Palermo, taken by Belisarius, 88

Palestine, conquered by the Persians, 132;

overrun by the Arabs, 163;

subdued by the Crusaders, 265

Pandects, compiled by Justinian, 112

Patriarchal palace of Constantinople, 21

Patriarchs, see under John, Sergius, &c.

Paulicians, sect of the persecuted by Basil I, 214

Paulinus, put to death by Theodosius II., 57

Patzinak Tartars, the, 237;

wars of with Alexius I., 262

Pavia, taken by the Lombards, 116

Persian Empire destroyed by the Arabs, 164

Persian Wars under Julian, 32;

under Justinian, 71, 99;

under Maurice, 121;

under Phocas and Heraclius, 130-36

Peter, general under Nicephorus Phocas, 231

Philip of Macedon, attacks Byzantium, 7

Philip of Swabia, helps Alexius Angelus the younger, 279-8

Philippicus, usurpation and fall of, 180-1

Phocas, emperor, his usurpation, 127;

cruelty of, 129;

slain, 130

Phocas, Bardas, rebels against John Zimisces, 233;

against Basil II., 241

Phocas, Nicephorus, reign of, 228-30;

wars of, 231;

murdered, 233

Photius, patriarch, his learning, 221

Plague, the great of a.d. 542, 101

Popes, rise of the power of, 120;

estranged from the empire, 196;

call in the Franks, 199

Priscus, general of Maurice, 126

Prusa, taken by the Turks, 323;

sacked by the Mongols, 334

Pulcheria, Empress, with her brother Theodosius II., 55;

marries Marcianus, 59

Pelekanon, battle of, 323

Polyeuktus, patriarch, 230

Ravenna, taken by Belisarius, 91;

exarchate of, 119;

occupied by the Lombards, 196

Rhangabe, Michael, short reign of, 204

Rhazates, general, slain by Heraclius, 137

Richard Coeur de Leon, conquers Cyprus, 278

Robert Guiscard, wars of with Alexius I., 259-60;

final repulse of, 261

Roger de Flor, hired by Andronicus II., 317;

conquests of, 318;

assassinated, 318

Romanus I. (Lecapenus), long regency of, 217

Romanus II, short reign of, 228-9

Romanus III. (Argyrus), married to Zoe, 245;

dies, 246

Romanus IV. (Diogenes), reign of, 251;

defeated by Turks, 254;

dies, 256

Rome, taken by Belisarius, 89;

besieged by the Goths, 90;

taken by Baduila, 94;

Gregory the Great at, 120;

Constans II. at, 169;

Charles the Great at, 199

Ruric, founds the Russian kingdom, 234

Russians, early invasions of, 216;

attack Bulgaria, 234;

defeated by John Zimisces, 237;

converted to Christianity, 239

Sabatius, father of Justinian, 65

Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 241;

wars and death of, 242

Saoudji, rebels against Murad I., 333

Sapor, king of Persia, 32

Saracens, the, converted by Mahomet, 159;

invade Syria, 160-2;

conquer Egypt, 166;

conquer Persia, 164;

civil wars of the, 166;

for later history, see under names of the Caliphs

Sardis, taken by Alexius I., 265

Scholarian Guards, the, 104

Seljouk Turks, conquer Persia and Armenia, 250-1;

invade the empire, 252;

conquer Asia Minor, 254;

defeated by the Crusaders, 265;

wars of with the Comneni, 265-7-72;

with Theodore I., 298

Sergius, patriarch, 133

Senate House at Constantinople, 21

Servians, cross the Danube, 123;

conquered by Basil II., 243;

rebel against Michael IV., 246;

conquered by Manuel I., 271;

overrun Macedonia, 327;

subdued by the Turks, 330

Severus, emperor, takes Byzantium, 9

Shahrbarz, the Persian, takes Jerusalem, 132;

defeated by Heraclius, 135

Sicily, conquered by Belisarius, 88;

invaded by Saracens, 208;

finally conquered by Saracens, 214;

invaded by Maniakes, 246 ;

Siroes, deposes his father Chosroës, 138

Skleros, Bardas, rebel against Basil II., 241

Slavery, influence of Christianity on, 147-8

Slavs, invade the Balkan Peninsula, 123;

subject to the Avars, 124-37;

ravages of the, 125, 129;

made tributary by Constans II., 169;

besiege Thessalonica, 171

Sophia. St., first building of, 27;

burnt in 410 a.d., 53;

burnt in the Nika riots, 77;

rebuilding of by Justinian, 107-9;

desecrated by the Turks, 349

Spain, South of, conquered by Justinian's generals, 96-7

Stauracius, emperor, short reign of, 204

Statues at Constantinople, 21, 25;

destruction of by the Crusaders, 291

Suleiman, Saracen vizier, besieges Constantinople, 185;

dies, 186;

Turkish Sultan, reign of, 334-6

Stephen Lecapenus, usurpation of, 217

Stephen Dushan, king of Servia, conquests of, 327

Stephen, pope, calls in the Franks, 196

Stilicho, wars of with Alaric, 47-8;

murdered by Honorius, 49

Swiatoslaf, king of Russia, conquers Bulgaria, 235;

defeated by Zimisces, 237

Syria, invaded by the Huns, 71;

invaded by Kobad, 73;

conquered by Shahrbarz, 129-30;

invaded and conquered by the Saracens, 162-3;

conquests of Nicephorus Phocas in, 229;

subdued by the Crusaders, 265

Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 163

Tagina, battle of, 95

Tarsus, taken by Nicephorus Phocas, 230

Teia, Gothic king, slain in battle, 95

Telemachus, martyrdom of, 145

Terbel, king of Bulgaria, aids Justinian II., 178

Themes, institution of the provincial system of, 167-8

Theodahat, Gothic king, murders his wife, 82;

war of with Justinian, 87;

slain, 88

Theodora, wife of Justinian, career of, 66-8;

in the Nika riots, 79;

death of, 103

Theodora, wife of Theophilus, 211;

regency of, 212

Theodora, daughter of Constantine VIII., reign of, 248