One really is obliged to fall back upon quotation in speaking of these tiny creatures, which seem veritably "plumaged from rainbows."
We have spoken of the sleek little piches which chattered in the trees of the plaza at Vera Cruz. There were any number of these in Yucatan, and a much larger black bird, probably akin, infesting gardens and distinguished by the most liquid and mellifluous note it is possible to imagine. Swallows, too, though they seemed somewhat larger than the ordinary swallow, were common everywhere; while a bird, which we think belonged to the cuckoo family, often startled us when at work on the ruins by a reiterated whistle which sounded like mocking laughter dying away in a choking spasm of mirth.
The coasts of the Peninsula are rich with seafowl, so many and so varied that it would need a skilled ornithologist and many pages to chronicle them accurately. There are duck of all kinds, mallard, teal, widgeon; wild geese, bitterns, herons, snipe, sandpipers, plovers, curlews, and gulls galore. The bays and inlets are beautified by the stately ibis, snowy white or slate-grey. Flamingoes are rarer; and indeed a flamingo standing is not an object of beauty, for he is altogether too long in the legs. Moreover his beautiful pink plumage is seen at its best when he is in flight. As hideous as they are common are the brown pelicans. In their way they are as detestable as the zopilotes which we were at pains to describe in our first chapter, though their habits are not so filthy.
We really have no space to say much of the fishes (pelicans naturally suggest fishiness); but we ought to say that the brightest jewel in the fishy crown of the Gulf of Mexico, at least from the gastronomic point of view, is that fish which rejoices in the name of Red Snapper. At all times and in all places you can get it. It appears to have no close season, and whether in the smart restaurants of Mexico or Merida or in the little coast cabins of the fishing Indians, you eat it, or try to till nauseated. The Indians are clever fishermen, and catch with both hook and net, but their most picturesque method is spearing. They paddle their dug-out into shallow waters, stand on the end of the canoe, and thrust a spear at the fish. This spear has a detachable point to which a cord is fastened. They scarcely ever miss, and the struggling prey is hauled in by the string. We saw a man land half a dozen big fish in little more than as many minutes. The natives of Chiapas shoot the fish from the end of the canoe with bow and arrow.
If a hundred people who have not travelled, or whose travels have been confined to the typical Rhine, Switzerland and Riviera tours of modern life, were asked what was their idea of a primeval forest in the tropics, eighty per cent. at least would declare for a woodland notable for giant trees beside which the forests of civilised countries would seem mere park enclosures. Nothing could be further from the truth. The average primeval forest in the tropics, of which the boundless woodlands of Eastern Yucatan are a fair example, are disappointing in the extreme from the very fact that, though dense to a degree that is heartbreaking, you never see really noble trees. One of the largest trees in Yucatan is the sapota (Achras sapota). This is an evergreen with thick shiny leaves, and is said to sometimes reach a height of a hundred feet, but we cannot say that we ever saw one so high. It is from the sapota that there is obtained the chicle, the milky juice of the tree which forms the basis of all American chewing-gums. The chicleros, as the cutters are called, climb the tree, cut broad arrow-shaped grooves through the bark pointing groundward, the shaft of the arrows making a drainage groove down the full length of the tree, a vessel being placed at the foot under this groove to catch the sap. But the Mayans do not care about chicle. They like the sapota because it produces a fruit of which they are passionately fond. And no wonder, for it is really very pleasant eating. About the size of a small apple and the colour of a medlar, the inside is a reddish-brown pulp, which has a delicious flavour.
