Anatifa Villosa. Brugière. Encyclop. Meth. Des. Vers., tom. i, 1789, p. 62, Pl. clxvi.
On ships: Mediterranean.
Anatifa hirsuta[69] Conrad. Journal of the Acad. of Nat. Sc., Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1837, p. 262.
On fuci, Fayal, Azores.
The specimens, to which these names have been given by the above two authors, are described as small, and the A. villosa was suspected by Brugière to be young. The A. hirsuta is said by Conrad to have the valves minutely striated, granulated, and covered by a strong hirsute epidermis; the scuta, compared with the other valves, are very large; the entire length of this specimen was a quarter of an inch. The A. villosa is described as having smooth valves, and apparently the peduncle alone is hirsute. Now, in young individuals of Lepas australis, the peduncle is hairy, whilst in full-grown specimens it is quite smooth. Again, in some varieties of L. fascicularis, the thorax, prosoma, and cirri are hirsute, whereas they are generally quite smooth; hence I am inclined to suspect that A. villosa is the young, in a state of variation, of L. anatifera; and that A. hirsuta bears a similar relation to L. anserifera. In Lamarck’s ‘Animaux sans Vertèbres,’ Pollicipes villosus of Sowerby is quite incorrectly given as a synonym to the above A. villosa.
[69] The Anatifa hirsuta of Quoy and Gaimard is the Ibla quadrivalvis of this work.
Anatifa elongata. Quoy et Gaimard. Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Pl. xciii, fig. 6.
This, I think, is certainly a distinct and new species, but I am unable to decide whether to place it in Lepas or Pæcilasma. It is briefly described and pretty well figured in the above work. It was procured at New Zealand, but it is not stated to what object it was attached. The capitulum is much elongated, and one inch in length; the peduncle is from six to eight lines long. The carina is said to be very narrow; it is not stated whether it terminates downwards in a fork or disc; judging from the figure, it extends some way up between the terga, the basal ends of which are bluntly pointed. The scuta are almost quadrilateral. The peduncle is short, yellow, and tuberculated. The general appearance of the drawing makes me suspect that it is a Pæcilasma.
Clyptra. Leach. Zoological Journal, vol. ii, p. 208, July, 1825.
Leach has most briefly characterised a specimen in Savigny’s Museum, from the Red Sea, under the above name of Clyptra. It has only four valves, and its peduncle is smooth; by the latter character it is distinguished from Ibla. Apparently this is a distinct and new genus.
Mr. J. E. Gray, in ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,’ 1848, p. 44, quotes a description by Stroem (‘Nym. Saml. Danske,’ 1788, 295, n. iii, f. 20), namely, “Lepas testâ compressâ 7-valvis, stipite lamellosâ.” It is found attached to Gorgonia placomus, in the North Sea. I suspect that this is the common Scalpellum vulgare, and that Stroem counted the valves only on one side, overlooking the rudimentary and concealed rostrum; and this would give seven for the number of the valves. Had it not been for the expression “stipite lamellosâ,” I should have thought this might have been an unknown species of Dichelaspis.
Scalpellum lævis. Risso. Hist. Nat. des Product. de l’Europe Mérid., 1826, Tom. iv, p. 385.
The chief characteristic of this species appears to be indicated by its specific name. It is found in the Mediterranean, attached to Cidarites. I am inclined to believe that it is distinct from S. vulgare.
Scalpellum papillosum. King. Zoolog. Journal, vol. v, p. 334.
Captain King has described this species, taken from the depth of 48 fathoms, on the coast of Patagonia, in Lat. 44° 30´ S. It is probably distinct, but is so imperfectly described, that not even the number of the valves is given.
Polylepas (Pollicipes), Sinensis. Chenu. Illust. Conchyliolog., Pl. II, fig. 7.
This species is said to come from China; it is nearest to P. spinosus, but is, I think, distinct.
Fig.
1. Lepas anatifera, (nat. size.) Var., with a row of square, dark-coloured marks on the scuta and terga.
1a. Lepas anatifera, external view of carina, magnified thrice.
1b. Lepas anatifera, lateral view of carina, magnified thrice; var. dentata.
1c. Lepas anatifera, internal view of right-hand scutum, to show the tooth at the umbo.
2. Lepas Hillii, (nat. size.)
3. Lepas pectinata, (magnified thrice.)
3a. Lepas pectinata, var. (spirulæ), tergum, magnified thrice.
