BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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Beddard, F. E.—"A Text-book of Zoogeography," 1895.

Bell (vide Kendall and Bell).

Blanchard, E.—Preuves de la Formation Récente de la Méditerranée, "Comptes Rendus," vol. xciii., 1881.

Blanford, W. T.—Address delivered at the Anniversary Meeting of the Geological Society of London, 1890.

Blytt, A.—"Essay on the Immigration of the Norwegian Flora," 1876.

Boettger, O.—a. System. Verzeich. d. lebenden Arten d. Landschneckengattung Clausilia, "Ber. Offenbach Ver. f. Naturkunde," 1878. b. Entwicklung d. Pupa Arten d. Mittelrheingebiets, "Jahrbuch d. nass. Ver. f. Naturw.," vol. xlii.

Bogdanov, M. M.—Quelques mots sur l'histoire de la faune de la Russie d'Europe, "Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles" (N.S.), vol. lvi., 1876.

Bonney, T. G.—"Ice-work, Present and Past," 1896.

Boulenger, G. A.—British Museum Catalogue (Amphibia), 1882.

Bourguignat, J. R.—Distribution géographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles en Algérie, "Annales des Sciences naturelles" (5th ser.), vol. v., 1864.

Brandt, J. F.—Zoogeographische und Palæontologische Beiträge, "Verhandl. der Kais. russ. Mineral. Gesell." (2nd ser.), vol. ii., 1867.

Brauer, A.—Die Arktische Subregion, "Zool. Jahrbücher" (Abth. System.), 1888.

Brehm, A. E.—"From North Pole to Equator," 1896.

Brooke, Sir V.—On the Classification of the Cervidæ, "Proc. Zool. Soc. London," 1878.

Bulman, G. W.—The Effect of the Glacial Period on the Fauna and Flora of the British Islands, "Natural Science," vol. iii., 1893.

Bunge, D.—La faune éteinte des bouches de la Léna et des îles de la Nouvelle Sibérie, "Congrès Intern. de Zoologie," vol. ii., Moscow, 1892.

Carpenter, G. H.—Problems of the British Fauna, "Natural Science," vol. ii., 1897.

Christ, H.—"Das Pflanzenleben der Schweiz," 1879.

Cole, G. J.—Borderland, "Irish Naturalist," vol. vi., 1897.

Credner, R.—Die Reliktenseen, "Petermann's Geog. Mitth.," 1887.

Croll, J.—"Climate and Time," 1875.

Darwin, C.—"Origin of Species," 6th ed., 1878.

Dawkins, W. Boyd.—a. "Early Man in Britain," 1880. b. "The British Pleistocene Mammalia," part A, Preliminary Treatise, 1878. c. The Former Range of the Reindeer in Europe, "Popular Science Review," vol. vii., 1868.

Drude, O.—Betrachtungen ii. d. hypothetischen vegetationslosen Einöden im temperirten Klima der Nördlichen Hemisphäre zur Eiszeit, "Petermann's Geog. Mitth.," vol. xxxv., 1889.

Emery, C.—On the Origin of European and North American Ants, "Nature," vol. lii., 1895.

Engler, A.—"Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte d. extratrop. Florengebiete d. Nördlichen Hemisphäre," 1879.

Falsan, A.—"La Période Glaciaire," 1889.

Feilden, H. W.—a. Notes on the Glacial Geology of Arctic Europe and its Islands, part 2, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.," vol. lii., 1896. b. Notes on a small Collection of Spitsbergen Plants, "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Hist. Soc.," vol. vi., 1894.

Fischer, P.—Faune malacologique de Cauterets, suivie d'une étude sur la répartition des Mollusques, "Journal de Conchyliologie" (3rd series), vol. xvi., 1876.

Forbes, E.—The Geological Relations of the Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, etc., "Memoirs Geol. Survey," vol. i., 1846.

Geikie, Sir A.—"Text-book of Geology," 1882.

Geikie, J.—a. "The Great Ice Age," 1894. b. On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Period, "Geological Magazine," vol. ix., 1872.

Haacke, W.—Der Nordpol als Schöpfungs-zentrum der Landfauna, "Biologisches Centralblatt," vol. vi., 1887.

Harlé, E.—Sur la succession de diverses faunes à la fin du quaternaire, dans le sud-ouest de la France, "Societé d'Histoire Naturelle," Toulouse, 1893.

Harmer, F. W.—On the Pliocene Deposits of Holland, and their relation to the English and Belgian Crags, "Quarterly Journal Geological Soc.," vol. lii., 1896.

Herdman, W. A., and Lomas, J.—On the Floor Deposits of the Irish Sea, "Proc. Liverpool Geological Society," vol. viii., 1898.

Judd, J. W.—Address to the Geological Section, "British Association Report," Aberdeen, 1885.