The woods of Yucatan are full of acacias of many species, among them the logwood (Hæmatoxylon campechianum). Mahogany is found and is especially common in the south, where it is much used by the Indians for canoes, the whole trunk being hollowed out. The leafiest tree in the country is the ceiba (Bombax ceiba), called by the Mayans yaxche or yastse. This noble tree often attains a considerable height, gives an extraordinary shade, and has ever been held as sacred by the Mayans. It figures in their mythology. Their ancestors believed that there were seven heavens, each having a hole in the centre and each immediately above the other. A ceiba was believed to stand in the centre of the earth, and its branches grew through the successive holes in the seven heavens until the leaves reached the highest. By the branches of the tree the dead climbed through the series of heavens until they reached the utmost Mayan paradise. There is a tradition that a ceiba grew in Valladolid. It was cut down but sprouted again, having this time four boughs each directed to a cardinal point. A hawk had its home on the highest branch, and the bird was considered to be the spirit of the tree, its cry of "suki, suki," it is said, having given the ancient Indian town Zaci, on the site of which Valladolid was built, its name. There is another tree which rivals the ceiba in shadiness, but this you only see on the haciendas which have been long in cultivation. It is a laurel introduced into the Peninsula from Cuba some forty years ago by a Spaniard named Cervera. His grandson, appropriately enough, showed us at Yaxche near Merida the finest examples we saw, laurels so large and leafy as to rival in size and shade our forest beech. They were probably the Portugal Laurel (Cerasus lusitanica or Ficus laurifolia).
A fairly large tree is the mamey (Lucuma mammosa), belonging to the same family as the sapota, and bearing a fruit almost rivalling that of the latter in popularity among the Indians. It is egg-shaped, with a rough brown skin, and inside is a pinky pulp tasting like quince marmalade with a distinct flavour of almond-paste about it. By a beneficent dispensation of Providence in a country where grass cannot grow, there does grow a tree, the ramon (Alicastrum Brownei), called by the Mayans ŏs, upon which Yucatecan horses thrive. It is certainly very comforting when you camp for the night in the forest to be able to send the Indians to cut an armful of the branches thus generously provided by Nature's baiting stable, and to hear your cattle contentedly munching it while you sup. The ramon grows fifty to sixty feet high and has an abundance of evergreen leaves which form the fodder. The fruit of the ramon is eaten boiled either alone or mixed with honey or Indian corn, and the milky juice is used medicinally in cases of asthma. Tree-palms grow everywhere in the woods, some of them reaching eighty feet. The more common kinds, notably the Sabal mexicana, called by the Mayans x̆aan, are used to thatch the Indian huts. There are cocoanut palms in plenty, particularly on the islands. From the Lignum vitæ the Indians make bows. From a small tree (Pretium heptaphyllum) the ancient Mayans obtained the incense used in their temples which they called pom and which the Mexicans call copal.
In fruit trees Yucatan is fairly rich. She has the sweet and sour orange in plenty and the lemon and lime, the latter of which often grows wild in the woods. Bananas and plantains are everywhere. A small variety of the former, the banana-apple (Musa paradisiaca), has a flavour finer than the Canary banana. Then there is the Anona squamosa or custard-apple, the Anona muricata or guanabana, the aguacate, alligator pear (Persea gratissima), the caumita and the papay (Carica papaya), called by the Mayans put, of which the fruit is pear-shaped, about a foot long, of an orange-salmon colour and deliciously juicy. The finest pineapples in the whole of the Mexican Republic are said to be those grown in Cozumel, and the cultivation of cocoa, which grows wild throughout Yucatan, is being seriously taken up. There are one or two types of plums cultivated by the Mayans, and figs, tamarinds and mangoes are grown. Camote, a kind of sweet potato, and tomatoes are produced, usually in the milpas with the maize. Tobacco, sugar-cane, and cotton are agricultural products to which increasing attention is being given. Many kinds of gourds are grown by the Mayans. Chief among these is the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete), the gourd of which is universally used in Yucatan in its entirety as a drinking-bottle—the Indians carrying them slung over their backs full of water—and halved as drinking-cups or dippers, and is often elaborately carved or painted. The Spanish name for these drinking-gourds is jicaras, the Mayans calling them luts.