4. Lepas anserifera, (nat. size.)
5. Lepas australis, (nat. size.)
5a. Lepas australis, carina, external view of, magnified twice.
6. Lepas fascicularis, (nat. size,) with its peduncle, together with those of three other specimens, imbedded in a vesicular ball of their own formation, of which a slice has been cut off to show the internal structure. The specimen is in the College of Surgeons.
6a. Lepas fascicularis, carina of, nat. size.
6b. Lepas fascicularis, var. villosa.
6c. Lepas fascicularis, var. villosa, carina of.
6d. Part of the membrane from one side of the peduncle of Lepas fascicularis, with the ball removed, showing one of the cement-ducts, and the orifices through which the vesicular membrane forming the ball has been secreted; greatly magnified; viewed from the outside.
Fig.
1. Pœcilisma Kæmpferi, (magnified two and a half times.)
1a. Pœcilisma Kæmpferi, carina of.
2. Pœcilisma aurantia, (magnified two and a half times.)
3. Pœcilisma crassa, (magnified twice.)
3a. Pœcilisma crassa, carina of.
4. Pœcilasma fissa, (magnified five times.)
5. Pœcilasma eburnea, (magnified five times.)
5a. Pœcilasma eburnea, carina of, external view of.
5c. Pœcilasma eburnea, carina of, lateral view of.
5b. Pœcilasma eburnea, scutum, internal view of.
6. Dichelaspis Warwickii, (magnified five times.)
6a. Dichelaspis Warwickii, transverse section of the top of the peduncle, showing the deeply-notched end of the inwardly bent carina; magnified five times.
6b. Dichelaspis Warwickii, var., scutum and tergum.
7. Dichelaspis pellucida, (magnified five times.)
7a. Dichelaspis pellucida, basal end of carina of, much magnified.
8. Dichelaspis Lowei, (magnified nearly ten times.)
8a. Dichelaspis Lowei, fork of carina of, viewed internally.
9. Dichelaspis Grayii, (magnified eight or nine times.)
10. Dichelaspis orthogonia, (magnified six times.)
10a. Dichelaspis orthogonia, carina, lateral view of.
10b. Dichelaspis orthogonia, basal end of carina, viewed internally, much magnified.
Fig.
1. Oxynaspis celata, (magnified three times.)
1a´. Oxynaspis celata, with the skin of the encrusting horny zoophyte removed. (a), scutum; (b), tergum; and (c), carina.
2. Conchoderma virgata (magnified twice.)
2a. Conchoderma virgata carina, viewed externally.
2b. Conchoderma virgata summit of capitulum, showing the terga from vertically above.
2c. Conchoderma virgata var. chelonophila, (magnified four times).
2d. Conchoderma virgata var. Olfersii, (scutum.)
3. Conchoderma Hunteri, (magnified five times.)
4. Conchoderma aurita, (nat. size,) with the rudimentary carina exhibited on the right hand.
4a. Conchoderma aurita, summit of capitulum, viewed from vertically above, showing the ear-like appendages and the rudimentary terga.
4b. Conchoderma aurita, section near the bases of the ear-like appendages, showing their folds.
4c. Conchoderma aurita, (var.), scutum.
5. Alepas minuta, (magnified five times.)
6. Alepas cornuta, (magnified five times.)
Fig.
1. Anelasma squalicola, (copied from Lovèn.) The ovigerous lamellæ are seen within the edges of the aperture of the capitulum. Enlarged about one and a half times.
2. Anelasma squalicola, (from Lovèn), with the membranes removed from one side of the capitulum and of the peduncle, exhibiting the body.
(a.) External membrane of the capitulum.
(a, a.) Inner membrane of ditto, lining the sack, and separated from the external membrane by a double fold of corium.
(b.) The ovigerous lamellæ, the edge projecting beyond the orifice of the capitulum.
(c.) Penis, succeeded by six pairs of rudimentary cirri.
(d.) Probosciformed mouth.
(e.) Orifice of the acoustic (?) sack.
(f.) Ovigerous frænum.
(g.) Ovarian branching tubes filling up the peduncle.
(h.) Outer integument of peduncle, lined by corium and muscles, continuous with the outer membrane (a) of the capitulum.