Karpinski, A.—Übersicht d. physiko-geograph. Verhältnisse d. Europ. Russlands, etc., "Beiträge z. Kenntniss d. Russ. Reichs" (3 Folge), vol. iv., 1888.

Kendall, P. F., and Bell, A.—On the Pliocene Beds of St. Erth, "Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.," vol. xlii, 1886.

Kennard, A. S., and Woodward, B. B.—The Mollusca of the English Cave-Deposits, "Proc. Malacological Soc.," vol. ii., 1897.

Lomas (vide Herdman and Lomas).

Lydekker, R.—a. "A Handbook of the British Mammalia," 1895. b. "A Geographical History of Mammals," 1896. c. "The Deer of all Lands," 1898. d. Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia of the British Museum, pt. 4, 1886.

Major, C. J. Forsyth.—a. Die Tyrrhenis, "Kosmos," 7 Jahrg., 1883. b. Studien zur Geschichte der Wildschweine, "Zool. Anzeiger," vol. vi., 1883.

Mallet, R.—Some Remarks upon the Movements of Post-tertiary and other Discontinuous Masses, "Journal Geol. Soc. Dublin," vol. v., 1850-53.

Merriam, C. H.—The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, "Proc. Biological Soc. Washington," vol. vii., 1892.

Murray, Andrew.—"The Geographical Distribution of Mammals," 1866.

Nathorst, A. G.—Kritische Bemerkungen über die Geschichte d. Vegetation Grönlands, "Botanische Jahrbücher," vol. xiv., 1891.

Nehring, A.—"Tundren und Steppen der Jetzt und Vorzeit," 1890.

Neumayr, M.—"Erdgeschichte," vol. ii., 1887.

Ogilvie, W. R. Grant.—"Game Birds," 1895.

Penck, A.—Die grosse Eiszeit, "Himmel und Erde."

Petersen, W.—Die Lepidopterenfauna d. arktisch. Gebiete von Europa, "Beiträge z. Kenntniss d. Russ. Reichs," vol. iv., 1888.

Pettersen, K.—Arktis, "Arch. f. Math. og Naturvid.," 1882.

Pohlig, H.—Dentition und Kraniologie des Elephas antiquus (part 2), "Nova Acta Acad. Carol.-Leop.," vol. liii., 1889.

Reade, Mellard—a. The Present Aspects of Glacial Geology, "Geological Magazine," vol. iii., 1896. b. High Level Shelly Sands and Gravels, "Natural Science," vol. iii., 1893.

Reid, C.—The Pliocene Deposits of Britain, "Mem. Geol. Survey of the United Kingdom," 1890.

Rütimeyer, L.—"Die Herkunft unserer Thierwelt," 1867.

Sars, G. O.—Crustacea Caspica, "Bull. Acad. Imp. d. Sciences St. Petersburg," vol. xiii., 1893-94.

Scharff, R. F.—a. On the Origin of the European Fauna, "Proc. Royal Irish Acad." (3rd. ser.), vol. iv., 1897. b. Some Remarks on the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater Mollusca, "Conchologist," vol. ii., 1893. c. Étude sur les mammifères de la Région Holarctique, "Mém. de la Soc. Zool. de France," vol. viii., 1894.

Schulz, A.—"Grundzüge einer Entwicklungsgeschichte d. Pflanzenwelt Mittel-europas," 1894.

Sharpe, R. Bowdler.—British Museum Catalogue (Birds).

Simroth, H.—Eine Bearbeitung d. Russischen Nacktschnecken fauna, "Ann. Musée Zool. St. Petersburg," 1896.

Sjögren, H.—Ueber das diluviale Aralo-Kaspische Meer und die nord-europäische Vereisung, "Jahrb. d. Kais. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt," vol. xl., 1890.

Sollas, W. J.—On the Origin of Freshwater Faunas, "Trans. Royal Dublin Soc." (2nd ser.), vol. iii., 1884.

Speyer, A. and A.—"Die Geographische Verbreitung der Schmetterlinge Deutschlands und der Schweiz," vol. i., 1858.

Struckmann, C.—Ueber die Verbreitung d. Rennthiers, in d. Gegenwart, etc., "Zeitschr. d. deutsch. Geol. Gesell.," vol. iii., 1883.

Suess, E.—"Das Antlitz der Erde," vol. i., 1892.

Tcherski, J. D.—Das Janaland und die Neusibirischen Inseln, "Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg," vol. xl., 1892.

Thomas, O., and Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H.—The Irish Stoat distinct from the British species, "Zoologist," 1895.

Woodward, B. B.—On the Pleistocene (non-marine) Mollusca of the London District, "Proc. Geologists' Association," vol. ii. (vide also Kennard and Woodward).