The flowers of Yucatan are disappointing. They suffer, as do the larger plants, from the dryness of the soil, due to the fact that, heavy as the rains are when they come, they rapidly drain away through the porous limestone. In the gardens of cities and villages you see roses, the gorgeous scarlet trumpet-shaped tulipans, magnolias, vari-coloured irises, clematis and other bright-tinted creepers, red and yellow foxglove-like flowers, and over all and everywhere convolvuluses, white, purple, and blue. Some of these latter are cultivated by the Mayans in the fields, as for instance a small white one which they call x̆taventun, from the honey collected from which the Indians distil an alcoholic drink which has a soft aromatic smell of the flower, and the intoxicating effect of which (it is enough to make the mouth of the dipsomaniac water) lasts for three days and leaves no headache behind it!
The wild flowers are for the most part small. Amid the ruined cities you almost always find quantities of the small yellow flower, called by the Mayans x̆canlol, of the Tecoma stans, a shrubby climber. The woodland paths everywhere are bright with the jasmine-like amapola; while the roadsides are made more picturesque by a climber bearing white sweet-smelling flowers. At Chichen there was much Salvia coccinea, a small brilliant scarlet-flowered shrub called by the natives zic x̆in. Here again we saw Heliotropium parviflorum, which the Indians call xnaheax. In the woods you see many orchids growing like mistletoe on the trees. Among the genera met with, the Oncidium and Epidendrum are the commonest, and of these the species Schomburgkia tibicina and the Epidendrum bicoruntum are those oftenest found. We saw very few wild ferns. Here and there are beautiful flowering cactuses.
A
Acacia, 384
Acanceh, village, Indian ruins at, 188
Agave Americana (Maguey), 20, 362
Agave Sisalensis. See Henequen
Agouti, 374
Aguilar, Jeronimo, 48, 82
Akad-zib, Chichen, 103
Algonkins and Toltec Theory, 246
Alligators, 375;
carved heads of, in ruins, importance of, 268
Alphabet, Mayan, attempts to compose, 299
America's first architects, Who were?, 257
American Man, age of, 260
Ants, 377
Anuradhapura, ruins of, Ceylon, 263
Apalachians, 245;
Mayans branch of, 254
Arawaks, in Cuba, 254
Armadillos, 374
Astronomy, Mayan knowledge of, 314
Athapascans, Aztecs branch of, 245
Aztecs, arrival in Mexico, 247;
raids into Honduras, 225;
influence on Mayans, 296
B
Bancroft, H., on Mexican priests, 275
Bats, 374
Behring Straits, Was America peopled via?, 260
Bharahat, Stupa of, hand as symbolic decoration on, 266
Biologia Centrali Americana, A. P. Maudslay's account of Quirigua in, 213;
Mayan decorative art in, 269
Birds of Yucatan, 380
Boro Budor, Palenque resembles, 263;
date of building, 280
Bourbourg, Abbé Brasseur de, Mayan Alphabet of, 299;
on Day Signs, 304
Bramhanan, Java, Crawfurd on methods of building at, 264;
ground plan similar to Copan, 285
Brigands in Yucatan, 112
Brinton, Dr. D. G., on tapir worship, 239;
on baselessness of Toltec Theory, 244;
on Mexican traditions, 249;
on Mayan origin, 254;
on sacred footprints in Central America, 276;
on Mayan MSS., 277;
on Day Signs, 304;
