365 Giovanni Antonio de Cavazzi, of Montecuccolo, was a member of this mission.
366 This district was invaded by Queen Nzinga, in 1649, and the missionaries, P. Bonaventura of Correglia, and P. Francesco of Veas, retired.
367 See Cavazzi, pp. 512-15.
368 Those of our readers who have no time or inclination to wade through the bulky tomes of Cavazzi and other missionaries of those days, may be recommended to read an excellent summary by the Franciscan Friar Eucher (Le Congo, Essai sur l’Histoire Religieuse de ce Pays, Huy, 1860).
369 Paiva Manso, pp. 200-229.
370 Fr. Bonaventura had left Luandu in December, 1649; in June, 1650, he was in Rome; in July, 1651, at Lisbon. He then returned to Kongo in the company of P. Giacinto Brusciotto of Vetralla (1652), but ultimately joined the mission in Georgia. To Brusciotto we are indebted for a grammar and vocabulary of the Sonyo dialect, published at Rome in 1659.
371 Paiva Manso, p. 244.
372 I have no doubt that these “Pedras” are identical with the “Pedras de Nkoshi,” or “lion rocks,” now occupied by the Presidio of Encoge.
373 Cavazzi, p. 287.
374 Published by Paiva Manso, pp. 350-355.
375 Pedro Mendes, however, only gives the names of ten Kings. If we add to these Alvaro VII, D. Rafael, and Alvaro IX, mentioned by others, we make up the number to thirteen. See Appendix III for a list and classification of these Kings.
376 Cadornega says Affonso III.
377 He had some correspondence with the Pope in 1673 and 1677.
378 Paiva Manso, p. 254.
379 See Eucher, Le Congo, p. 176. Subsequently the Capuchins returned to Sonyo (Merollo in 1683, Zucchelli in 1703).
380 Dionigi Carli paid a visit to these: see his Viaggio, Reggio, 1672.
381 See Merolla’s Relatione del Regno di Congo, Naples, 1692; and Zucchelli’s Viaggi, Venice, 1712.
382 His captain-general, D. Pedro Constantino, managed to get himself elected king, but was taken prisoner and beheaded at S. Salvador in 1709.
383 It was not unusual to make a charge for the administration of the sacraments. In 1653, the parochial priests complained that the Capuchin friars administered the sacraments without claiming an “acknowledgment;” and the authorities at Rome (1653) prohibited their doing so within five leagues of the capital (Paiva Manso, p. 233). At Mbamba, the priest had a regular scale of prices. A baptism cost 7,000 cowries, for a marriage a slave was expected, and so forth; and thus, adds the Bishop of Angola (1722): “little children go to limbo, and grown-up people to hell!”
384 Western Africa, London, 1856, p. 329.
385 Boletim, Lisbon Geogr. Society, March 1889.
386 In 1709, the Holy Office declared the slave-trade in Africa illicit. Only those persons were to be looked upon as slaves who were born such; who had been captured in a just war; who had sold themselves for money (a usual practice in Africa); or who had been adjudged slaves by a just sentence.
387 Alguns Documentos, p. 107.
388 For the instructions given to Pacheco, see Alguns Documentos, p. 436.
389 Paiva Manso, p. 55.
390 Kiluanji, nzundu, and ndambi, which are given as names of kings, are in reality only titles assumed by them.—Capello and Ivens, Benguella to the Iacca, vol. ii, p. 53. Tumba-ndala (according to Héli Chatelain) was another of these ancient royal titles.
391 Capello and Ivens, ib., vol. ii, p. 59. His proper name is Kalunga (i.e., Excellency) ndombo akambo.
392 Kabâsa, according to Cordeiro da Matta’s Diccionario, simply means “capital;” but J. V. Carneiro (An. do cons. ultram., vol. ii, p. 172, 1861) would have us distinguish between a Mbanza ia Kabasa and a Mbanza ia Kakulu; the former meaning “second,” the latter “first,” capital. This “first” or original capital of the kings of Ndongo was undoubtedly in the locality of Queen Nzinga’s kabasa; the second capital was at Pungu a ndongo.
393 Cavazzi, pp. 9, 621. The Queen was branded as a slave (a practice learnt from the Portuguese; see Marcador in the Index), and died of grief; but her daughter was received into favour, and was baptized in 1667.