Wright, J.—Boulder-clay a marine deposit, "Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow," vol. x., 1896.

INDEX.

• Ablepharus pannonicus, 258
• Accentor collaris, 316
  • modularis, 317
• Accidental distribution, 12, 26
• Acipenser ruthenus, 29
• Acme, 323
• Adams, Leith, 112, 150
• Ægean continent, subsidence of, 272-273
• Agriolimax, 284
• Alactaga jaculus, 204
• Alca impennis, 92, 142
• Alligator, accidental dispersal of, 14
• Allolobophora Georgii, 115, 302
  • veneta, 115, 302
• Alpine Accentor, 316
  • Chough, 317
  • fauna, survival of, during Glacial period, 332
  • flora, 341-348
  • flora, age of, 78, 79
  • flora, suitable conditions for, 78-79
  • Hare, as a test of climate, 316
  • Snow-finch, 318
• Alps, component elements of fauna, 311-312
• Alston, E. R., 312
• Alytes cisternasii, 295
  • obstetricans, 295
• Amalia, 284
• America, introductions from, 24
• American beetles in the British Islands, 167
  • plants, origin of, in the British Islands, 144
  • plants in Ireland, 166
  • sponges in Ireland, 166
• Ampelis garrulus, 205
• Amphibia of Europe, 193-194
  • dispersal of, 21
• Amphicoma, 268
• Andalusian Bush-quail, 291-292
• Anergates, 167
• Anglo-Scotian fauna, 95
• Animals as tests of climate, 71-75
• Antelope, 39
• Ants, European origin of, 161
• Apollo, 325
• Apus glacialis, 94, 167
• Aralo-Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, connection between, 219-231
• Arbutus unedo, 110, 307
• Arctic animals in Caspian Sea, 238
  • flora in Europe, 238-241
  • Hare, origin of, 148-149, 158-159
  • Hare, range of, 136-138
  • Lepidoptera, 200
  • plant-beds at Bovey Tracy, 238
  • plants, 143-144
  • plants, delicacy of, 185
  • mollusca in Red Crag, 235-236
  • Seal, 174
  • sub-region, 132
• Arctomys bobak, 204, 313
  • marmotta, 313
• Arion, 48, 299
  • subfuscus, 49
• Arionidæ, origin of, 48, 299
• Asiminea Grayana, 99
• Aucapitaine, Baron, experiments by, 15
• Autochthonous species, 10
• Azores, remains of a continent, 19

• Bacillus, 269-270
• Badger, distribution of, 43
• Balea perversa, 298
• Ball, J., 77, 345-347
• Baltic Sea, fauna of, 174
• Baltic and White Seas, connection between, 175
• Banded Lemming, range of, 138
• Barn Owl, 98
• Barrett-Hamilton, G. E. H., 29, 90, 139, 149
• Barriers to animal migration, 38
• Barrington, R. M., 105
• Bathyphantes nigrinus, 94
• Baur, G., 19
• Bearded Titmouse, 292
• Beaver, 203
• Beaver absent from Ireland, 121
• Beddard, F. E., 19, 58
• Bedriaga, J. von, 259-260
• Beetles common to North America and Europe, 161
  • American, in British Islands, 167
• Bell (vide Kendall and Bell)
• Black Cock, 143
• Black Grouse, 336
• Blanchard, E., 282
• Blanus cinereus, 279, 294
• Blethisa multipunctata, 93
• Blytt, A., 34, 52, 79, 185, 239
• Boar, distribution of, 44
• Bobak Marmot, 204
• Boettger, O., 48, 263
• Bogdanov, M. M., 53
• Bombinator, 259-260
  • igneus, 259
  • pachypus, 259
• Bonnet, 306
• Bonney, T. G., 66, 70, 83, 180, 229
• Boulenger, G. A., 259
• Boulder-clay, foraminifera in, 84
  • origin of, 81, 175, 180-181, 229-230
  • of Continental Europe, 180, 226-231
• Bourguignat, J. R., 18, 47, 302
• Bovey Tracy, arctic plant beds at, 238
• Boyd, E., 104
• Branchinecta palludosa, 167
• Brandt, J. F., 51, 62, 107, 218, 222
• Brauer, A., 132-133
• Brehm, A. E., 139
• Bristle-fern, 115
• British flora during Glacial period, 163
• British Islands, Lusitanian flora in, 288, 306-307
  • submergence of, 127
• Brooke, Sir V., 247, 250
• Brunner von Wattenwyl, 270
• Bufo calamita, 30
• Buliminus detritus, 261
  • fasciolatus, 261
  • obscurus, 261
  • pupa, 261
• Bullfinch, origin of, 191, 255-256
• Bulman, G. W., 114
• Bunge, D., 219
• Bush-quail, Andalusian, 291-292
• Butterflies, Arctic distribution of, 159-161
  • origin of North European, 55