on meaning of glyphs, 312;
on "Drum Signs," 314
British Government and Mexico, agreement as to Mayans, 156
British Honduras, Mayans and, 156
Brooks, C. Waldcott, on ocean currents, 278
Buddhist ruins resemble Central American buildings, 263
Bull-fighting in Yucatan, 356
Butterflies, 379
C
Caciques, Ancient Mayan, 227
Calotmul, village, 115
Campeachy, Spaniards discover, 50
Cancun Island, 147;
ruins on, 149
Caracol ("Winding Staircase"), Chichen, 100
Cardinal Bird, 380
Caroline Islands, ruins on, 281
Casa de las Monjas, Chichen, 101
Castes, Mayan system of, 277
Castillo, El, Chichen, 87;
sacrifices at, 88
Castillo, Uxmal, 201
Catoche, Cape, origin of name, 50;
visit to, 136
Caumila, fruit, 73
Cave, H. W., on ruined cities of Ceylon, 269
Caves in Yucatan, 251
Ceibo tree, legend of, 384
Cenote of Sacrifice, Chichen, 89;
Spanish report on, 90;
dredging, 92;
skulls found in, 92
Centipedes, 377
Chachalaca, bird, 380
Chac, Mayan god, 239
Chac Mool, discovered at Chichen, 30, 99
Chansenote, Indian village, 122;
destruction of, 157
Chapultepec, 26;
park of, 31
Chaques, priestly order, 240
Charnay, D., visit to Menché, 222
Chichanchob, Chichen, 100
Chichen Itza, Spaniards reach, 51;
history of, 85;
description of ruins, 87-103;
probable age of, 290
Chicle, gum of Sapota tree, 128
Chilan Balam, books of, 54, 315
Chilans, priestly order, 240
China, Mayan architecture and, 261
Christian, F. W., on ruins of Caroline Islands, 225
Chultunes, subterranean rooms in ruins, 195
Citas, village, 83
Coati, 231, 373
Cocomes, Caciques of Mayapan, 56
Cockroaches, 378
Codex Cortesianus, "snouted mask" in, 267
Codex Ramirez, date of fall of Tula in, 245 note
Codices, Mayan, 315
Columbus, Yucatan first heard of by, 47
Cones, Temple of, Chichen, 98
Copal as offering to gods, 93;
shrub from which obtained, 385
Copan, ruins of, 204;
Buddhist survivals at, 269;
Asiatic influence at, 284;
absurdity of Itza Theory, 284;
probable date of, 287
Cordoba, Hernandez de, 50
Cortes, expedition to Yucatan, 51;
scene of first landing on American mainland, 137
"Cozumel Cross," 79
Cozumel Island, 164 et seq.;
ruins in forest, 180
Crawfurd, John, on Buddhist structures in Indian Archipelago, 264;
on ruins of Bramhanan, Java, 285
Cresson, Dr. Hilbone T., theory as to glyphs, 300
Crickets, 379
Cross, Tablet of the, Palenque, 219;
probable explanation, 270
Cuba, antiquities of, 255
Cuculcan, Mayan legendary hero, 239
Cunningham, Sir A., discovery of Bharahat Stupa by, 266
Curasson, 154, 381
Customs House, Mexican, 7;
dishonesty of, 355
Cuyo, El, Yucatan, 127
D
Deer in Yucatan, 372
Deschnev, Russian navigator, discovers Behring Straits, 260
Diaz, President Porfirio, genius of, 34;
sketch of, 37-40;
signs peace with Yaquis, 161;
letter of authors to, 358
Dogs of ancient Mayans, 231;
Yucatecan cruelty to, 347
Dragonflies, 379
Dupaix, report on Palenque, 216
E
Egypt, Mayan architecture and, 259
Elephant? Did Mayans worship, 273
Eskimos, suggested affinity with Japanese, 260
Espita, town, 186
Euryalus, H.M.S., dunned by Mexicans, 354
Evans, Sir John, on stone implements, 261
F
Farming, methods of, in Yucatan, 323
Fireflies, 379
Fishing, 383
Flamingoes, 383
Flora and fauna of Yucatan, 368 et seq.
