BIBLIOGRAPHY

main authorities

minor authorities

In addition to the above, many other authorities have been consulted in the preparation of the two volumes of this work. Quotations from them are frequently found in the text, and citations are given in the notes. The author, in closing the article, entitled "Bibliography," wishes to express his sense of great indebtedness and appreciation to the numerous very valuable encyclopedias that adorn the shelves of the various libraries of New York City; and especially to The Jewish Encyclopedia, published by Funk & Wagnalls, New York and London, 1901.

INDEX

• A
• Abarbanel, Isaac, on the Sanhedrin, I, 106
• Ab-beth-din, vice-president of the Sanhedrin, I, 112
• Abbott, Lyman, on the scribes of the Sanhedrin, I, 158
• Acts of Pilate, the Apocryphal,
• modern criticism of, II, 327
• discovery of, II, 327
• Lardner on the authenticity of, II, 328 seq.
• Tischendorf on the authenticity of, II, 345 seq.
• antiquity of, II, 351
• text of, II, 351 seq.
• Æbutius, Publius, part of, in the exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 271 seq.
• Ædile, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
• Æsculapius, Græco-Roman divinity, II, 198
• Akiba, Jewish rabbi, Mishna systematized by, I, 79
• Albanus, Roman governor, his deposition of Albanus, II, 296
• Alcmene, myth of Zeus and, II, 265
• Alexander, Jewish Alabarch, biographical note on, II, 299
• Alexander III, pope, genuineness of "true cross" attested by bull of, II, 63
• Alexandrian MS. of the Bible, I, 67
• Ananias ben Nebedeus, Jewish priest,
• biographical note on, II, 299
• family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 302
• Ananos. See Annas
• Ananus, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
• Anathemas, Jewish, against the Christians, II, 307, 308
• Anaxagoras, Greek philosopher,
• on the deification of natural forces, II, 225
• his exposure of the divination of Lampon, II, 226
• Annanias, author of "Acts of Pilate," II, 351
• Annas (Ananos), Jewish high priest,
• examination of Christ before, I, 238-247
• deposition of, by Gratus, I, 244; II, 20
• Christ examined in house of, I, 256
• biographical note on, II, 295
• legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea, II, 374, 376
• Antecedent Warning, peculiar provision of Hebrew Criminal Law regarding, I, 147-152
• Antistius, L., Roman tribune, impeachment of Julius Cæsar by, II, 46
• Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, persecution of Christians by, II, 78
• Aphrodisia, rites of, II, 265
• Aphrodite, Greek divinity, patroness of prostitutes, II, 265
• Aquillius, Manlius, Roman governor, trial of, before the Comitia, II, 40
• Antonius, Marcus, Roman advocate, defense of, of Manlius Aquillius, II, 40
• Aristotle, Greek philosopher, on the licentiousness of Sparta, II, 241
• Arnold, Matthew, on despair of Roman people, II, 286
• Arnobius, Numidian writer,
• on the familiar treatment of Roman gods, II, 218
• on the lewdness of the Roman drama, II, 267
• Art, effect of, in corruption of Roman and Greek morals, II, 268
• Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, II, 242
• Athens, domestic licentiousness of, II, 240, 241
• Athronges, Jewish peasant, revolt of, II, 110
• Atticus, Numerius, Roman senator, attests ascent of Augustus to heaven, II, 234
• Atys, myth of, represented on Greek and Roman stage, II, 267
• Augurs,
• Roman priests, II, 204
• spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267
• Augury, modes of, II, 211
• Augustus Cæsar, Roman emperor,
• reign and policy of, II, 25, 26
• care of profligate daughter Julia, II, 83
• belief of, in omens, II, 215
• his chastisement of Neptune, II, 222
• deification of, II, 233
• Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Roman emperor and philosopher,
• persecution of Christianity by, II, 78
• adoration of Serapis by, II, 217
• on suicide, II, 232
• B
• Bacchanalian orgies, Livy's account of, II, 270-283
• Bacchus, Roman deity, licentious festivals of, II, 265
• Barabbas (Bar Abbas) released by Pilate, II, 131, 138, 363
• Baring-Gould, S., on the symbolism of the Cross, II, 66
• Baths, Roman, splendor of, II, 247
• Beheading of criminals under Hebrew Law, I, 91, 99
• Benny,
• on the Talmud, I, 75
• on internment in Jewish Cities of Refuge, I, 98, 99
• Bernhardt, Sarah, insulted in Quebec, II, 182
• Bernice (Berenice), Jewish queen, a suppliant before Florus, II, 100
• Bible,
• the manuscripts of, I, 67
• purity of text of, I, 69
• anthropomorphism of, I, 336-338
• influence of, II, 4, 5
• "Birchath Hamminim" Jewish imprecation against Christians, II, 308
• Blasphemy,
• discussion of charge against Christ of, I, 193-209
• Hebrew definition of, I, 199-201
• classification of, I, 203
• Boethus, family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301. See also Simon
• Bossuet, Jacques B., French divine, on the citizenship of Christ, II, 108
• Brothels, Roman, dedication of, to Venus, II, 265
• Burning of criminals under Hebrew Law, I, 92, 99
• C
• Cæsar, Caius Julius,
• 10th legion cowed by, II, 169
• superstition of, II, 205
• disbelief of, in immortality, II, 229
• deification of, II, 233
• divorces of, II, 238
• profligacy of, II, 238, 239
• unnatural practices attributed to, II, 263