• Caccabis rufa, 29
• Campylaea, sub-genus of Helix, 49, 321
• Canary Islands, origin of, 19
• Canis lagopus, 135
• Capercaillie, 28, 143, 336-337
• Capra ibex, 312
  • ægagrus, 61, 312
  • pyrenaica, 312
  • sibirica, 312
  • sinaitica, 312
• Carabus, 199
• Carduelis, 257
  • caniceps, 258
  • elegans, 257
  • major, 257
• Carpenter, G. H., 64, 94-95, 104, 114, 121-123, 288, 301
• Caspian Fishes, 224
  • post-pliocene deposits, 222, 226
  • Sea, Arctic animals in, 238
  • seal, 224
• Castor fiber, 203
• Cave deposits, mixture of Northern and Southern animals in, 54
• Cenocosmic species, 24
• Centre of distribution, 12, 43, 47
  • origin, shifting of, 202
• Cervidæ, origin of, 248
• Cervus dama, 251
  • elaphus, 246-250
  • giganteus, 108, 251
• Chamæleon vulgaris, 279
• Chamois, 312
• Charrs, origin of, 124
• Chioglossa, 296
• Chough, Alpine, 317
• Christ, H., 52, 343-344
• Christy, Miller, 105
• Chrysochraon, 330
• Cicindela, 197-198
• Cinclus, 255
• Clarke, Eagle, 105
• Clausilia, 47, 262-264, 284
  • bidentata, 47, 262, 284
  • biplicata, 47
  • laminata, 47
  • Pauli, 48, 263
  • Rolphii, 47
• Claviger, 267-268
  • testaceus, 268
• Climate in Glacial period, 65, 81, 127, 149, 182-183
  • in Pleistocene Europe, 208-209
• Close, Maxwell, 129
• Cod-fish, origin of, 143
• Coecilianella, 17
• Coenonympha typhon, 93
• Cole, G. J., 83, 106-107
• Coleoptera of Europe, origin of, 197
  • common to Europe and North America, 161
• Colias, 266
• Coregonus, 124
  • clupeoides, 124
  • pollan, 124
  • vandesius, 124
• Cosmopolitan species, 24
• Cottus, 92-93
  • bubalis, 93
  • gobio, 93
  • quadricornis, 175
  • scorpio, 93
• Credner, R., 177-178
• Cricetus frumentarius, 190
  • vulgaris, 204
• Crimea formerly an island, 35
• Crimean fauna, 57
• Croll, J., 66
• Crocidura, 253
  • etrusca, 253, 279
• Cuniculus torquatus, 138
• Current, Arctic, 172-173
• Cyanopolius Cooki, 293
  • cyanus, 293
• Cyclostoma elegans, 16

• Danais chrysippus, 267
• Dartford Warbler, 288
• Darwin, C., 13-15, 17-19, 25, 32-33, 339
• Daudebardia, 323
• Daulias luscinea, 192
• Dawkins, Boyd, 53, 62-63, 72-73, 107, 112-113, 120, 208, 222-223, 282
• Day, F., 29
• Depéret, C., 44, 276
• Dippers, origin of, 255
• Discoglossus pictus, 279, 295-296
• Dispersal of Amphibia, 59
  • of beetles (apterous), 59
  • of British butterflies, 113
  • of earthworms, 58
  • of planarian worms, 59
  • of spiders, 59
  • of wood-lice, 59
• Distribution, centres of, 12, 43, 47
  • discontinuous, 114
• Dormouse, 316
  • absent from Ireland, 121
• Drapetisca socialis, 94
• Dreyssensia polymorpha, 26, 230-231
• Drift, a marine deposit, 129
• Drude, O., 52, 77
• Dryas octopetala, 79, 238
• Dual origin, possibility of, 38
• Dyer, Th., 79

• Earth-worms, distribution of, 19, 23, 58
• Edelweiss, 266, 342
• Egean Continent, subsidence of, 272-273
• Eider-duck, range of, 141
• Elephantidæ, origin of, 202, 252-253
• Elephas primigenius, 214, 252
• Emery, C., 161, 167
• Endemic species, 10
• Engler, A., 52, 145, 171, 176, 282, 341-342
• English Hare, 29
• Ephydatia crateriformis, 94
• Epoccus, 167
• Erebia, 325-326
  • æthiops, 325-326
  • epiphron, 325
  • glacialis, 326
  • lappona, 326
• Eremias, 258
• Erratics, 181-182
• Eryx jaculus, 259
• Euphorbia hiberna, 307
• European beetles, origin of, 197
  • butterflies, origin of, 200
  • land and fresh-water mollusca, origin of, 196
  • mammals, origin of, 106, 193
• Eurynebria complanata, 302
• Evotomys Nageri, 314
• Extension of range, mode of, 38