Flowers of Yucatan, 386
Foliated Cross, Temple of, Palenque, 219;
probable origin of design, 270
Footprints, sacred, in Central America, 276
Forstemann, Prof. E., on tablet of Cross, Palenque, 220;
on glyphs, 300;
on similarities in glyphs, 311
Fournereau, Lucien, on ruins of Angkor, 272
Foxes, 373
Fruit-trees of Yucatan, 385
Fuentes y Guzman, F. A., historian, 204
Fusang, "Land of the, fable" as to, 262
G
Galindo, Copan first surveyed by, 208
Gann, Dr. T. W., discovery of Aztec wall-paintings in Honduras by, 225, 296
Garrapatas, cattle-louse, 112
Garudas in Hindu myth, replicas of in Mayan carvings, 271
Glyphs, Mayan, 298 et seq.
Goodman, J. T., on Mayan Calendar, 304;
on date of Copan, 310
"Green Gold of Yucatan." See Henequen.
Grijalva, Juan de, 51;
report on Cozumel by, 168
Grünwedel, Prof. A., on Buddhist art in India, 272
H
Hardy, R. Spence, on American and ancient Buddhist ruins, 262;
on Buddhist wall-paintings, 265
Haritri, Hindu Goddess on Palenque carvings, 272
Hawks, 381
Henequen, cultivation of, 361 et seq.
Hermit Crabs, 145
Herrera, historian, on Aztec ballgame, 94
Hieroglyphics, Mayan, 298 et seq.
Hoco, bird, 154
Holboch, island, 132
Holpop, Mayan official, 228
Huastecas, Panuco River tribe, origin of, 253
Huitzopochtli, Mexican War-God, 88, 296
Hulneb, Mayan God, 239
Humboldt, collection of Mexican pictographs by, 299
Humming-birds, 382
Hunab Ku, Mayan Supreme God, 239
I
Ibis, 383
Iguana, 374
India, Mayan architecture and, 262
Itzamna, Mayan deity, tapir as symbol, 239;
importance in Mayan problem, 313
Ixtlilxochitl, on Tula, 245 note;
on downfall of Toltecs, 246 note;
credibility of, 249
J
Jade carvings at Copan, 208;
burial with dead by Mayans, 277
Jaguar, 370
Japan Current, the, importance in Mayan problem, 278
Japan, Mayan architecture and, 261
Japanese, suggested affinity with Eskimos, 260
Jays, 381
Jigger flea, 377
Juarros, Domingo, historian, 210
K
Kabah, ruins of, 199
Kantunil, Indian town and district, 121
Khmers, 280
Kikil, village, 122
Kinch Ahau Haban, Mayan God, 239
Kingfisher, 382
Klaproth, H. J. von, on "Land of the Fusang," 262
Kuro Siwa, the Japan Current, in Mayan problem, 278
L
Labcah, village, 128
Labna, ruins of, 194
Lacandone Indians, 222
Landa, Bishop, on evils of Spanish Conquest, 54;
on sacrifices at Chichen, 90;
destruction of Mayan MSS. by, 298 note;
Mayan alphabet of, 299
Laurels, 384
Le Plongeon, Dr., theory as to Mayan civilisation, 258;
on existence of "red hand" in India, 265;
Mayan alphabet of, 300
Li Yen, Chinese historian, on "Land of the Fusang," 262
"Lion-seat" (Simhasana) of Buddhism in Central America, 271, 288
Lizards, 374
Lotus, Buddhist, in Central American carvings, 269
Lund, Dr., on age of American Man, 260
M
Madura, ruins of, Dutch Government Report on, 270
Maguey, cactus, 20
Malay Peninsula, Mayan architecture and, 262
Maler, Teobert, at Piedras Negras, 224
Mamey tree, 385
Mammoth, existence of in America, 274
Manatee, 374
Manco Capac, first Inca King, 259 note
Marriage among ancient Mayans, 234;
among Yucatecans, 341, 357
Marshall Islands, 281
Maudslay, A. P., on ruins of Copan, 211;
on Quirigua, 213;
discovers Menché, 222;
on Mayan decorative art, 269;
on age of ruins, 286