• Caiaphas, Jewish high priest,
• accusation of, against Christ, before Sanhedrin, I, 190
• erratic conduct of, at trial of Christ, I, 290
• rôle of, in trial of Jesus before Pilate, II, 101
• biographical note on, II, 295
• legendary examination of Joseph of Arimathea by, II, 374, 376
• Caligula, Roman emperor,
• deifies his sister Drusilla, II, 234
• depravity of, II, 234
• Cantharus, family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301
• Capital Crimes under Hebrew Criminal Law, classification and punishments of, I, 91-101
• Carlyle, Thomas, on the life of Christ, II, 187
• Cassius, Dion, on the labeling of Roman criminals, I, 57
• Cato, Marcus Porcius,
• contempt of, for the haruspices, II, 228
• suicide of, II, 232
• divorces of, II, 237
• contempt of, for Lucullus, II, 246
• merciless treatment of slaves, II, 251
• Catulus, Quintus, dream of, presaging accession of Augustus, II, 214
• Chanania, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
• Chanania ben Chiskia, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 309
• Charles IX, king of France, bloody sweat of, I, 59, 60
• Christianity, conflict of, with Roman paganism, I, 16; II, 76-79
• Chrysostom, St. John, on the legendary desire of Tiberius to deify Christ, II, 344
• Cicero, Marcus Tullius,
• dream of, presaging accession of Augustus, II, 215
• on Roman superstition, II, 221
• on Roman skepticism, II, 227
• his divorce of his wife, II, 237
• witticism of, upon Cæsar's gallantries, II, 239
• Cities of Refuge, Jewish, internment in, I, 96-99
• Claudia, granddaughter of Augustus,
• marriage of, to Pilate, II, 82
• dream of, regarding Jesus, II, 133, 355
• Claudius, Roman commander, throws sacred pullets into the sea, II, 222
• Clement V, pope, and the Talmud, I, 88, 89
• Coliseum, the, description of, II, 260
• Comitia Centuriata,
• public criminal trials in, II, 37-43
• miscarriage of justice in, II, 38-42
• Commodus, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 234
• Consul, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
• Coke, Sir Edward, contrast between Pilate and, II, 170-172
• Cornelius, son of Ceron, the elder, biographical note on, II, 321
• Cross, Roman instrument of death,
• erroneous representations of, II, 56
• forms of, II, 62
• use of, by various races as religious symbol, II, 64-67
• "Cross, the True," legends of, II, 62, 63
• Crucifixion,
• Plutarch on, I, 56
• history of, II, 54, 55
• mode of, II, 55
• pathology of, II, 58, 59
• Roman citizens exempt from, II, 54
• of Jesus, II, 365
• Cybele, Roman deity, importation of, from Phrygia, II, 199
• D
• Deification of Roman emperors, ceremony of, II, 234
• Dembowski, Bishop, and the Talmud, I, 88
• Demosthenes, on the women of Athens, II, 242
• Dérembourg, Joseph, on the Jewish priestly families, II, 294
• Deutsch, Emanuel,
• on the Talmud, I, 74, 80
• on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 179, 181
• Diocletian, Roman emperor, deification of, II, 233
• Divination, Roman modes of, II, 211
• Divorce,
• among the Romans, II, 236-239
• trivial pretexts for, II, 237, 238
• Döllinger,
• on the Roman view of Christianity and high treason, II, 77
• on divorce, and the profligacy of Roman matrons, II, 236
• on the effect of art in corrupting Greek and Roman manners, II, 268
• Domitian, Roman emperor, self-deification of, II, 235
• Doras, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321
• Dorotheas, son of Nathanael, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321
• Drama, the, licentiousness of, among Greeks and Romans, II, 266
• Dreams, interpretation of, among Romans and Greeks, II, 213, 214
• Druidism, annihilation of, II, 73
• Drusilla, deified by Caligula, II, 234
• Dysmas, legendary name of one of the thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364
• E
• Edersheim, Alfred, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 177
• Elders, Jewish chamber of. See Sanhedrin
• Eleazar ben Partah, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
• Eleazar, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 295
• Eleazar, son of Simon Boethus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 297
• Eliezer, Jewish rabbi, Mishna amplified by, I, 79
• Ellicott, Dr., on the character of Pilate, II, 91
• Epicurus, Greek philosopher, II, 229
• Epicureanism, degradation of, among Romans, II, 230
• Epitaphs, irreligious Roman, II, 222, 285
• Epulos, Roman priests, II, 204
• Etruria, importation of haruspices from, II, 210
• Eusebius, reference of, to the "Acts of Pilate," II, 329, 333, 344
• Evhemere, on the Greek gods, II, 225
• Evangelists,
• honesty of, I, 12
• character of, I, 13, 14
• motives of, I, 15
• ability of, I, 18
• candor of, I, 20-24
• discrepancies of, I, 29-33
• corroborative elements of narrative of, I, 34-39
• impossibility of collusion among, I, 38
• conformity of narrative of, with human experience, I, 39
• coincidence of testimony of, with collateral circumstances, I, 52-67
• narrative of, confirmed by profane historians, I, 56, 57
• Evidence, rules of, under Hebrew Law, I, 144, 145
• F
• False swearing under Hebrew Criminal Law, I, 93
• Fathers, Church, writings of the, I, 68
• Fecenia, Hispala, part of, in exposure of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 271 seq.