394 Lopes de Lima (Ensaio, vol. iii, parte segundo), is very severe upon Cavazzi, whom he charges with having “falsified” history, but does nothing himself to throw light upon the vexed question of the names of the kings of Matamba and Ndongo. The following is a summary of Cavazzi’s very copious information (where Antonio of Gaeta gives different names, these are added within brackets). Ngola, the smith, or musuri (Ngola Bumbumbula), was the founder of the kingdom of Ndongo. Having no sons, he was succeeded by his daughter, Nzunda ria ngola, and then by another daughter, Tumba ria ngola, who married a Ngola kiluanji kia Samba, a great warrior. Their son, Ngola kiluanji, was succeeded by Ndambi ngola. Then followed Ngola kiluanji kia ndambi, another great warrior, who advanced to within ten leagues of the sea, and planted a nzanda tree (Insandeira), on the northern bank of the Kwanza, a short distance above Tombo, to mark the furthest point reached by his conquering hosts. Nzinga ngola kilombo kia kasende (Ngola kiluanji) followed next; then came Mbandi ngola kiluanji, the father, and Ngola mbandi, the brother, of the famous Queen Nzinga (Jinga) mbandi ngola (born 1582, acceded 1627, died 1663), since whose day the upper part of Ndongo, including Matamba; has been known as Nzinga or Ginga. The great queen was succeeded by her sister, D. Barbara da Silva, who married D. Antonio Carrasco nzinga a mina (she died 1666). Then followed in succession D. João Guterres Ngola kanini, D. Francisco Guterres Ngola kanini (1680-81), and D. Victoria, whom Cadornega calls Veronica.
According to Lopez de Lima, it was a Jaga of Matamba, Ngola a nzinga, who conquered Ndongo, and gave it as an appanage to his son, Ngola mbandi. It was this Ngola mbandi who invited the Portuguese in 1556, and a son of his, bearing the same name or title, who received Dias in 1560.
Cadornega (Paiva Manso, p. 281) gives the following names as the “Kings of Angola” since the arrival of the Portuguese: Ngola a kiluanji, Ngola mbandi, Ngola a kiluanji II, Queen Nzinga D. Anna de Sousa, D. Antonio Carrasco Nzinga a mina, D. Barbara da Silva, his wife; D. João Guterres Ngola kanini, D. Luis, D. Francisco Guterres Ngola kanini, D. Veronica, the wife of D. Francisco.
395 Called Ngola mbandi by Lopes de Lima.
396 Paiva Manso, p. 112.
397 The Jesuit fathers (Francisco de Gouvea and Garcia Simões) date their letters from Angoleme, and call the King’s capital Glo-amba Coamba, evidently a misprint. Sixty leagues would carry us far beyond the later capital, Pungu a ndongo, perhaps as far as the Anguolome aquitambo (Ngwalema a kitambu) of Garcia Mendes, in the district known as Ari. Another Angolome (Ngolome) lived less than twenty leagues from the coast, on the northern side of the Kwanza, and near him a soba, Ngola ngoleme a kundu. Neves (Exped. de Cassange) says the old name of Pungu a ndongo is Gongo a mboa. For the Jesuit letters of that time, see (Boletim, 1883, pp. 300-344).
398 He is referred to as Ngola Mbandi or Ngola ndambi.
399 Lopes de Lima, Ensaios, p. ix, calls him Kiluanji kia samba, an ancestor of the chief residing near the presidio of Duque de Bragança. V. J. Duarte (Annaes do cons. ultramar., vol. ii, p. 123), the commandant of that presidio in 1847, confirms that it occupies the site of a former chief of that name, who was, however, quite an insignificant personage.
400 Domingos d’Abreu de Brito, in a MS. of 1592, quoted by Lima, Ensaios, p. x. Garcia Mendes mentions seven hundred men, but these probably included the crews of the vessels.
401 F. Garcia Simões, S.J., informs us that a few days before the arrival of Dias four men had been killed at a village only six leagues from Luandu, and eaten.—Boletim, 1883.
402 Domingos d’Abreu de Brito, quoted by Paiva Manso, p. 139, informs us that in 1592 it was governed by a Muene Mpofo, M. Luandu and M. Mbumbi.
403 The King, after his defeat, is stated to have ordered the Makotas who had given him this evil counsel to be killed (Lopes de Lima, p. xiii).
404 Lima, Ensaios, vol. xi, suggests that this S. Cruz became subsequently known as Kalumbu, and that its church was dedicated to S. José. To me it seems more likely that it occupied the site of Tombo, and was subsequently abandoned.