Mayan alphabet, attempts to form, 299
—arch, diagram and description, 264
—paintings compared with Buddhistic, 265;
description of, 316
— priests and Buddhism, 275
Mayans, Ancient, 226 et seq.;
Who were they?, 254 et seq.;
army, 227;
law and justice, 228;
social castes, 230;
slavery, 230;
domesticated animals, 231;
housing, 231;
hammock unknown to, 231;
common lands, 231;
as hunters, 232;
adornment, 233, 318;
food, 233;
marriage, 234;
education, 235;
status of women, 235;
trade, 236;
dancing, 237;
burial customs, 237;
religion, 238;
calendar, 240, 301;
problem as to cradleland, 242;
priests, 240, 275;
system of castes, 277;
customs evidencing Eastern influence, 277;
building methods of, 290;
hieroglyphics, 298;
knowledge of astronomy, 313
Mayans, Modern, physical appearance of, 118;
War of Extermination against, 156;
independence recognised, 156;
Mexican criminals employed against, 159
Mayan War, Story of, 156
Mayapan, ancient Indian capital, 56, 188
Mecca, The Mayan, in Cozumel, 164
Meco, El, ruins of, 143
Menché, ruins of, 222;
probable date of, 288
Mercer, H. C., on caves of Yucatan, 252;
on Mayan methods of building, 292
Merida, City of, 59;
cabs, 59;
bells in, 62;
cathedral, 64;
life in plaza, 66;
old street signs, 67;
water supply, 68;
prison, 74-78;
museum, 78-80
Mexico, relations with United States, 42;
future of, 43;
government of, 37;
war of extermination of Mayans started by, 157;
Mexico City, 21 et seq.;
cathedral, 24;
Paseo de la Reforma, 26;
hotels, 27;
police, 28;
Guard, Republican, 28, 31;
funeral cars, 29;
streets, 29;
tramways, 29, 31;
museum, 30;
officials, 33, 39;
justice, administration of, 35;
prisons 36
Mississippi district, Mounds of, 255
Molas, pirate, Cozumel headquarters of, 166
Monkeys, 372
Monuments, Conservator of, in Yucatan, 81
Montejo, Francisco de, 51
Morality, Mayan, 334
Morse, Prof. E., on American ethnology, 258;
pamphlet quoted, 262;
on Asiatic invasion of Central America, 278
Mosquitoes at El Meco, 144;
terrible nights with, 174
Mounds on East Coast, 127
Mounds, Ohio, Prof. Thomas on, 255
Mujeres, Isla de, 50, 140
N
Nacomes, Mayan priestly order, 240
Nahuatl, D. G. Brinton on derivation of, 248 note
Naual, Mayan dance, 236
Newberry, Prof., on prehistoric man in America, 274
"Norther," caught in a, 138 Nunnery, Chichen, 101;
Uxmal, 200
Nuns in Mayan religion, 275
O
Occeh, sepulchral mounds at, 125
Ocean Currents, importance in Mayan problem, 278
Ohio Mounds, problem of, 255
Olas, Buddhist, on Copan and Quirigua stelæ, 269;
and Mayan MSS., 277
Opichen, carvings in cave of, 252
Orange Walk, Mayan trade with, 156
Owls, 381
P
Paintings, Mayan and Buddhist compared, 265
Palacio, Diego, report on Copan, 205
Palenque, ruins of, 214;
"Crosses" at, possible explanation of, 270;
Orientalism of, 271;
probable date of, 287;
like Boro Budor, 287
Palms, 385
Panuco River, Huastecan settlement on, 253
Parrots, 382
Pearson, Sir Weetman, 5, 42
Peccary, 371
Pelicans, 383
Peonage System, abuses of, 324
Peru, ruins in, probable date of, 259 note
Picuda, fish, 146
Piedras Negras, ruins of, 224;
probable date of, 287
Pigeons, House of, Uxmal, 200
Pinzon, Vincente Yañez, discovers Yucatan, 47
Pisote. See Coati.