3. Anelasma squalicola, Small portion of the outer integument of the peduncle, greatly magnified, exhibiting the natural lines of splitting, and showing that it is composed of several distinct portions or layers, which are displayed by the corners having been turned over. Three of the branching filaments, filled with pulpy corium, are given; the others have been cut off. The membrane (a) extends under (b), but not under the circular patches of membrane, (c, c.)
4. Anelasma squalicola. Mandibles, seen from the side towards the maxillæ.
5. Anelasma squalicola. Mandibles, seen from the side towards the labrum.
6. Anelasma squalicola. The right-hand, rudimentary cirrus, the third from the mouth.
7. Anelasma squalicola. Maxillæ. The thin horny apodeme, (a).
8. Ibla Cumingii, female, (magnified four times.)
8a´. Ibla Cumingii, female, (magnified about five times), with the right hand valves and right side of the peduncle removed. The Male (h) is seen attached in the sack. The peculiar form of the body, caused by the small development of the prosoma, by the distance of the first and second pairs of cirri, and by the distance of the mouth from the adductor muscle, (a dark dotted circle opposite i,) and lastly, the remarkable course of the œsophagus over the adductor muscle, together with the outline of the stomach, are here all exhibited.
(a.) Scutum; the end of the large rounded adductor muscle, which was attached to the valve now removed, near its apex, is plainly seen.
(b.) Tergum.
(c.) On a line with this letter, is seen the largely bullate labrum, forming a blunt overhanging projection.
(d.) Palpus, close to the upper segment of the pedicel of first cirrus.
(e.) Orifice of the acoustic (?) sack, between the bases of the first and second cirrus.
(f.) Caudal appendages.
(g.) Branching ovarian tubes within the peduncle.
(h.) Male, on the same scale, lying in its natural position within the sack, with the lower part of its peduncle bent upwards, and imbedded in the corium and muscles of the female.
(i.) Adductor scutorum muscle.
8b´. Ibla Cumingii, Internal view of the scutum and tergum, and of the upper part of the outer integument of the peduncle, with its horny spines magnified about three times.
8c´. Ibla Cumingii, A small portion of the outer integument of the peduncle, greatly magnified, showing the horny persistent spines; two of the spines have been torn out.
9. Ibla quadrivalvis; internal view of scutum and tergum, and of the upper part of the outer integument of the peduncle; magnified four times.
9a´. Ibla quadrivalvis, Penis supported on a long unarticulated projection; greatly magnified.
Fig.
1. Male of Ibla Cumingii, magnified thirty-two times.
(a.) Mouth.
(b.) A slight double fold, formed by the basal edge of the labrum, and by a lower fold, which at (h) becomes well developed; the latter is a rudimentary representation of the double membrane and valves forming the capitulum.
(c.) Eye.
(d, d.) Torn membrane from the sack of the female, constricted round the body of the male.
(e.) Terminal or basal point, with the prehensile larval antennæ, represented on rather too large a scale.
(f.) The imbedded portion of the male.
(g.) Two pairs of cirri.
(h.) The fold above alluded to, concealing a small portion of the slightly retracted thorax.
2. The male of Ibla Cumingii, viewed from vertically above; magnified about sixty times. The dotted lower portion, represents the outline of the thorax and the positions of the cirri, which, from standing below the mouth, could not be well seen, when the summit of the mouth was in the proper focus.
(a.) Labrum, largely bullate.
(b.) Palpi.
(c.) Mandibles.
(d.) Maxillæ.
(e.) Outer maxillæ; between which and the crest of the labrum, the orifice of the œsophagus can be obscurely seen.
(f.) Anus.
(g.) Rudimentary caudal appendages, under which is the pore leading from the vesiculæ seminales.
(h.) Posterior cirrus. (i.) Anterior cirrus.
3. Male of Ibla Cumingii; labrum and palpi, as seen with the eye on a level with the summit of the mouth.
4. Male of Ibla Cumingii, Posterior cirrus (h in fig. 2) much magnified.
5. Male of Ibla Cumingii, Larval antennæ; from the terminal point of the body (e in fig. 1), as seen with a 1/8th of an inch object glass.
6. Male of Ibla Cumingii, Outer maxillæ.
7. Male of Ibla Cumingii, Mandibles, with the underlying articulated membrane, forming the side of the mouth.
8. Male of Ibla Cumingii, Maxillæ, with the apodeme.
9. Complemental Male of Scalpellum vulgare, attached over the fold in the occludent margin of the scutum of the hermaphrodite.