405 This “Penedo” seems subsequently to have been named after Antonio Bruto, a captain-major.
406 Garcia Mendes, p. 19, describes Kanzele as lying half-way between the rivers Kwanza and Mbengu.
407 According to Antonio of Gaeta two leagues below Masanganu. Garcia Mendes calls this place Makumbe.
408 See his account of this battle in Boletim, 1883, p. 378. The story in the Catalogo, that Dias sent loads of cut-off noses to S. Paulo, is hardly credible.
409 So says Garcia Mendes, p. 25; whilst Duarte Lopez, p. 34, says they were sent, but being defeated on the river Mbengu, retired again to the north.
410 Diogo Rodrigues dos Colos brought three hundred men in 1584; Jacome da Cunha, nine hundred in 1586. Two hundred Flemings, who arrived in 1587, nearly all died soon after they had been landed.
411 Garcia Mendes, p. 24.
412 In 1809 his remains were transferred to the Jesuit Church at Luandu.
413 This place is said to be eighty leagues from Masanganu, a gross exaggeration. Vicente José, who was the commander of Duque de Bragança in 1848, mentions a Ngolema Aquitamboa among the chiefs of Haire da cima (An. do Conselho ultram., vol. ii, p. 123).
414 Garcia Mendes mentions the Kindas as if they were a tribe. To me they seem to be the people of the Jaga Kinda (Chinda of the Italian Capuchins), one of the chiefs killed by the famous Queen Nzinga. See Cavazzi, p. 636, and Antonio de Gaeta’s narrative in La maravigliosa conversione delle Regina Singa escritta dal. P. F. Francesco Maria Gioia da Napoli. Naples, 1669, p. 233. Emilio, a son of Count Laudati, was born in 1615; he lived a few years as a knight of Malta, and then entered a monastery of Capuchins, assuming the name of Antonio of Gaeta. He landed at Luandu in November, 1650, and died there, after an active life as a missionary, in July, 1662.
415 Called Kakalele in the Catalogo.
416 Douville, Voyage au Congo, Paris, 1832, vol. ii, p. 375; Bowdich, On the Bunda Language, p. 138, note 2.
418 Breve Relação da embaixada, etc., Lisbon, 1565. Reprint of 1875, p. 98.
419 It will be remembered that Battell, p. 25, writes Gaga as an alternative form for Jaga. May Agau stand for Agaga, the Jagas collectively?
420 Relacão anuel, 1602-3. Lisbon, 1605.
421 Ginde (pronounced Jinde) may be derived from njinda, the meaning of which is fury, hostility.
423 Expedição Portuguesa: Ethnographia, p. 56.
424 Expedição a Cassange, Lisbon, 1854.
425 Perhaps Manuel Cerveira Pereira, who founded the Presidio of Kambambe in 1604. The first Don Manuel, however, is D. Manuel Pereira Forjaz (1607-11). But as the Jaga offered to fight Queen Nzinga, who only acceded in 1627, this Don Manuel may have been D. Manuel Pereira Coutinho (1630-34).
426 A “feira” was established at Lukamba, near Mbaka, in 1623. The Kamueji is perhaps the Fumeji of Capello and Ivens.
427 The list of Neves, p. 108, begins with Kinguri kia bangala, who was succeeded by Kasanje kaimba, Kasanje kakulachinga, Kakilombo, Ngonga-nbande, etc.
428 Capello and Ivens, Benguella to Iacca, vol. i, p. 239, include Mahungo and Kambolo among the family of Ngongo, and Mbumba among that of Kulachinga.
429 Reisen in Süd-Afrika, Pest, 1869, p. 264.
430 From Mpakasa, a buffalo, and the meaning of the word is therefore originally “buffalo-hunter,” but it was subsequently applied to natives employed by government, as soldiers, etc. Capello and Ivens, From Benguella to the Yacca, vol. ii, p. 215, deny that they ever formed a secret society for the suppression of cannibalism.
431 Kichile, transgression.
432 See Cavazzi, pp. 182-205.
433 It is to him we owe several memoirs, referred to p. xviii. He did excellent service; but whilst João Velloria and others were made Knights of the Order of Christ, and received other more substantial rewards, his merits seem not to have been recognised.
434 This important MS., dated 1592, still awaits publication.
435 Lopes de Lima, Ensaios, p. 147.
436 However, there are two sides to this dispute, and it may well be doubted whether the natives would not have been better off under a Jesuit theocracy than they were under an utterly corrupt body of civil officials. See P. Guerreiro, Relação anual de 1605, p. 625, and Lopes de Lima, p. xviii.