• Felix, Minucius, Christian father, controversy of, with pagans on adoration of the cross, II, 64
• Flagellation, under Hebrew Criminal, I, 94
• Flamens,
• Roman priests, II, 204
• spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267
• G
• Gallio, pro-consul of Achaia, attitude of, toward Jewish clamors, II, 107
• Gamaliel, Jewish rabbi, biographical note on, II, 304
• Ganymede, depraving influence of myth of rape of, II, 262
• Gavazzi, Alessandro, sermons of, in Coliseum, II, 262
• Geib, on the status of Judea, II, 16 on the courts of the Roman Provinces, II, 32
• Geikie, Cunningham,
• on the non-existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 181
• on the character of the trial of Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, 184
• Gemara,
• the Jerusalem and Babylonian recensions of, I, 81
• relation of, to Mishna, I, 83. See also Talmud and Mishna
• Germanicus,
• Cæsar temples profaned on death of, II, 222
• exposure of children born on day of death of, II, 254
• Gestas, legendary name of one of thieves crucified with Jesus, II, 364
• Golden House of Nero, II, 246
• Gibbon, Edward,
• on the jurisdiction of the great Sanhedrin, I, 120
• on the laws of the Twelve Tables, II, 53
• on the extent of the Roman Empire, II, 196
• Gladiatorial games,
• origin of, II, 256
• gigantic scale of, in Rome, II, 256, 257
• conduct of, II, 258
• Gospels, the, admissibility of, as legal evidence, I, 5-12
• Governors, Roman,
• powers of, II, 24, 27, 28, 29
• forbidden to take wives to their provinces, II, 84, 85
• Graetz, Heinrich, on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 181
• Greeks,
• superstition of, II, 223
• philosophy of, II, 229
• depraving effect on Romans of art, literature, and manners of, II, 40-244, 268, 284
• Bacchanalian orgies introduced by, II, 270
• invective of Juvenal against, II, 284
• Greenidge, on the interpretation of native law by Roman proprætors, II, 31
• Greenleaf, Simon, American jurist,
• on the admissibility of the Scriptures as legal evidence, I, 6-9
• on the testimony of the Evangelists, I, 10, 11
• on the legal justice of the conviction of Christ for blasphemy, I, 209
• H
• Hacksab ben Tzitzith, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 320
• "Hall of Hewn Stones," sessions of Sanhedrin in, I, 117
• Haruspices, Roman, account of, II, 210
• Helcias, Jewish treasurer, biographical note on, II, 300
• Helena, Empress, legendary discovery of "true cross" by, II, 62
• Hercules, Greek divinity, burning of, represented on Greek and Roman stage, II, 267
• Herder, Johann, on the character of Christ, II, 187
• Herod Antipas,
• character of, II, 120
• his treatment of Jesus, II, 122-127
• Herod I, the Great,
• last will of, II, 119, 120
• arbitrary changes of, in high priesthood, II, 293
• Hetairai, status of, in Athens, II, 242, 243
• High priest, Jewish,
• vestments of, I, 158
• abuses in appointment of, II, 293
• Hillel, Jewish doctor, inspiration of, I, 84
• Hillel, School of,
• and the Mishna, I, 79
• dissensions of, with School of Shammai, II, 309
• Homer, the bible of the Greeks, II, 264
• Honorius IV, pope, and the Talmud, I, 87
• Horatius, trial of, before the Comitia Centuriata, II, 40
• I
• Ignatius, St., martyrdom of, in Coliseum, II, 261
• Impalement, death by, II, 61
• Infanticide, among Romans, II, 254
• Inkerman, story of soldier killed at battle of, II, 191
• Innes,
• on the trials of Jesus before the Sanhedrin, I, 185; II, 10
• on the cowardice of Pilate, II, 138
• Interpreters, not allowed in Jewish courts, I, 107
• Imprisonment. See Law, Hebrew Criminal, I, 93
• Ishmael, Jewish rabbi, and the Mishna, I, 79
• Ismael ben Eliza, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 309
• Ismael ben Phabi, Jewish high priest,
• biographical note on, II, 298
• family of, cursed in Talmud, II, 301
• Isis, Egyptian deity,
• rites of, established in Rome, II, 217
• Roman temples of, a resort of vice, II, 269
• Issachar ben Keifar Barchi, Jewish priest, cursed in Talmud, II, 302
• J
• James, brother of Jesus, condemnation of, by Ananus, II, 296
• Janus, Roman god, invocations of, II, 207
• Jehovah, appearances of, in human form, I, 343-349
• Jerome, St., on the Jewish anathema against Christians, II, 308
• Jesus, the Christ,
• human perfection of, I, 14; II, 186
• scourging of, I, 56, 57
• breaking of legs of, by soldiers, I, 57
• bloody sweat of, I, 59, 60
• physical cause of death of, I, 61, 62
• watery issue of, I, 60-62
• devotion of women to, I, 66
• resurrection of, I, 211; II, 368
• divinity of, I, 211, 212
• celebrates the Paschal feast, I, 220-224
• at Gethsemane, I, 224-226
• arrest of, I, 225
• private examination of, before high priest, I, 238-247
• charged with sedition and blasphemy I, 250
• annnounces his Messiahship before Sanhedrin, I, 273, 274
• Messianic prophecies fulfilled in Him, I, 323-328, 341, 342
• miracles of, I, 350-355
• at morning session of Sanhedrin, I, 356-362
• condemned to death by Sanhedrin, I, 365
• His teachings treasonable under Roman law, II, 72
• before Pilate, II, 96 seq.