(a.) Orifice of the sack of the male.
(b.) Spinose projections above the rudimental valves; at the bottom of the figure are represented, as seen through the whole thickness of the animal, the prehensile larval antennæ.
(d.) The depression for the attachment of the adductor scutorum muscle of the hermaphrodite; see fig. 15 a´.
(e, e.) A transparent layer of chitine, which forms a border to the occludent margin of the scutum of the hermaphrodite. This border supports long spines, which are connected with the underlying corium by sinuous tubuli.
10. The basal (normally anterior) portion of the above complemental Male, greatly magnified, viewed dorsally from above, exhibiting the larval prehensile antennæ, attached to the antero-sternal surface of the animal.
11. One of the antennæ of ditto, viewed laterally and on the outside.
12. Ditto, ultimate segment of.
13. Body of the above complemental male, consisting of the thorax supporting the four pairs of limbs, and of the terminal abdominal lobe.
14. Small portion of the outer integument of the complemental male, as seen with a 1/8th of an inch object glass.
15. Scalpellum vulgare (hermaphrodite), magnified three times.
(a, a.) Complemental males.
(b.) Rostrum, of which a separate enlarged figure (b´) is given.
15a´. Scutum of the hermaphrodite Scalpellum vulgare, internal view of.
(a.) Fold on the occludent margin.
(d.) Pit for the adductor muscle.
Fig.
1. Scalpellum ornatum, (female, magnified seven times.)
1a´. Scalpellum ornatum, Upper latus, viewed internally.
1b´. Scalpellum ornatum, Scutum of full-grown specimen, viewed internally, much magnified.
(a.) Depression for the adductor muscle.
(b.) Depression for the reception of the male.
1c´. Scalpellum ornatum, cutum of half-grown specimen, viewed internally, much magnified, on same scale with fig. 1 b´. The depression (b) for the reception of the male is here seen, in almost the first stage of formation.
1d´. Scalpellum ornatum. An imaginary section through the cavity (x) in which the male is lodged.
(a.) Section of the shell of the scutum of the female.
(b.) A layer of chitine homologous with the shell, and partially lining the scutum.
(c.) The inner lining (of chitine) of the sack of the female.
(d.) A double fold of corium.
2. Scalpellum rutilum, (magnified two and a half times).
2a´. Scalpellum rutilum, Internal view of scutum, enlarged.
(a.) Depression for the adductor muscle.
(b.) Cavity for the reception of the male.
2b´. Scalpellum rutilum, External view of carina.
2c´. Scalpellum rutilum, Section across middle of carina.
3. Complemental Male of Scalpellum Peronii, greatly magnified.
4. Complemental Male of Scalpellum villosum, greatly magnified.
(a´.) Natural size.
4, a, b, c. Ditto, valves separated.
(a.) Scutum.
(b.) Tergum.
(c.) Carina.
5. Complemental Male of Scalpellum rostratum, a restored figure, greatly magnified. Scutum and rudimentary carina correct.
6. Scalpellum Peronii, one and a half the natural size.
(a.) Rostrum a little more enlarged, front view of.
7. Scalpellum rostratum, magnified six times.
(a.) Rostrum, front view of.
8. Scalpellum villosum, magnified one and a half the natural size.
(a.) Internal view of rostrum.
(b.) Internal view of sub-rostrum.
Fig.
1. Pollicipes cornucopia, (one and a half nat. size.)
1a. Pollicipes cornucopia, internal view of valves.
2. Pollicipes polymerus, (one and a half nat. size.)
2a. Pollicipes polymerus, internal view of valves.
3. Pollicipes mitella, nat. size.
3a´. Pollicipes mitella, nat. size, internal views of
(a.) Scutum, and of
(b.) Tergum, showing articular fold.
3b´. Pollicipes mitella, Internal view of other valves, in a small specimen, showing the manner in which the valves of the lower whorl overlap each other.
(a.) Upper latera.
(b.) Carina,
(c.) Sub-carina, both viewed a little obliquely.
(d.) Rostrum,
(e.) Sub-rostrum, both viewed a little obliquely.
4. Pollicipes spinosus, one and a half nat. size.
5. Pollicipes sertus, one and a half nat. size.
Fig.
