[157] The Tychonic system has supporters to this day. See chap. v.

[158] Dreyer: 181.

[159] The authoritative biography is the Vita by Frisch in vol. VIII, pp. 668-1028 of Op. Om. Kep.

[160] Frisch: VIII, 718.

[161] Delambre: Astr. Mod. 314-315.

[162] Frisch: VIII, 999.

[163] Ibid: VIII, 696.

[164] Ibid: VIII, 699-715.

[165] Dreyer: 290-309.

[166] Frisch: VIII, 715.

[167] Bertrand: p. 870-1.

[168] The two laws first appeared in 1609 in his Physica Cœlestis tradita commentarius de motu stellæ martis. (Frisch: VIII, 964.) The third he enunciated in his Harmonia Mundi, 1619. (Ibid: VIII, 1013-1017.)

[169] "Cor et animam meam": Kepler's expression in regard to the Copernician theory. Ibid: VIII, 957.

[170] Ibid: VIII, 838.

[171] Ibid: VIII, 742.

[172] Kepler: Op. Om., I, 106: Præfatio ad Lectorem.

[173] Berry: 210.

[174] Berry: 265.

[175] Ibid: 359.

[176] Jacoby: 89.

[177] See before, p. 30.

[178] Luther: Tischreden, IV, 575; "Der Narr will die ganze Kunst Astronomiæ umkehren. Aber wie die heilige Schrift anzeigt, so heiss Josua die Sonne still stehen, und nicht das Erdreich."

[179] "Non est autem hominis bene instituti dissentire a consensu tot sæculorum." Præfatio Philippi Melanthonis, 1531, in Sacro-Busto: Libellus de Sphæra (no date).

[180] "Vidi dialogum et fui dissuassor editionis. Fabula per sese paulatim consilescet; sed quidam putant esse egregiam katorthoma rem tam absurdam ornare, sicut ille Sarmaticus Astronomis qui movet terram et figet solem. Profecto sapientes gubernatores deberent ingeniorum petulantia cohercere." Epistola B. Mithobio, 16 Oct. 1541. P. Melancthon: Opera: IV, 679.

[181] "Quamquam autem rident aliqui Physicum testimonia divina citantem, tamen nos honestum esse censemus, Philosophiam conferre ad cœlestia dicta, et in tanta caligine humanæ mentis autoritatem divinam consulere ubicunque possumus." Melancthon: Initia Doctrinæ Physicæ: Bk. I, 63.

[182] Ibid: 60.

[183] Ibid: 59-67.

[184] Farrar: Hist. of Interpretation: Preface, xviii: "Who," asks Calvin, "will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit?"

[185] Calvin: Oeuvres François: Traité ... contre l'Astrologie, 110-112.

[186] Calvin: Op. Om. in Corpus Reformatorum: vol. 25, 499-500; vol. 59, 195-196.

[187] P. 78-79: "Ce planétaire ... represente le système du monde tel qu'il a été expliqué par Copernic."

[188] Schwilgué: p. 15.

[189] Ibid: p. 48.

[190] Dict. of Nat. Biog.: "Recorde."

[191] Quoted (p. 135), from the edition of 1596 in the library of Mr. George A. Plimpton. See also Recorde's Whetstone of Witte (1557) as cited by Berry, 127.

[192] DuBartas: The Divine Weeks (Sylvester's trans. edited by Haight): Preface, pp. xx-xxiii and note.

[193] Op. cit.: 72.

[194] La Fuente: Historia de la Universidades ... de España: II, 314.

[195] Doc. 86 in Favaro: 130.

[196] Diccionario Enciclopédico Hispano-Americano de literatura, ciencias y artes (Barcelona, 1898).

[197] Quoted in Salusbury: Math. Coll.: I, 468-470 (1661), as a work inaccessible to most readers at that time because of its extreme rarity. It remained on the Index until the edition of 1835.

[198] Montaigne: Essays: Bk. II, c. 2: An Apologie of Raymonde Sebonde (II, 352).