• charged with high treason before Pilate, II, 106, 352
• indictment of, before Pilate, II, 107-109
• acquitted by Pilate, II, 116
• sent by Pilate to Herod, II, 118
• before Herod, II, 119 seq.
• mocked, and sent back to Pilate by Herod, II, 127
• second appearance of, before Pilate, II, 129 seq.
• delivered to Jews by Pilate, II, 138
• mocked by mob, II, 139
• tributes of skeptics to, II, 187
• Napoleon's tribute to, II, 189, 190
• charged by Jews with illegitimacy, II, 356
• crucifixion of, II, 365
• See also trial of Jesus, Hebrew, and trial of Jesus, Roman
• Jesus ben Sie, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298
• Jews, the political state of,
• at time of Jesus, II, 11-23
• discussion of their responsibility for Christ's death, II, 174-180
• prejudices against, II, 180-187
• distinguished, II, 185, 186
• Joazar, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
• Jochanan ben Zakai, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 311
• John, St.,
• at the sepulcher, I, 37
• at the crucifixion of Christ, I, 65
• John, St., Gospel of, style of, I, 19
• John, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 299
• Jonathan, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 295
• Jonathan ben Uziel, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 306
• John, son of John, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 321
• Joseph of Arimathea,
• presence of, at trials of Christ, I, 282-286, 364
• biographical note on, II, 318
• receives body of Jesus from Pilate, II, 366
• apocryphal account of escape of, from Jews, II, 367, 373-376
• Josephus, Flavius,
• on the character of Pilate, I, 21
• on scourging I, 56
• on the Pharisees, I, 87
• on the existence of the great Sanhedrin at time of Christ, I, 176
• on the loss, by Jews, of power of life and death, II, 19
• on the rapacity of the high priests, II, 301
• Jowett, Benjamin, upon the corruption of Rome, II, 240
• Judah, the Holy, Jewish rabbi, and the composition of the Mishna, I, 79, 80
• Judas, son of Hezekiah, Jewish rebel, put to death by Herod, II, 109
• Judas Iscariot, his betrayal of Christ, I, 227-235
• Julia, daughter of Augustus,
• profligacy of, II, 82
• marriages of, II, 83
• Julian, Roman emperor, his defiance of Mars, II, 222
• Juno, Roman divinity, sacrifices to, II, 208
• Jupiter, Roman deity,
• multitudinous forms of, II, 203
• sacrifices to, II, 208
• Justin Martyr, reference of, to "Acts of Pilate," II, 331, 346, 348
• Juvenal, Satires of, on Roman social depravity, II, 240, 244, 248
• K
• Keim, Theodor,
• on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 178
• on the character of Christ, II, 188, 189
• Knight, R. P., on the symbolism of the Cross, II, 65
• Koran, the, I, 77
• L
• Lamartine, Alphonse, on the death of Christ, II, 3
• Lampon, Greek diviner, exposed by Anaxagoras, II, 226
• Lardner, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, 328 seq.
• Law, Hebrew Criminal,
• administration of, I, 153, 154
• basis of, I, 73, 84, 85
• burial of bodies after execution under, I, 101, 171
• capital punishments under, I, 91-93, 99-101
• circumstantial evidence under, I, 144
• Cities of Refuge under, I, 96
• courts and judges, I, 102-126
• execution under, I, 170, 171
• false swearing under, I, 93
• flagellation under, I, 94
• imprisonment under, I, 93
• peculiarities of, I, 125, 132, 147, 167, 168
• slavery under, I, 95
• tenderness of, for human life, I, 154, 155, 310
• testimony under, I, 144-147
• witnesses under, I, 127-144
• written and documentary evidence irrelevant, I, 133, 145
• Laws, Roman,
• lex Appuleia, II, 69
• Cornelia, II, 69
• Julia Majestatis, II, 69, 80
• Memmia, II, 46
• Porcia, II, 54
• Remmia, II, 49
• Talionis, II, 53
• Valeria, II, 37, 54
• Varia, II, 69
• Lazarus, raising of, from the dead, I, 352
• Lectisternia, Roman banquets to the gods,
• slaves released at, II, 130
• indecencies of, II, 218
• Lémann, extract from work of, on Sanhedrin, II, 291
• Lepidus, Marcus, Roman patrician, magnificence of, II, 246
• Livy,
• on scourging, I, 57
• account of Bacchanalian orgies, II, 270-283
• Longinus, legendary name of soldier who pierced Christ, II, 379
• Lucullus, Roman patrician, luxury of, II, 244
• Luke, St., occupation of, I, 19
• Luke, St., Gospel of, style of, I, 19
• Lupercals, Roman priests, II, 204
• Luxury of the Romans, II, 244
• Lycurgus, code of, II, 241
• M
• Macarius, identification of "true cross" by, II, 63
• Macaulay, Lord, speech of, on Jewish disabilities, II, 184
• Mahomet, character of, I, 14
• Malchus, ear of, cut off by Peter, I, 36, 226
• Magath, Julius, extract from work of, II, 291
• Maimonides,
• on Hebrew Capital Crimes, I, 91
• on the prohibition of nocturnal trials, I, 255, 256
• Manlius, Marcus, trial of, before the Comitia Centuriata, II, 40
• Marius, Caius, assassin cowed by, I, 62
• Mark, St., Jesus arrested at home of, I, 220
• Marriage,
• among the Romans, II, 236
• among the Greeks, II, 240-243
• Marcius, Quintus, Roman consul, motion of, on the suppression of the Bacchanalian orgies, II, 282
• Mars, Roman deity, II, 208
• Messiah, the,
• prophecies regarding, and their fulfillment in Jesus, I, 322-328
• varying expectations of Jews regarding, I, 319-322; II, 110
• conception of Pharisees of, II, 324
• conception of Sadducees of, II, 325
• Matthew, St., occupation of, I, 19
• Matthias, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
• Mendelssohn, on the Talmud, I, 75
• Messalina, Roman empress, lewdness of, II, 244
• Messalinus, Cotta, prosecuted for treason, II, 70
• Metrodorus on the Greek gods, II, 226
• Mezeray, de, on the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, 60
• Minerva, Roman deity, II, 208
• Miracles,
• probability of, I, 40-51
• Spinoza on, I, 40-43
• Renan on, I, 44
• of Christ, I, 351-354
• Mishna, the,
• E. Deutsch on, I, 80
• subdivisions of, I, 80
• relation of Talmud to, I, 83
• traditional view of, I, 84
• on capital and pecuniary cases, I, 155, 156. See also Gemara and Talmud.