437 Erroneously called Adenda by most authors. Battell is the first to give the correct name.
438 Garcia Mendes, p. 24.
439 They were “converts” from the Casa Pia founded by D. Maria, the queen of D. Manuel—not reformed criminals, but converted Jewesses.
440 Battell gives some account of this campaign. See also Garcia Mendes, p. 11. Ngombe a Mukiama, one of the Ndembu to the north of the Mbengu, may be a descendant of this Ngombe (see Luis Simplico Fonseca’s account of “Dembos” in An. do conselho ultram., ii, p. 86).
441 Upon this Spaniard was conferred the habit of the Order of Christ, he was granted a pension of 20,000 reis, and appointed “marcador dos esclavos,” an office supposed to yield I,000 cruzados a year (Rebello de Aragão, p. 23).
442 Luciano Cordeiro (Terras e Minas, p. 7), says that, according to local tradition, the first presidio of that name was at Kasenga, a village which we are unable to discover on any map.
446 Others call him Paio d’Araujo.
447 Estabelecimentos, 1607.
448 A. Beserra Fajardo, in Producçoes commercio e governo do Congo e de Angola, 1629, one of the documents published by Luciano Cordeiro in 1881.
449 Near where the railway now crosses that river.
450 Rebello de Aragão, p. 15.
451 It seems that the explorer considers Kambambe to lie eighty leagues inland (P. Guerreiro—Rel. an., 1515, f. 126—estimated the distance from S. Paulo to Kafuchi’s at sixty leagues). Accepting this gross over-estimate in calculating his further progress, and assuming him to have gone to the south-east, which was not only the shortest route to Chikovo and Mwanamtapa, but also avoided the country of the hostile Ngola, he cannot even have got as far as Bié. As to a “big lake,” he heard no more than other travellers have heard since, only to be disappointed. The natives certainly never told him that one of the rivers flowing out of that lake was the Nile. This bit of information he got out of a map. His expedition may have taken place in 1607—he himself gives no date. Perhaps Forjaz had given the instructions, which were only carried out in 1612, when Kambambe was in reality threatened by the natives.
452 Rebello de Aragão, p. 14, calls him Manuel da Silveira.
453 A Kakulu Kabasa still lives to the north-east of Masanganu, in 9° 4´ S., 14° 9´ E.
454 The territory of a chief of that name is on the upper Mbengu, to the north of Mbaka. The Catalogo calls him Kakulu Kahango.
455 See Benguella e seu sertão, 1617-22, by an anonymous writer, published by Luciano Cordeiro in 1881.
456 This bay is known by many aliases, such as S. Maria, S. Antonio, do Sombreiro, and da Torre.
457 The anonymous MS. already cited by us is, however, silent on this subject.
458 Antonio Diniz, who wrote in 1622 (Producções do Congo e de Angola, Lisbon, 1881, p. 14), charges Pereira with having sent, without the King’s knowledge, three shiploads of salt to Luandu, which he exchanged for “Farinha de guerra” (Commissariat flour), with which to feed his men.
459 That is a district called Kakonda, for the old fort of that name (Caconda velha), sixty miles from the coast, was only built in 1682. Letters from Pereira, dated September 9th, 1620, and January 23rd, 1621, in Egerton MS. 1133 (British Museum), ff. 357-361.
460 I do not know whether oxen were employed as beasts of burthen (bois cavallos) in these early days.
461 Reckoning the cruzado at 2s. 8d.
462 Published by Luciano Cordeiro.
463 Dapper, p. 592, regrets that these exactions ceased on the occupation of the country by the Dutch (not from love of the native, we may be sure), and that, as a consequence, his countrymen were little respected.
464 Antonio Diniz, Producçoes, commercio e governo do Congo e de Angola, 1516-19, published by Luciano Cordeiro in 1881.
465 Luiz de Figuerido Falcão, Livro em que se contem toda a Fazenda, etc. Lisbon, 1855, p. 26. I reckon 400 reis to a cruzado worth 2s. 8d.
466 The Capitão-mor do Campo, who was the chief officer next to the Governor, was paid £67; the ouvidor (or judge), £34; the sergeant-major, £34; the principal financial officer (provedor da Fazenda), £27: a captain of infantry, £40; a private, £18. There was a “marcador dos esclavos,” who branded the slaves. He received no pay but levied fees which brought him in £140 a year (see Estabelecimentos, p. 21).