• Fallow Deer, 251
• Falsan, A., 66, 68-69, 71, 73
• Feilden, H. W., 13, 77, 84-85, 164
• Finmark, Greenland mollusca on coast of, 171
• Fire-toads, origin of, 259
• Fischer, P., 103
• Fishes, Caspian, 224
• "Flotsam and jetsam" theory, 20
• Foraminifera in boulder-clay, 84
• Forbes, E., 64, 101, 110, 114-115, 171, 288, 339
• Forest-Bed an inter-glacial deposit, 70
  • corresponding to continental inter-glacial deposits, 120
  • fauna of, 232-234
  • mollusca, 212-213
• Fossil glaciers, 220
• Fresh-water faunas, origin of, 177
• Fringilla, 293
  • cœlebs, 293
  • madeirensis, 293
  • montifringilla, 293
  • spodiogenys, 293
  • teydea, 293
• Frog, introduction of, into Ireland, 30-31

• Gadow, H., 139
• Galapagos Islands, 19
• Galeodes, 270
• Gammaracanthus relictus, 179
• Gardner, J. S., 145
• Garnieria, sub-genus of Clausilia, 48
• Gasterosteus aculeatus, 92
• Gaudry, A., 73, 273
• Geikie, Sir A., 116, 309
• Geikie, J., 59, 66-67, 70, 75-76, 80-83, 116, 129, 163, 182, 216-217, 226-227, 233, 235, 238
• Geographical changes, importance of, 64
• Geomalacus maculosus, 5, 49, 99, 102, 115, 298-299
• Gervais, E., 150
• Glacial climate in France, 150
  • period, climate of, 65-81, 127, 149, 182-183
  • period in Scandinavia, 176
  • period, survival of animals and plants during, 65
• Glaciation of Ireland, 129
• Glutton, 119, 203
• Goldfinch, origin of, 257
• Gonepteryx, 296-297
  • cleobule, 297
  • cleopatra, 296
  • rhamni, 296
• Gould, J. E., 20
• Great Auk, range of, 92, 142
• Greenland flora, 161-162
  • flora, survival of, 163-164
  • miocene temperature in, 146
  • mollusca on coast of Finmark, 171
  • Tertiary plants, 144-145
• Grouse, 91, 334
  • black, 336
• Gulo luscus, 119, 203

• Haacke, W., 147
• Hamilton, John, 161
• Hamster, 190, 204
• Hanitsch, R., 94
• Hare, 2, 29, 90
  • Arctic, 2, 90-91
  • English, 29
• Hare, Alpine, as a test of climate, 316
• Harlé, E., 150
• Harmer, F. W., 182
• Harvest-mouse, 3, 190
• Harvie-Brown, J. A., 105
• Haughton, W., 86
• Hazel-grouse, 337
• Hedge Accentor, 317
• Hedley, C., 20
• Heer, O., 144-145
• Helix, 4
  • acuta, 102, 298
  • aculeata, 298
  • aspersa, 24, 195
  • ericetorum, 298
  • fusca, 298
  • lapicida, 4
  • obvoluta, 4, 297
  • pisana, 102, 298
  • pomatia, 15, 32, 195, 262
  • revelata, 102
  • rotundata, 122, 274, 298
  • ruderata, 212-213
• Herdman, W. A., and Lomas, J., 236
• Herring, origin of, 143
• Heteromeyenia Ryderi, 94
• Hofman, E., 54
• Hooker, Sir J., 99, 161
• Hopatroides thoracicus, 268
• Howorth, Sir H., 73
• Hyalinia, antiquity of, 50
• Hyla, 260
  • arborea, 260-261, 280
  • chinensis, 260

• Ice-Age, climate of, 65, 81
• Ice-bridge, migration on, 108
• Idotea entomon, 178, 224
• Ihering, H. von, 19, 20, 24-25
• Indigenous species, 10
• Inter-glacial deposit, the Forest-Bed an, 70
  • periods, climate of, 181, 218
• Introduced species, 10, 23, 27-29
• Introduction by man, 32-33
• Introductions from America, 24
• Ireland, glaciation of, 129
• Irish and Scotch Hare, 136
  • Elk, 108, 251-252
• Irish fauna, composition of, 63
  • Stoat, 136
• Isle of Man, fauna of, 123
• Isotoma littoralis, 94