• Mommsen, Theodor,
• on the jurisdiction of native courts of Roman subject peoples, II, 15
• on Roman marital looseness, II, 243
• on Roman extravagance, II, 247
• Montefiore, Sir Moses, anecdote of, II, 180
• Mosaic Code, the, a basis of Hebrew Criminal Law, I, 73, 84, 85
• Müller, Johannes, explodes legend of Pilate and Lake Lucerne, II, 95
• N
• Nachum Halbalar, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
• Nævius, Marcus, accusation of Scipio Africanus by, II, 41
• Napoleon I,
• fickleness of populace toward, I, 63, 64
• tribute of, to Jesus, II, 189
• religious faith of, II, 190, 191
• Nasi, prince of the Sanhedrin, I, 112
• Nathan, Jewish rabbi, note on, II, 315, note
• Neptune, Roman deity, II, 208
• Nero, Roman emperor,
• deification of, II, 234
• Golden House of, II, 246
• Ney, Michel, French marshal, compared with St. Peter, I, 64
• Nicodemus, Jewish elder,
• presence of, at trial of Christ, I, 282-286
• defense of Christ before Sanhedrin, I, 305
• presence and conduct of, at second trial of Jesus by Sanhedrin, I, 364
• biographical note on, II, 319
• apocryphal account of pleading of, for Jesus before Pilate, II, 360
• Gospel of. See "Acts of Pilate"
• Nordau, Max, on Jewish pride in Jesus, II, 188
• O
• Oaths, not administered to witnesses, under Jewish law, I, 134
• Octavian. See Augustus
• Omens, belief of Romans in, II, 215
• Onkelos, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 305
• Oracle, Delphic, consulted by Romans, II, 210
• Osiris, Egyptian deity, the cross a symbol of, II, 66
• Ovid, Roman poet, on unnatural practices in temples, II, 269
• P
• Paganism, Græco-Roman,
• conflict of, with Christianity, I, 16; II, 76-79
• Hellenization of Roman religion, II, 199
• importation of foreign gods, II, 200
• origin and multiplicity of Roman gods, II, 198-204
• Roman priesthood, II, 204, 205
• Roman forms of worship, II, 205-209
• perplexity of worshipers regarding deities, II, 207
• prayer, II, 207, 208-210
• augury and divination, II, 210-215
• omens, II, 215, 216
• decay of Roman faith, II, 217-220
• Roman skepticism, II, 220-229
• sacrilege among Romans, II, 221
• disbelief of Romans in immortality, II, 228, 229
• Epicureanism among the Romans, II, 229-231
• stoicism, II, 231-233
• deification of Roman emperors, II, 233-235
• base deities of Romans, II, 265
• effect of religion in Greek and Roman social corruption, II, 269
• Palace of Herod, description of, II, 96, 97
• Paley, William, on the discrepancies of the Gospels, I, 32, 33
• Pan, Græco-Roman divinity, feasts of, II, 265
• Paul, St.,
• on the depravity of Rome, II, 284
• delivery of, to Felix, II, 299
• Pericles, Greek tyrant, and the divination of Lampon, II, 226
• Pentateuch, the, a basis of Hebrew jurisprudence, I, 73
• Permanent Tribunals (quæstiones perpetuæ), mode of trials before, at Rome, II, 43-52
• Peter, St.,
• at the sepulcher, I, 37
• compared with Marshal Ney, I, 64
• and Malchus, I, 36, 226
• Pharisees,
• and the Talmud, I, 87
• attitude of, toward the law, I, 338
• dominant in priestly order, II, 302
• their conception of the Messiah, II, 324
• characteristics of, II, 324
• Philip, St., and the feeding of the five thousand, I, 35
• Phillips, Wendell, on Hindu swordsmanship, I, 48
• Philo, Jewish philosopher, on the character of Pilate, I, 21; II, 89-91
• Phryne, mistress of Praxiteles anecdote of, II, 242
• Pilate, Pontius,
• powers of, as procurator of Judea, II, 27-31
• name and origin of, II, 81, 82
• marriage of, II, 82
• becomes procurator of Judea, II, 84
• provokes the Jews, II, 85
• appropriates funds from Corban, II, 86
• hangs shields in Herod's palace, II, 88
• slays Galileans, II, 88
• character of, I, 21; II, 88
• canonization of, II, 89
• ordered to Rome by Vitellius, II, 92
• legends regarding death of, II, 92-94
• interrogation of Jesus, II, 112-115
• talents of, II, 115
• his opinion of Jesus, II, 115
• acquits Jesus, II, 116
• sends Jesus to Herod, II, 117
• reconciled with Herod, II, 128
• offers to release Barabbas, II, 130