[199] This book, published at Frankfort in 1597, was translated into French by M. Fougerolles and printed in Lyons that same year. It has become extremely rare since its "atheistic atmosphere" (Peignot: Dictionnaire) caused the Roman Church to place it upon the Index by decree of 1628, where it has remained to this day.

[200] Cromer in History of Poland.

[201] Cromer in History of Poland.[A]

[202] Bodin: Univ. Nat. Theatrum: Bk. V, sec. 2 (end).

[203] Delambre: Astr. Mod.: I, 663.

[204] Justus-Lipsius: Physiologiæ Stoicorum: Bk. II, dissert. 19 (Dedication 1604, Louvain), (IV, 947); "Vides deliria, quomodo aliter appellent?"

[205] Berti: 285.

[206] McIntyre: 3-15.

[207] Four lives of Bruno have been written within the last seventy-five years. The first is Jordano Bruno by Christian Bartholmèss (2 vol., Paris 1846). The next, Vita di Giordano Bruno da Nola by Domenico Berti (1868, Turin), quotes in full the official documents of his trial. Frith's Life of Giordano Bruno (London, 1887), has been rendered out of date by J.L. McIntyre's Giordano Bruno (London, 1903), which includes a critical bibliography. In addition, W.R. Thayer's Throne Makers (New York, 1899), gives translations of Bruno's confessions to the Venetian Inquisition. Bruno's Latin works (Opera Latina Conscripta), have been republished by Fiorentino (3 vol., Naples, 1879), and the Opere Italiane by Gentile (3 vol., Naples, 1907).

[208] Bartholmèss: I, 134.

[209] Libri: IV, 144.

[210] McIntyre: 16-40.

[211] Bartholmèss: I, 134.

[212] Gilbert: De Magnete (London, 1600).

[213] Berti: 369, Doc. XIII.

[214] McIntyre: 16-40.

[215] Bartholmèss: I, 134.

[216] Beyersdorf: Giordano Bruno und Shakespear, 8-36.

[217] Such passages as Troilus and Cressida: Act I, sc. 3; King John, Act III, sc. 1; and Merry Wives, Act III, sc. 2, indicate that Shakespeare accepted fully the Ptolemaic conception of a central, immovable earth. See also Beyersdorf: op. cit.

[218] McIntyre: 68.

[219] Ibid: 47-72.

[220] See official documents in Berti: 327-395.

[221] Bruno: De Immenso et Innumerabilis: Lib. III, cap. 9 (vol. 1, pt. 1, 380-386).

[222] Thayer: 268.

[223] Berti: 285.

[224] Ibid: 282.

[225] Fahie: 82-89.

[226] Thayer: 299.

[227] The publication of A. Favaro's Galileo e l'Inquisizione: Documenti del Processo Galileiano ... per la prima volta integralmente pubblicati, (Firenze, 1907), together with that of the National Edition (in 20 vols.) of Galileo's works, edited by Favaro (Firenze, completed 1909), renders somewhat obsolete all earlier lives of Galileo. The more valuable, however, of these books are: Martin's Galilée (Paris, 1868), a scholarly Catholic study containing valuable bibliographical notes; Anon. (Mrs. Olney): Private Life of Galileo, based largely on his correspondence with his daughter from which many extracts are given; and von Gebler's Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia (trans. by Mrs. Sturge, London, 1879), which includes in the appendix the various decrees in the original. Fahie's Life of Galileo (London, 1903), is based on Favaro's researches and is reliable. The documents of the trial have been published in part by de l'Epinois, von Gebler and Berti, but Favaro's is the complete and authoritative edition.

[228] Fahie: 20-40.

[229] Ibid: 121.

[230] Galileo: Opere, X, 68.

[231] 'The Second Day' in Salusbury: Math. Coll. I, 110-111.

[232] Fahie: 265.

[233] Conway: 46-47.

[234] Conway: 46-47.

[235] Fahie: 77-126.