• Jeffreys, J. G., 27
• Jerboa, 204
• Jordan, H., 103
• Judd, J. W., 61

• Karpinski, H., 222
• Kendall, P. J., 125
• Kendall, P. J., and Bell, A., 174
• Kennard, A. S., 167
• Kennard, A. S., and Woodward, B. B., 4
• Kessler, H., 222
• Kew, H. W., 17, 23, 32
• Killarney fern, 115
• Kinahan, G. H., 107-108, 129
• Kirkdale Cavern, remains in, 54
• Kobelt, W., 49, 56, 58, 62, 75, 195-196, 212, 281, 297, 303, 321-323
• Köppen, F. T., 51, 62, 222, 248
• Krasan, F., 347

• Lagomys, origin of, 41, 203
• Lagopus, 334
  • albus, 91, 142, 334
  • hyperboreus, 334
  • leucurus, 335
  • mutus, 91, 142, 334
  • rupestris, 334
  • scoticus, 334
• Laminifera, sub-genus of Clausilia, 48
• Lamplugh, G. W., 107-108
• Land-connection between America and Northern Europe, 61
  • British Islands and France, 59-60
  • British Islands and Scandinavia, 61
  • Europe and North Africa, 61
  • Europe and North America, 61, 168-172
  • Greece and Asia Minor, 61
  • Greenland and Europe, 155, 159
  • Ireland and Spain, 110
• Land Mollusca, migrations of, 9
• Land shells, West Indian, 21
• Lartet, E., 51, 73, 107, 150
• Lemming, range of, 138-140
• Leontopodium alpinum, 266, 342
• Lepus, 27, 29, 31
  • alpinus, 136
  • cuniculus, 27, 31, 291
  • europæus, 29, 316
  • glacialis, 136
  • lacostei, 291
  • variabilis, 2, 29, 136, 315
• Lepidoptera, range of, 159-160
  • Arctic, 200
  • surviving Glacial period, 54
• Leuckart, R., 176
• Lewis, Carvill, 129
• Limax, 284
  • marginatus, 284
  • maximus, 284
• Limnocalanus macrurus, 179
• Linyphia insignis, 94
• "Loess" fauna, 75, 196
• Lomas (vide Herdman and Lomas)
• Lovén, S., 177
• Lusitanian flora in British Islands, 288, 306-307
  • spiders, 301
• Lydekker, R., 14, 22, 32, 58, 157, 183, 202, 248, 252
• Lyell, Sir C., 14, 22
• Lyrurus tetrix, 336

• Macroptychia, sub-genus of Clausilia, 48
• Madeira, 19
  • molluscan fauna of, 25
  • remains of a continent, 19
• Major, Forsyth, 45-46, 280, 282
• Mallet, R., 86
• Mammoth in Siberia, 214-217
  • range of, 252-253
• Mammals, dispersal of, 9, 21
• Mantis religiosa, 269
• Maps, general plan of, 8
• Margaritana, 93
• Marine connection between Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean, 62, 219-231
  • mollusca, distribution of, 236
  • origin of boulder-clay, 82-86, 228-230
• Marine shells above sea-level, 127-128
  • transgression in Northern Russia, 172
• Marmot, Alpine, 313
  • Bobak, 204
• Marsh-ringlet, 93
• Marshall, Rev., 166
• Martins, C., 68
• Mediterranean land-connections, 276-282
• Meles, 43
  • albogularis, 44
  • anakuma, 44
  • leucurus, 44
  • maraghanus, 44
  • polaki, 44
  • taxus, 43
• Melitæa asteria, 325
  • cynthia, 325
  • maturna, 325
• Melizophilus undatus, 288
• Merriam, C. H., 38
• Metoponorthus cingendus, 301
• Microtus, 313
  • brecciensis, 314
  • leucurus, 314
  • nivalis, 313
• Mid-wife Toad, 295
• Migrations, 8-9
  • cause of, 208
  • of British shore-forms, 124
• Migration from Asia to Europe by North America, 327
• Migration on ice-bridge, 108
  • waves of, 204-206
• Miller's thumb, 93
• Milne-Edwards, A., 282
• Mingling of Southern and Northern Mammals, 72-75, 209
• Miocene geography, 274-276
  • temperature in Greenland, 146
• Miogale moschata, 290
  • pyrenaica, 290
• Molge alpestris, 320
  • cristata, 320
  • montana, 320
  • palmata, 320
  • rusconii, 320
  • vulgaris, 319
• Mollusca in Loess, 196
• Mollusca, distribution of marine, 236
• Molluscan fauna, divisions of British, 102
  • Madeira, 25
  • Porto Santo, 25
• Molluscs, dispersal of, 17, 24
• Mongoose, 28
• Montifringilla nivalis, 318
• More, A. G., 104
• Möschler, E., 160
• Motacilla, 254, 292
  • alba, 292
  • borealis, 255
  • campestris, 254
  • lugubris, 292
  • melanope, 254
• Mountain Avens, 79
• Mountain-ringlet, 325
• Mouse, distribution of Harvest, 3
• Mud-glaciers, 86
• Murchison, R., 175, 230
• Murray, Andrew, 32-33, 150, 154
• Muscardinus avellanarius, 316
• Musk-Ox, range of, 119, 134-135, 203
• Mus minutus, 3, 95, 190
• Mustela africana, 279
  • boccamela, 279
  • erminea, 135-136
  • putorius, 190
• Myodus lemmus, 138
  • obensis, 138
• Myoxus, 316
• Mysis caspica, 223
  • micropthalma, 223
  • relicta, 179, 223