• warned by wife's dream of Jesus, II, 133, 355
• washes his hands of Christ's death, II, 137, 364
• releases Barabbas, II, 138, 363
• summary of his conduct of Christ's trial, II, 168
• conduct of, compared with Cæsar, II, 169; with Sir Edward Coke, II, 170-172
• Pindar, Greek poet, denunciation of, of vulgar superstitions, II, 224
• Plato, Greek philosopher,
• unnatural love of, II, 263
• reprobation of Homeric myths, II, 264
• Pliny, the Younger,
• correspondence of, with Trajan, II, 78
• disbelief of, in immortality, II, 229
• on slavery, II, 203
• Plutarch,
• on crucifixion, I, 56
• anecdotes of Lucullus, II, 244-246
• Polybius, on Roman pederasty, II, 263
• Pompeia divorced by Cæsar, II, 238
• Pompey, Cneius, the Great,
• conquest of Palestine by, II, 11
• defeated at Pharsalia, II, 25
• divorce of his wife Mucia, II, 238
• Pontiffs, Roman, II, 204
• Poppæa, wife of Nero, deification of, II, 77
• Postumius, Spurius, Roman consul, suppression of Bacchanalians by, II, 270-283
• Prætor, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
• Priesthood, Roman. See Roman religion
• Priests, Jewish Chamber of. See Sanhedrin
• Procurator, Roman, jurisdiction of, II, 27, 28
• Provinces, Roman, classification of, by Augustus, II, 27
• Q
• Quetzalcoatle, crucified Savior, worshiped by Mexicans, II, 66
• R
• Rabbi, origin of Jewish title of, II, 315
• Rabbis, Jewish, arrogance of, II, 316
• Raphall, Morris, on the origin of the Sanhedrin, I, 104
• Rawlinson, George, on the political state of Judea at the time of Christ, II, 11
• Religions, policy of Romans toward foreign, and of conquered peoples, II, 72-74
• Renan, Ernest,
• on miracles, I, 44-47
• on the "judicial ambush" of blasphemers, I, 235
• on the character of Pilate, II, 90
• on the character of Christ, II, 187, 188
• Richard III, King of England, contest of, with Saladin, I, 48
• Richter on the pathology of crucifixion, II, 58, 59
• Rosadi,
• on the confession of the accused under Hebrew law, I, 143
• on the hatred of Pilate toward the Jews, II, 98
• on the order of criminal trials in Roman provinces, II, 32
• Rousseau, Jean Jacques, on the death of Christ, II, 187
• Romans,
• laws of, the basis of modern jurisprudence, II, 5
• policy of, toward subject peoples, II, 13-15
• responsibility of, for Christ's death, II, 174-176
• religion of. See Paganism
• Ruga, Carvilius, first Roman to procure a divorce, II, 236
• S
• Sacrifice, human, among the Romans, II, 209
• Sadducees,
• attitude of, toward the law, I, 338
• attitude of, toward anthropomorphism of Pentateuch, I, 338
• dominant in the Sanhedrin, I, 339
• disbelief of, in immortality, II, 322
• wealth and rank of, II, 322
• Saladin, Saracen Sultan, contest of, with Richard III, I, 48
• Salians, Roman priests, II, 204
• Sallust, Roman historian, on the conspiracy of Cataline, II, 229
• Salvador, Joseph, on the existence of the Great Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 177
• Samuel, Hakaton, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 307
• Sanctuary, right of, among ancient peoples, I, 96
• Sanhedrin, the Great,
• origin of, I, 103
• history of, I, 104
• organization of, I, 105
• chamber of scribes, I, 105; II, 303
• chamber of elders, I, 105; II, 318
• chamber of priests, I, 105; II, 292
• qualifications of members of, I, 106
• disqualifications of judges of, I, 109
• officers of, I, 112
• compensation of officers of, I, 115
• sessions of, I, 116
• recruitment of personnel of, I, 117
• quorum of, I, 119
• jurisdiction of, I, 119
• appeals to, from minor Sanhedrins, I, 120
• morning sacrifice of, I, 157
• assembling of judges of, I, 158
• scribes of, I, 158, 159
• examination of witnesses by, I, 159-162
• debates and balloting of judges of, I, 162
• procedure of, in cases of condemnation of accused, I, 165-167
• method of counting votes, I, 167, 168
• death march of, I, 169, 170
• question of existence of, at time of Christ, I, 175-181
• jurisdiction of, in capital cases at the time of Christ, I, 181-183
• discussion of trial of Christ before, I, 183-186