[236] Doc. in Favaro: 13.

[237] Fahie: 149.

[238] Galileo: Opere, V, 281-288.

[239] Doc. in Favaro: 48-49.

[240] Doc. in Favaro: 49.

[241] Ibid: 38: "amorevole avviso."

[242] Ibid: 46, 47, 51.

[243] Ibid: 47.

[244] Ibid: 49.

[245] Ibid: 43-45, see original in Galileo: Opere, V, 281-285.

[246] Doc. in Favaro: 78.

[247] Ibid: 61.

[248] Ibid: 61.

[249] Doc. in Favaro: 61-62.

[250] Ibid: 88.

[251] Ibid: 80-86.

[252] Ibid: 145.

[253] Ibid: 16.

[254] Doc. in Favaro: 16.

[255] Monchamp: 46.

[256] Fromundus: De Cometa Anni 1618: chap. VII, p. 68. (From the private library of Dr. E.E. Slosson. A rare book which Lecky could not find. History of Rationalism in Europe, I, 280, note.)

[257] In 1620 the Congregation issued the changes it required to have made in the De Revolutionibus. They are nine in all, and consist mainly in changing assertion of the earth's movement to hypothetical statement and in striking out a reference to the earth as a planet. Doc. in Favaro: 140-141. See illustration, p. 61.

[258] Doc. in Favaro: 149.

[259] Galileo: Dialogo: To the Reader.

[260] Doc. in Favaro: 70.

[261] Fahie: 230.

[262] Ibid: 240.

[263] Doc. in Favaro: 88-89.

[264] Ibid: 66.

[265] Ibid: 17-18.

[266] Galileo: Opere, XV, 26.

[267] Doc. in Favaro: 74.

[268] Ibid: 75.

[269] Ibid: 76.

[270] Ibid: 80-81.

[271] Ibid: 80-81.

[272] Doc. in Favaro: 83.

[273] Ibid: 84.

[274] Ibid: 85-87.

[275] Ibid: 101.

[276] Doc. in Favaro: 101.

[277] Doc. in Favaro: 146.

[278] Ibid: 145.

[279] Ibid: 103, 129.

[280] Ibid: 134.

[281] Milton: Areopagitica: 35.

[282] Doc. in Favaro: 135.

[283] Ibid: 137.

[284] Fahie: 402.

[285] Doc. in Favaro: 138; and Fahie: 402.

[286] Doc. in Favaro: 101, 103.

[287] Ibid: 104-132.

[288] Fahie: 325, note.

[289] For full statement, see Martin: 133-207.

[290] Gebler: 263.

[291] See Gebler: 244-247; White: I, 159-167; also Martin.

[292] Martin: 136; and Salusbury: Math. Coll. "To the reader."

[293] Galileo: Opere, XV, 25.

[294] Putnam: I, 310.

[295] De Morgan: I, 98.

[296] Martin: 140.

[297] Cath. Ency.: "Boscovich."

[298] Doc. in Favaro: 159.

[299] Ibid: 30, 31.

[300] In Salusbury: Math. Coll.: I, 471-503.

[301] Bk. II: sec. 8, §1.

[302] Bk. II, ch. 46.

[303] Phil. Works: 705.

[304] Bk. III.

[305] Phil. Works: 684-685.

[306] Translated in Appendix C. For criticism, see Monchamp: 58-64.

[307] Fromundus: Vesta: Ad Lectorem.

[308] Monchamp: 41.

[309] Justus-Lipsius: IV, 947.

[310] Monchamp: 48.

[311] Ibid: 94.

[312] Galileo: Opere: XV, 25.

[313] Ibid: XIV, 340-341.

[314] Monchamp: 107-108.

[315] Doc. in Favaro: 120-121, 132, 133.

[316] Monchamp: 125, 143.

[317] Ibid: 148-149.

[318] Ibid: 152-153.

[319] Ibid: 182-234.

[320] Monchamp: 321.

[321] Agricola: Disputatio.