Flaccilla, benevolence of, 156

Florence. Council of, 341

Franks, threaten Italy, 89;

summoned by Witiges, 91;

protect the Papacy, 196

Fritigern, Gothic ruler, 35-7;

victory of over Valens, 40

Fravitta defeats Gainas, 31

Gainas, minister of Arcadius, 47;

rebellion of, 50; slain, 51

Gallienus, Byzantium destroyed by, 10

Gallipoli seized by the Turks, 329

Ganzaca burnt by Heraclius, 136

Gelimer, king of the Vandals, 81;

defeated and captured, 85

Genoa, rise of, 263;

trade of, with the East, 267;

allied to Michael Paleologus, 314;

sends aid to Constantine XI., 344

George the Alan, 318

George of Pisidia, poems of, 221

Giustiniani, John, defends Constantinople, 344-8

Godfrey of Bouillon, 264

Goths, early history of, 32;

cross the Danube, 37;

defeat Valens, 39;

besiege Constantinople, 41;

submit to Theodosius, 42;

the Visigoths under Alaric, 48;

quit the East, 49;

the Ostrogoths under Theodoric at war with Zeno, 62;

invade Italy, 64;

kingdom of, attacked by Belisarius, 86;

wars of, with Justinian, 88-94;

defeated and destroyed, 95

“Grand Company,” the, hired by Andronicus II., 317;

ravage Thrace, 318;

conquer Athens, 319

Greece, invaded by the Goths, 48;

overrun by the Slavs, 125;

conquered by the Crusaders, 296, 297

Greek fire, invented, 170;

used by the Byzantine fleet, 220

Gregory the Great, Pope, 120, 121

Guiscard, Robert, wars of, with Alexius I., 259-61

Haroun-al-Raschid, wars of, with Nicephorus I., 203

Helena, mother of Constantine I., 19

Hellas, theme of, 168;

revolts against Leo III., 193

Henry of Flanders, Emperor, 295-6

Henry VI. of Swabia, Emperor of the West, 278

Heracleonas, reign and fall of, 165-6

Heraclius the Elder, rebellion of, 130

Heraclius I., sails against Constantinople, 130;

slays Phocas, 130;

disasters of the Persian War, 132;

his Crusade, 133;

victorious campaign of, 135-7;

his triumph, 139;

attacked by the Saracens, 160;

defeated, 163;

last years of, 164

Heraclius Constantinus, son of Heraclius I., short reign of, 165

Hierapolis taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 231

Hieromax, battle of the, 162

Hilderic, Vandal king, deposed, 81

Hippodrome, the great, 22

Histiaeus holds Byzantium, 5

Honorius slays Stilicho, 49

Hungary, converted to Christianity, 262;

invaded by Manuel I., 271;

attacks the Ottoman Turks, 342

Huniades, John, 342

Huns, under Attila, 57;

ravage Syria, 71;

threaten Constantinople, 104;

defeated by Belisarius, 105

Iconium, Sultanate of, see under Seljouks

Iconoclasm, the movement, 188-9;

vigorous under the Isaurian emperors, 192-7;

in the ninth century, 203-10;

ended by Michael III., 212

Iconodules, 202

Images, superstitions connected with, 190;

removed by Leo III., 192;

use of, ceases in the East, 212

Innocent III., sends out Fourth Crusade, 281;

wrath of with the Crusaders, 290

Irene, the empress, regency of, 107;

deposed, 198;

blinds her son and seizes the throne, 199

Isaac I. (Comnenus), his short reign, 250

Isaac II. (Angelus), rebels, 273;

his reign, 276;

deposed by his brother, 278;

restored, 284;

dies, 285

Isaac Comnenus, of Cyprus, 277-8

Isaurians, the, enlisted by Leo and Zeno, 61;

dynasty of the, 192-9

Isperich, king of Bulgaria, 172

Italy, conquered by Belisarius, 88-91;

partly conquered by the Lombards, 116;

Constans II. in, 169;

central parts of, lost, 196;

southern parts of, conquered by the Normans, 258

Jacobites, in Egypt and Syria, 161

Janissaries, the, 324

Jerusalem, Eudocia at, 57;

taken by Persians, 132;

Heraclius at, 139;

taken by the Saracens, 163;

taken by the Crusaders, 265

John I. (Zimisces), murders his uncle, 232;

successful wars of, 234-7;

dies, 239

John II. (Comnenus), reign and conquests of, 268-9

John III. (Ducas Vatatzes), 300;

conquers Thrace and Macedonia, 301

John IV. (Ducas), dethroned by Michael Paleologus, 304

John V. (Paleologus), minority of, 325-8;

expels John Cantacuzenus, 329;

defeated by the Turks, 330;

later years of, 333

John VI. (Paleologus), reign of, 339;

embraces Catholicism, 341

John (Angelus), Emperor of Thessalonica, 300

John, King of Bulgaria, 276;

conquers Baldwin I., 295

John the Cappadocian, finance minister, 76

John Chrysostom, patriarch, 52;

exiled, 53

John Ducas, regent, 255

John the Faster, patriarch, 120

John the Grammarian, patriarch, 209, 212

John Huniades, general, 342

John Lydus, author, 143

Julian, reign of, 32

Justin I., reign of, 65

Justin II., reign and wars of, 117

Justinian I., character of, 65;

marries Theodora, 66;

first Persian war of, 71-4;

Italian and African wars of, 83-93;

recalls Belisarius, 91;

his buildings, 106-9;

his legal work, 112

Justinian II., misfortunes of, 172;

banished, 175;

reconquers his throne, 179;

slain, 180

Kadesia, battle of, 164

Kaikhosru, Sultan, slain in battle, 299

Karasi, Emirs of, 319

Karl the Great, crowned emperor, 201

Kathisma, the, 24