• procedure of, in trial of Christ before, I, 186
• illegality of proceedings of, against Christ, I, 255-259, 260-262, 263-266, 267-270, 287-294
• illegality of sentence of, against Christ, I, 271-278, 279-286
• disqualifications of members of, who condemned Christ, I, 296-308
• morning session of, at trial of Christ, I, 356-364
• three sessions of, to discuss Christ, I, 305, 306
• authority of, after Roman conquest, II, 12, 16, 21
• deprived by Romans of power of capital punishment, II, 19, 20
• biographical sketches of members of, who tried Jesus, II, 291-326
• Sanhedrins, minor,
• appeals from, to Great Sanhedrin, I, 120
• establishment of, I, 121
• jurisdiction of, I, 121
• superior rank of those of Jerusalem, I, 123, 124
• Saul, Abba, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 313
• Savonarola, Girolamo, Florentine reformer, burning of, I, 63
• Scaurus, Manercus, prosecuted for treason, II, 70
• Sceva, Jewish priest, biographical note on, II, 300
• Schenck, account of, of the bloody sweat of a nun, I, 59
• Schürer,
• on the existence of the Sanhedrin at the time of Christ, I, 176
• on the jurisdiction of the Sanhedrin, II, 18
• on the administration of civil law by Sanhedrin, II, 30
• Scipio Africanus, trial of, before Comitia Centuriata, II, 41
• Scott, Sir Walter, on the contest between Richard III and Saladin, I, 47, 48
• Scourging,
• of Jesus, I, 56
• mode of, among Romans, II, 55
• Scribes, Jewish, Edersheim on, I, 302
• Scribes, Jewish Chamber of. See Sanhedrin
• Segnensis, Henricus, anecdote of, illustrative of mediæval ignorance regarding Talmud, II, 74
• Semiramis, Assyrian queen, origin of crucifixion imputed to, II, 54
• Seneca,
• anecdote from, regarding political informers, II, 71
• on the patriotic observance of the national religion, II, 226
• on suicide, II, 232
• on slavery, II, 252
• on Roman myths, II, 265
• Septuagint, version of the Bible, paraphrasing of anthropomorphic passages in, I, 237
• Sepulture, of crucified criminals forbidden, II, 58
• Serapis, Egyptian deity,
• images of thrown down, II, 73
• Marcus Aurelius an adorer of, II, 217
• Servilia, mistress of Julius Cæsar, II, 239
• Shammai, School of,
• and the Mishna, I, 79
• dissensions of, with School of Hillel, II, 309
• Shevuah ben Kalba, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 319
• Shoterim of the Sanhedrin, I, 113
• Sibylline Books, II, 199, 204
• Sibyl, Erythræan, Virgil inspired by, II, 287
• Simon, Jewish rebel, revolt of, II, 110
• Simon, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 320
• Simon Boethus, made high priest by Herod I, II, 296
• Simon ben Camithus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 298
• Simon Cantharus, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 297
• Simon, son of Gamaliel, Jewish elder, biographical note on, II, 305
• Simon Hamizpah, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 314
• Sinaitic MS. of the Bible, I, 67
• Slavery,
• under Hebrew law, I, 95
• account of, among Romans, II, 250, 251
• Social life, Græco-Roman,
• marriage and divorce, II, 236-240
• prostitution, II, 242-244
• luxury and extravagance, II, 244-249
• poverty of Roman masses, II, 249
• slavery, II, 249-253
• infanticide, II, 254
• gladiatorial games, II, 255-262
• depravity of, traceable to corrupt myths, II, 262-270
• practice of Bacchanalian rites, II, 270-283
• hopeless state of, at time of Christ, II, 284-287
• Socrates, Greek philosopher,
• resemblance of charges against, to those against Jesus, II, 181
• counsel of, to Hetairai, II, 243
• Sodomy, prevalence of,
• among Greeks and Romans, II, 262-264
• practiced in Roman temples, II, 269
• Solomon ben Joseph, Jewish rabbi, on the Talmud, I, 90
• Sonnenthal, Adolf von, Jewish actor, refused freedom of Vienna, II, 182
• Sparta, licentiousness of, II, 241
• Spartacus, Roman gladiator, revolt of, II, 259, 260
• Spartans, marital looseness of, II, 241
• Spinoza, Jewish philosopher, on miracles, I, 40-44
• Standards, apocryphal miracle of, at trial of Christ, II, 354 seq.