1. A piece of rock bored in two directions by Lithotrya dorsalis, with the calcareous basal discs in the upper cavity, serving as a bridge for crossing an old cavity. About twice natural size.
1a´. Lithotrya dorsalis, (nearly twice nat. size), with the basal calcareous cup adherent; (a), rostrum on same scale, seen externally.
1b´. Lithotrya dorsalis, rostrum and the rostral corners of the two scuta, together with a small portion of the subjacent membrane of the peduncle, with its calcareous scales; viewed externally, greatly magnified, showing the inferior crenated edges of the scales.
1c´. Lithotrya dorsalis, basal calcareous cup, one and a half the natural size; this is the largest specimen which I have seen.
2. Lithotrya nicobarica, (magnified nearly twice;) attached to the rock, copied from Reinhardt; (a), rostrum on the same scale, with the other valves, seen externally; (b), section of the row of discs; (c), extreme point of the peduncle, extending beneath the row of discs.
2a´. Rock bored by Lithotrya nicobarica, showing the row of calcareous discs, copied from Reinhardt.
3. Lithotrya cauta, magnified between seven and eight times; (a), scutum; (b), tergum.
3c. Lithotrya cauta, latus, greatly magnified.
3d. Lithotrya cauta, uppermost scales of the peduncle, greatly magnified.
3e. Lithotrya cauta, star-shaped discs of hard chitine, supported on a peduncle of the same substance, taken from the lower exterior surface of the peduncle, very greatly magnified.
4. Lithotrya rhodiopus, (magnified five times,) internal views of; (a), scutum; (b), tergum; (c), latus; (d), carina.
5. Lithotrya Valentiana, (magnified between three and four times;) (a), internal view of scutum and tergum, locked together; (b), capitulum seen from vertically above; (c), internal view of carina; (d), section across the middle of the carina.
Fig.
1. Lithotrya truncata, (magnified four times.)
1a´. Lithotrya truncata, capitulum seen from vertically above, not so distinctly represented as in fig. 5 b, Pl. VIII.
1b´. Lithotrya truncata, internal views of valves; (a), rostrum, with a few subjacent scales of the peduncle; (b), scutum; (c), tergum; (d), carina.
2. A portion (about 1/10th of an inch square) of the surface of attachment of the peduncle of Pollicipes polymerus, seen from the outside, greatly magnified, showing the small circular (bb) patches of cement, poured out from the cement-ducts (aa) which lie within the peduncle.
2a´. A portion of a section, still more magnified, through the basal membrane of the peduncle, through one of the loops of the cement-ducts (aa), and through one of the circular patches (b) of cement.
3. Cement gland, duct, and ovarian tubes of Conchoderma aurita; (aa), ovarian tubes, with ova in process of formation; (b), cement-gland; (c), cement-duct.
4. Conchoderma virgata, enlarged, with one side of the capitulum and of the peduncle removed, to show the form and position of the body.
(a.) tergum, edge of.
(b.) mouth, with one of the palpi seen on the inner, upper corner.
(c.) adductor scutorum muscle.
(d.) orifice of acoustic (?) sack.
(e.) scutum, occludent margin of.
(f.) branching ovarian tubes within the peduncle.
(g.) filamentary appendage on the prosoma.
(h.) ditto, close to basal articulation of the first cirrus.
(i.) ditto, on the pedicel of the first cirrus.
(j.) ditto, on the pedicel of the third cirrus.
(k.) ditto, on the pedicel of the fourth cirrus.
(l.) ditto, on the pedicel of the fifth cirrus.
(m.) edge of the carina.
(n.) prosoma.
5. Apex of one of the filamentary appendages of Conchoderma aurita, greatly magnified, exhibiting the included branching testes.
6. Acoustic (?) sack of Conchoderma virgata, taken out of the acoustic meatus, with the diaphragm from the summit removed; greatly magnified.
7. Terminal part (magnified seven times), of the peduncle of an elongated specimen of Scalpellum vulgare, slit open, with the corium removed, showing the two cement-ducts (aa), and a row of circular patches (bb) of cement, by which the peduncle, along its rostral edge, is attached to the thin horny branches of the coralline. The larval antennæ are seen at the terminal point, and the two cement-ducts can be traced into them.
Figures all greatly magnified.
Fig.