• Nathorst, A. G., 163, 169, 240-241
• Natterjack Toad, 30
• Nebria atrata, 328
  • livida, 328
• Nehring, A., 96, 107, 119, 196, 208-211, 340
• Nenia, sub-genus of Clausilia, 48
• Neumayr, M., 19, 67
• Newt, 319
• New Siberian Islands, origin of
  • bone-beds, 219
  • extinct fauna of, 218
• Nightingale, 192
• Nordquist, 179
• North American marine mollusca in crag deposits, 173
• North European Sea, 172

• Ocean basins, permanence of, 18
• Oceanic Islands, 18
• Œneis, 326-327
  • aëllo, 326
• Onychogomphus, 268
• Oriental migration, old and new, 272
• Oriental plants, 282-283
• Origin, centre of, shifting, 202
• Otiorrhynchus auropunctatus, 115, 302
• Ovibos moschatus, 119, 134-135, 203

• Pacific Continent, 20
• Painted-lady Butterfly, 98
• Palincosmic species, 25
• Pallas's Sandgrouse, 205
• Panurus biarmicus, 292
• Papilio hospiton, 265
• Parmacella, 49
• Parnassius, 265-266, 324
  • Apollo, 265, 324
  • delius, 324
  • mnemosyne, 324
  • Nordmanni, 324
• Partridge, 29
• Pelias berus, 192
• Pelobates, 295
• Pelodytes punctatus, 295
• Pelophila borealis, 93
• Penck, A., 66
• Perches, origin of, 143
• Periops hippocrepis, 279
• Peschel, O., 177
• Petersen, W., 55, 154, 160, 200
• Petronia stulta, 318
• Pezotettix, 329-330
  • alpinus, 329
  • pedestris, 329
• Phasianus, 256-257
  • colchicus, 31, 257
• Pheasant, origin of, 256-257
• Phoca annelata, 174
  • caspica, 224
• Phædusa, sub-genus of Clausilia, 263
• Phylloxera vastatrix, 24
• Pigs, origin of, 44-46
• Pika, 41
• Pine-Grosbeak, 191
• Pinicola enucleator, 191
• Planorbis dilatatus, 24
  • glaber, 167
• Plants, American, in Ireland, 166
  • as tests of climate, 75-80
  • migration of, 34
• Platyarthrus, 299-302
• Plectrophenax nivalis, 140
• Pleistocene climate of Asia, 210, 214-215
  • Europe, climate in, 208-209
  • fauna, northern and southern animals in, 72-75
  • mollusca, 211-213
• Pliocene deposits of Sicily, 277
  • geography, 276-277
• Pohlig, H., 176
• Polar Bear, 134
  • Fox, range of, 135, 149
  • origin of animals, 147
• Pole-cat, 190
• Polydesmus gallicus, 115, 302
• Polynesian Islands, 20
• Pomatias, 49, 321-322
• Pontoporeia affinis, 179
• Porto Santo, molluscan fauna of, 25
• Pouched Marmot, 41
• Praeger, R. L., 298
• Praying insect, 269
• Proboscidea, origin of, 252
• Psammodromus algirus, 295
  • hispanicus, 295
• Ptarmigan, 91, 142
• Pupa, antiquity of, 50
• Pupa, 297-298
  • anglica, 298
  • granum, 297
  • ringens, 102
• Pyrrhocorax alpinus, 317
• Pyrrhula, 191, 255
  • europæa, 191, 256
  • major, 191, 256

• Rabbit, introduction of, 27, 31, 291
• Rana temporaria, 194, 320
• Range, extension of, 38
• Rangifer tarandus, 133, 150-158
• Reade, Mellard, 127-129
• Red Crag, Arctic molluscs in, 235-236
• Red Deer, 246-250
• Red Grouse, 91, 142
• Red-legged Partridge, 29
• Regulus ignicapillus, 257
  • maderensis, 257
  • teneriffæ, 257
• Reid, Clement, 76, 163
• Reindeer, range and varieties of, 91, 133, 149-158
• Relict lakes, 176-179, 223
• Reptiles, dispersal of, 21
• Reptiles of Europe, 192-193
• Rhax, 270
• Rhinoceros, distribution of, 214-216
• Rhododendron ponticum, 271
• Rhopalomesites Tardyi, 302
• Rock Sparrow, 318
• Route of migration of Siberian mammals, 210
• Rupicapra tragus, 312
• Russia, marine transgression in, 172
  • submergence of North, 155
• Rütimeyer, L., 43, 57, 281
• Ryothemis, 269