• Starkie on the credibility of testimony, I, 12
• Stephen, St., stoning of, I, 365
• Stephen, Sir James F. J.,
• on the Roman treatment of Christianity, II, 76
• on Pilate's trial of Jesus, II, 159-164
• Stoicism,
• among the Romans, II, 231
• resemblance of, to Christian precepts, II, 331
• Stoning of criminals under Hebrew law, I, 92, 99
• Strangling of criminals under Hebrew law, I, 91, 99
• Strauss, David,
• on the behavior of Jesus before Herod, II, 126
• on the character of Christ, II, 187
• Stroud on the physical cause of death of Christ, I, 61, 62
• Suetonius, Roman historian,
• on the labeling of criminals before execution, I, 57
• on divination, II, 213
• narrative of, of dreams presaging reign of Augustus, II, 214
• account of, of belief of Augustus in omens, II, 215
• Suicide, attitude of Stoics toward, II, 232
• Suspension, death by, II, 61, 62
• Sweat, bloody, historical instances of, I, 59, 60
• T
• Tacitus, Roman historian, on slavery, II, 253
• Talmud, the,
• definition of, I, 74
• recensions of, I, 81
• contents of, I, 82
• relation of Mishna to, I, 83, to Gemara, I, 83; to Pentateuch, I, 83; to Mosaic Code, I, 84, 85
• efforts of Christians to extirpate, I, 87, 88
• message and mission of, I, 89
• See also Gemara and Mishna
• Telemachus, St., death of, in arena, II, 261
• Temples, a resort of immorality in Rome, II, 269
• Tertullian, Latin father,
• on the character of Pilate, II, 89
• on the resort of vice to temple precincts, II, 269
• reference of, to the "Acts of Pilate," II, 329, 333 seq., 347, 348
• Tertullus, his prosecution of Paul, II, 299
• Testimony, under Hebrew Criminal Law,
• of each witness required to cover entire case, I, 132
• vain, I, 145
• standing, I, 146
• adequate, I, 147
• of accomplices, I, 228-230, 235, 236
• Theodota, the courtesan, counseled by Socrates, II, 243
• Theophilus, son of Annas, Jewish high priest, biographical note on, II, 296
• Theresa, Maria, Austrian empress, codex of, II, 54
• Three, Jewish Courts of, jurisdiction of, I, 124
• Tiberius Cæsar, Roman emperor,
• sway of, II, 27
• character of, II, 70
• prosecutions of, for treason, II, 70, 71
• marriage of, to Julia, II, 83
• legendary desire of, to deify Christ, II, 329, 330 seq.
• Tischendorf, Constantine, on the authenticity of the "Acts of Pilate," II, 345 seq.
• Tissot, account of, of the bloody sweat of a sailor, I, 59
• Trajan, Roman emperor, correspondence of, with Pliny, II, 78
• Trials, Roman criminal,
• right of appeal, II, 28
• during the regal period, II, 35
• Roman, mode of, in the Comitia Centuriata, II, 37-43
• mode of, in the Permanent Tribunals, II, 43-52
• prosecutor, rôle and selection of, II, 43, 44, 49
• Trial of Jesus, Hebrew,
• nature of charge against Jesus before Sanhedrin, I, 187
• procedure of, before Sanhedrin, I, 188
• discussion of charge of blasphemy against Jesus, I, 193-209
• illegality of arrest of Jesus, I, 219-237
• illegality of private examination of Jesus before high priest, I, 238-247
• illegality of indictment of Jesus, I, 248-254
• illegality of nocturnal proceedings against Jesus, I, 255-259
• illegality of the meeting of the Sanhedrin before morning sacrifice, I, 260-262
• illegality of proceedings against Christ, because held on the eve of the Sabbath, and of a feast, I, 263-266
• illegality of trial, because concluded in one day, I, 267-270
• condemnation of Jesus founded on uncorroborated evidence, I, 271-278
• Jesus illegally condemned by unanimous verdict, I, 279-286
• condemnation of Jesus pronounced in place forbidden by law, I, 288-292
• irregular balloting of judges of Jesus, I, 292-294
• condemnation of Jesus illegal, because of unlawful conduct of high priest, I, 290, 291
• disqualifications of judges of Jesus, I, 296-308
• Jesus condemned without defense, I, 309
• second trial of Jesus by Sanhedrin, I, 356-366
• Trial of Jesus, Roman,
• discussion of Roman and Hebrew jurisdiction, II, 3-23
• Roman law applicable to, II, 68-80
• as conducted by Pilate, II, 96-118, 129-139
• legal analysis of, II, 141-168
• Tribune, Roman, judicial powers of, II, 36
• Tryphon, son of Theudion, Jewish elder; biographical note on, II, 321
• Twelve Tables, laws of the, II, 53, 208
• U
• Ulpian, Roman jurist, his definition of treason, II, 69
• V
• Vatican, MS. of the Bible, I, 67
• Venus, Roman deity,
• sacrifices to, II, 208
• impersonated by Phryne, II, 243
• worshiped by harlots, II, 266
• Veronica, St., legend of, II, 93
• Vestals, Roman priestesses,
• guardians of sacred fire, II, 204
• spectators at licentious dramas, II, 267
• Vinicius, Lucius, Roman patrician, letter of Augustus to, II, 83
• Virgil, poem of, on advent of heaven-born child, I, 321; II, 287
• Virginia, legend of, II, 236
• Vitellius, legate of Syria,
• spares Jewish prejudices, II, 85
• orders Pilate to Rome, II, 92
• Vitia, Roman matron, executed for treason, II, 71
• Voltaire, François de,
• account of, of the bloody sweat of Charles IX, I, 59
• on character of Christ, II, 187
• Vulgate, version of the Bible, I, 68
• W
• Witnesses, under Hebrew Criminal Law,
• competency and incompetency of, I, 127-129
• number of, required to convict, I, 129
• agreement of, I, 131
• adjuration to, I, 134
• examination of, I, 136, 138
• false, I, 140
• the accused as, I, 141
• separation of, I, 137
• Wise, Rabbi,
• on the non-existence of the Great Sanhedrin at time of Christ, I, 175, 179
• on the "martyrdom of Jesus," I, 330
• X
• Xenophanes, ridicule of, of Greek religion, II, 224
• Z
• Zadok, Jewish scribe, biographical note on, II, 310
• Zeno, Greek philosopher, originator of Stoicism, II, 229
• Zeus, Greek divinity,
• character of, I, 14
• myth of rape of Ganymede by, II, 262