Poey, Andres, on Cuban antiquities, 255
Polonnaruwa, Ceylon, ruins of, 268
Praying mantis, 377
Prea Khane, Cambodian ruins, 288
Progreso, Port of Yucatan, 57
Puerto Morelos, 156;
burning of woods by Indians at, 158
Pulque, 20, 262
Pyramids, Buddhistic and Central American, 263
Q
Quetzalcoatl, 97;
self-torture by priests of, 224
Quintana Roo, Territory of, 158
Quirigua, ruins of, 212;
Buddhist survivals at, 269;
probable date of, 287
R
Racoon, 373
Ramon, tree, 385
"Red Hand," importance of, 265
Reefs, Coral, dangerous passage through, 138
Rio, Antonio del, report on Palenque, 214
Rurales, Mexican country police, 9, 20, 35
S
Sahagun, Father, historian, on Tula, 245 note
San Miguel, Cozumel, 166;
ruins at, 169
Sapota tree, 383;
as lintels, 294
Sayil, ruins of, 196
Schellhas, P., on Mexican MSS., 289
Schoolcraft, H. R., on "red hand," 266
Scorpions, 376
Sea-fowl, 382
Seler, Prof. E., on Mayan Calendar, 304
Sharks, 136
Shell-heaps, Japanese and American, 261
Shoshonees, Aztecs akin to, 254
Sisal hemp, 361
Slavery among Ancient Mayans, 230;
in Yucatan to-day, 321 et seq.
Snakes in Yucatan, 368
"Snouted Mask" on Mayan ruins, 267
Squirrels, 373
Solis, Diaz de, discovers Yucatan, 47
Stephens, J. L., on "Cozumel Cross," 79;
on sealed rooms, Sayil, 197;
on Copan ruins, 205 et seq.;
on Palenque, 216;
on "red hand," 266
Sugar-growing in Yucatan, 128
Sun, Temple of, Palenque, 219
Sunda script and Mayan glyphs, 319
T
Tables, Temple of, Chichen, 98
Tapir, 371;
worshipped, 105, 239;
"snouted mask" symbol of, 267;
was its worship a Buddhist survival?, 374
Tarantula, 376
Tel Cuzaan, god, 239
Tennis Court, Chichen, 93
Tenochtitlan, founding of, 249 note
Thomas, Prof. Cyrus W., on Ohio Mounds, 255;
theory as to glyphs, 300
Thompson, Edward A., 86;
work at Chichen, 96
Ticul, town, 189
Tigers, Temple of, Chichen, 95
Tikal, wood lintel at, 271
Tissandier, A., on Boro Budor and Cambodian ruins, 268
Tizimin, town, 116
Tlachtli, Aztec game, 94
Toltec Theory, 243
Toltecs, no evidence for existence of, 246;
Who were they?, 247
Torrell, Dr., on affinity of Eskimos and Japanese, 260
Tortoises, 376
Trees of Yucatan, 383
Trogon resplendens, 382
Tula, place in Toltec Theory, 243;
site of, 244;
Brinton on, 244;
date of, 245 note
Tuloon, Indians encamped at, 157
Tunkul, Mayan sacred drum, 228
Turkey, ocellated, 380
Turtles, trade in, 152
U
Usumacinta, ruins on, 222
Uxmal, ruins of, 200
V
Valentini, Dr. Ph. J. J., on Toltecs, 246
Valladolid, town, 104
Vega, Garcilaso de, on Peruvian ruins, 259
Vera Cruz, 5-11
Vietia, Spanish chronicler, credibility of, 249
Volan, Yucatecan carriage, terrors of riding in, 185
W
Waldeck on tapir worship, 239
Williams, Sir Monier, on Buddhist monks, 275
Woodpeckers, 382
Writing, Mayan, Was it indigenous?, 319
Y
Yaqui Indians, story of persecution of, 160
Yaxchilan, tower like those at Angkor, 272
"Yucatan Channel," graveyard of, 140
Z
Zapotecan priests, trances of, 276;
calendar of, 304