In 1721 the Governor’s salary was raised to 15,000 cruzados (£2,000), but he was forbidden to engage any longer in trade.
467 Called Nzinga mbandi ngola, or Mbandi Ngola kiluanji, by Cavazzi, pp. 28, 601; Ngola akiluanji by Cadornega; and Nzinga mbandi, King of Ndongo and Matamba, in the Catalogo.
468 Called Ngola mbandi by Cavazzi, Cadornega, and in the Catalogo; Ngola-nzinga mbandi by Lopes de Lima, Ensaios, p. 95.
469 This removal seems to have taken place immediately after the Governor’s arrival. The site chosen was that of the Praça velha of modern maps, to the south of the present Ambaca.
470 D. João de Souza Ngola ari was the first King of Angola (Ndongo) recognised by the Portuguese. He only survived a few days, and was succeeded by D. Felippe de Souza, who died in 1660; and by D. João II, the last of the line, who was executed as a traitor in 1671.
471 Livingstone, Missionary Travels, 1857, p. 371, calls this a law dictated by motives of humanity.
472 He was appointed April 7th, 1621, took possession in September 1621, and left in 1623 (see Add. MS. 15, 183, I. 5).
473 Literally “mother priest.” It is thus the natives of Angola call the Roman Catholic priests, because of their long habits, to distinguish them from their own Nganga.
474 Ndangi (Dangi), with the royal sepultures (Mbila), was two leagues from Pungu a ndongo (according to Cavazzi, p. 20).
475 Bento de Benha Cardozo was originally given the command, but died before operations were begun.
476 The Queen was in the habit of consulting the spirits of the Jagas Kasa, Kasanji, Kinda, Kalandu and Ngola mbandi, each of whose Mbila (pl. Jimbila), or sepulture, was in charge of a soothsayer or Shingiri (Cavazzi, p. 656).
477 The Catalogo is provokingly obscure with respect to the pursuit of the Queen. Malemba (Lemba) is known to be above Hako, to the west of the Kwanza, whilst Ngangela (Ganguella) is a nickname applied by the Binbundo to the tribes to the east of them. “Little Ngangela,” according to Cavazzi, is identical with the country of the Bangala, or Kasanji, of modern maps. Kina (quina) simply means “sepulture” or “cavern,” and A. R. Neves (p. 103) tells us that Kasanji, on first arriving in the country where subsequently he settled permanently, took up his quarters at Kina kia kilamba (“Sepulture of the exorcist”). The mountain mentioned by Cavazzi (p. 770), as abounding in caverns full of the skulls of Kasanji’s victims, may be identical with this Kina.
478 Cavazzi, pp. 9, 622. In one place he calls her the dowager-queen, in the other the daughter of Matamba Kalombo, the last King of Matamba. J. V. Carneiro (An. do cons. ultram. 1861), asserts that Matamba was the honorary title of the great huntsman of Ngola.
479 D. Simão de Mascarenhas had been appointed bishop of Kongo on November 15th, 1621, and provisionally assumed the office of Governor at the urgent request of the captain-major Pedro de Souza Coelho. He was a native of Lisbon and a Franciscan. On the arrival of his successor, Fernão de Souza, in 1624, he proceeded to his See at S. Salvador, and died there in the following year under mysterious circumstances. Under his successor, D. Francisco Soveral (1628, d. 1642) the See was transferred to S. Paulo de Luandu. (Add. MS. 15,183). The dates given by Lopes de Lima (Ensaio, iii, p. 166a) are evidently corrupt.
480 This Kafuche appears to have been a descendant of the warlike soba of that name. Another Kafuche, likewise in Kisama, asked to be baptised in 1694 (see Paiva Manso, p. 332).
481 Dapper, p. 579. This first attempt to cultivate the soil was undertaken very reluctantly, but the profits derived therefrom soon converted both banks of the Mbengu into flourishing gardens.
482 The Catalogo, p. 366, calls him Alvares, but Paiva Manso, p. 182, Gaspar Gonçalves (see also Eucher, p. 83).
483 This seminary was never founded, notwithstanding repeated Royal reminders of 1684, 1686, 1688, and 1691 (Lopez de Lima, Ensaio, iii, p. 149).
484 S. Braun, Schifffarten, Basel, 1624; and P. van der Broeck, Journalen, Amst., 1624.
485 Jacome Ferreira, in command of these patrol ships, was killed in action in 1639, when the command devolved upon Bartholomeu de Vasconcellos.