Fable of the Bees, the, 214, 230;
Remarks on the, 231.
Fables (Gay's), 73.
Fair Penitent, the, 103.
Fatal Curiosity, the, 138.
Fool of Quality, the, 243.
Force of Religion, the, 78.
Freedom of Wit and Humour, the, 213.
Freeholder, the, 132.
Freethinking, Discourse on, 222.
French Literature, influence of, 3, 4, 5.
French Customs, 14.
Funeral, the, 137.
Garth, Sir Samuel, 96.
Gentle Shepherd, the, 120.
George Barnwell, 138.
Gideon, 104.
Glover, Richard, 244.
God, the Being and Attributes of, 244.
Granville, George, Lord Lansdowne, 40.
Grave, the, 84.
Green, Matthew, 245.
Grongar Hill, 113.
Grotto, the, 244.
Grub Street Journal, the, 51.
Grumbling Hive, the, 214.
Gulliver's Travels, 167.
Gustavus Vasa, 243.
Halifax, Montague, Earl of, 65, 66.
Hamilton, William, of Bangour, 121.
Hammond, James, 245.
Health, an Eclogue, 108.
Henry and Emma, 67.
Hermit, the, 107.
Homer, Pope's Translation of, 34, et seq., 206, 243, 244.
Tickell's translation, 35, 111.
Hooke, Nathaniel, 245.
Horace, Ars Poetica, 29.
Horace, Imitations from, 55, 59, 60.
Human Knowledge, Treatise on, 221, 225.
Hylas and Philonous, Dialogue between, 222, 227.
Hymn to Contentment, 107.
Hymn to the Naiads, 118.
Imperium Pelagi, 76.
Instalment, the, 79.
Iphigenia, 193.
Italy, Letter from, 131.
Italy, Remarks on Several Parts of, 126.
Jane Shore, 103.
John Bull, History of, 177.
Johnson, Esther, 152, 164, 166, 172.
Judgment Day, the, 104.
Judgment of Hercules, the, 116.
Kensington Gardens, 111.
King, on the Origin of Evil, 52.
Lady Jane Grey, 103.
Lansdowne, Epistle to Lord, 77.
Last Day, the, 77.
Law, William, 194, 230-236, 243.
Law, Elegy in Memory of William, 85.
Leibnitz, Essais de Théodicée, 52.
Leonidas, 244.
Liberty Asserted, 193.
Lillo, George, 138.
Love in a Veil, 246.
Lover, the, 144.
Love's Last Shift, 196.
Lying Lover, the, 137.
Lyttelton, George, Lord, 204.
Mallet, David, 88, 118, 219, 220.
Man, Allegory on, 107.
Mandeville, Bernard de, 214, 230.
Mariamne, 244.
Marlborough, Duchess of, 13, 57.
Marlborough, Duchess of, Account of the Conduct of, 245.
Marriages in the Fleet, 11, 12.
Mathematical Learning, Essay on the Usefulness of, 175.
Memoirs of a Cavalier, 188.
Merope, 106.
Middleton, Conyers, 246.