• Saiga Antelope, 39, 204
• Saiga tartarica, 39, 204
• Salamandra atra, 319
  • caucasica, 319
  • maculosa, 319
• Salmonidæ, origin of, 92, 143
• Sandgrouse, migration of Pallas's, 41, 205
• Sars, O., 177, 223-224
• Saunders, H., 256
• Seal, Arctic, 174
• Sea-urchin, 125
• Sedgwick, A., 86
• Scandinavia, absence of Oriental and Siberian mammals from, 176, 206
  • during Glacial period, 176
• Scandinavian boulders, origin of, 172-173
  • butterflies in America, 167
  • flora, antiquity of, 162, 185
  • glaciers, 172
• Scandinavian lepidopterous fauna, 55
• Schulz, A., 52, 155
• Sclater, P. L., 95
• Scotch Argus, 325
• Scotch and Irish Hare, 136
• Siberia, climate of, during Glacial period, 217
• Siberian birds in British Islands, 191-192
  • mammals absent from Scandinavia, 176, 206
  • mammals absent from Southern Europe, 206
  • mammals in Great Britain, 95-96, 190, 202-204
  • migration, date of, 208
  • steppe-fauna, 39
• Sicily, Pliocene deposits in, 277
• Silurus glanis, 29
• Simpson, C. T., 21
• Simroth, H., 48, 299
• Sjögren, H., 226
• Slugs, dispersal of, 16-17
• Snails, dispersal of, 17
• Snow-Bunting, range of, 91, 140
• Snow-Finch, 318
• Sollas, W., 177
• Somateria mollissima, 141
• Sorex, 202, 314-315
  • alpinus, 314-315
  • araneus, 315
  • minutus, 315
• Southern mammals in Arctic Siberia, 213-216
• Sparrow, introduction of, 28
• Spermophilus, 41
• Speyer, A. and A., 55, 200
• Spiders, Lusitanian, 301
• Sponges, American, in Ireland, 166
• St. Erth fauna, 174
• Steinbock, 312
• Steppe-fauna, Siberian, 39
• Sterlet, introduction of, 29
• Stick-insect, 269
• Stickleback, origin of, 92, 143, 166-167
• Stoat, range of, 90-91, 135-136
• Straits of Gibraltar, age of, 277-278, 281
• Strix flammea, 98
• Strongylocentrotus lividus, 125
• Struckmann, C., 153
• Studer, Th., 340
• Sub-marine plateau between Norway and Spitsbergen, 154
• Suess, E., 61, 273, 282, 303
• Sus scrofa, 44-46
• Swallow-tail Butterfly, 264-265
• Syrrhaptes paradoxus, 41, 205

• Tailless Hare, 41
• Talpa, 291
• Taylor, J. W., 105
• Tcherski, J. D., 214-215, 222
• Tertiary plants in Greenland, 144-145
• Testacella, 17, 299
  • haliotidea, 299
  • maugei, 102, 299
  • scutulum, 299
• Tetrao, 28
  • urogallus, 28, 143, 336-337
• Tetrastes bonasia, 337
• Tettix, 330
  • bipunctatus, 330
• Thais cerisyi, 265
• Thelphusa fluviatilis, 270, 281
• Thomas, O., 90
• Thompson, W., 32
• Time of disconnection between Great Britain and Ireland, 63
• Titmouse, bearded, 292
• Toad, Natterjack, 30
• Tree-frog, 260, 280
• Trichomanes radicans, 115
• Tropidonotus viperinus, 294
• Tubella pensylvanica, 94
• Tundras in Northern Europe, 209-210
• Turnix sylvatica, 291-292
• Tyndall, J., 68
• Typhlops lumbricalis, 259
• Tyrrhenian Continent, 280

• Unio (Margaritana) margaritifer, 93
• Ursus maritimus, 134
• Ussher, R. J., 92, 105

• Vanessa cardui, 98
• Vertigo alpestris, 93
• Viper, range of, 192
• Vole, range of, 313-314

• Wagtails, origin and range of, 254, 292
• Wallace, A. R., 12-13, 18-19, 23, 58, 99, 111, 304
• Warming, E., 76, 163
• Watson, H. C., 100
• Wax-bill, migrations of, 205
• Welch, R., 298
• West-Indian land-shells, 21
• White, Buchanan, 109, 113
• Willow-grouse, 91, 142
• Woodward, B. B. (vide Kennard and Woodward)
• Wright, J., 84

• Zittel, 252
• Zonites, 49, 195, 322-323