The Relationship of Wolfram von Eschenbach and Chrestien.
The various arguments for and against the use of any other French source than Chrestien by Wolfram have been clearly summed up by G. Bötticher, Die Wolfram Literatur seit Lachmann, Berlin, 1880. The chief representative of the negative opinion is Birch-Hirschfeld, who first gives, Chapter VIII. of his work, a useful collection of passages relating to the Grail, the Castle, and the Quest, from both authors. His chief argument is this:—The Grail in all the romances except in Wolfram is a cup or vessel, but in Wolfram a stone, a peculiarity only to be explained by Wolfram’s ignorance of any source than Chrestien, and by the fact that the latter, in accordance with his usual practice of leaving objects and persons in as mysterious an atmosphere as possible, nowhere gives a clear description of the Grail. He undoubtedly would have done so if he had finished his work. Such indications as he gave led Wolfram, who did not understand the word Graal, to think it was a stone. It is inconceivable that Kyot, if such a personage existed, should have so far departed from all other versions as not to picture the Grail as a vessel, inconceivable, again, that his account of it should have been just as vague as Chrestien’s, that he should have afforded Wolfram no hint of the real nature of the object. In Chrestien Perceval’s question refers to the Grail, but Wolfram, missing the significance of the holy vessel owing to the meagreness of the information respecting it given to him by Chrestien, was compelled to transform the whole incident, and to refer it solely to the sufferings of the wounded King. Again, Chrestien meant to utilise the sword, and to bring Gawain to the Grail Castle; but his unfinished work did not carry out his intention, and in Wolfram Gawain also fails to come to the Grail Castle; the sword is passed over in silence in the latter part of the poem.—Simrock, jealous for the credit of Wolfram, claimed for him the invention of all that could not be traced to Chrestien, resting the claim chiefly upon consideration of a sentimental patriotic nature.—In opposition to these views, although the fact is not denied that Wolfram followed Chrestien closely for the parts common to both, it is urged to be incredible that he, a German poet, should invent a prologue to Chrestien’s unfinished work connecting with an Angevin princely genealogical legend. It was also pointed out, with greatest fulness by Bartsch, Die Eigennamen im Parcival und Titurel, Germanist. Studien, II., 114, et seq., that the German poet gives a vast number of proper names which are not to be found in Chrestien, and that these are nearly all of French, and especially Southern French and Provençal origin.—Simrock endeavoured to meet this argument in the fifth edition of his translation, but with little success.—Bötticher, whilst admitting the weight of Birch-Hirschfeld’s arguments, points out the difficulties which his theory involves. If Wolfram simply misunderstood Chrestien and did not differ from him personally, why should he be at the trouble of inventing an elaborately feigned source to justify a simple addition to the original story? If he only knew of the Grail from Chrestien, what gave him the idea of endowing it, as he did, with mystic properties? Martin points out in addition (Zs. f. d. A., V. 87) that Wolfram has the same connection of the Grail and Swan Knight story as Gerbert, whom, ex hypothesi, he could not have known, and who certainly did not know him.—In his Zur Gralsage, Martin returned to the question of proper names, and showed that a varying redaction of a large part of the romance is vouched for by the different names which Heinrich von dem Türlin applies to personages met with both in Chrestien and in Wolfram. If, then, one French version, that followed by Heinrich, who is obviously a translator, is lost, why not another?
The first thorough comparison of Chrestien and Wolfram is to be found in Otto Küpp’s Unmittelbaren Quellen des Parzival, (Zs. f. d. Ph. XVII., l). He argues for Kyot’s existence. Some of the points he mentions in which the two poems differ, and in which Wolfram’s account has a more archaic character, may be cited: The mention of Gurnemanz’s sons; the food producing properties of the Grail on Parzival’s first visit; the reproaches of the varlet to Parzival on his leaving the Grail Castle, “You are a goose, had you but moved your lips and asked the host! Now you have lost great praise;”[160] the statement that the broken sword is to be made whole by dipping in the Lake Lac, and the mention of a sword charm by virtue of which Parzival can become lord of the Grail Castle; the mention that no one seeing the Grail could die within eight days. In addition Küpp finds that many of the names in Wolfram are more archaic than those of Chrestien. On the other hand, Küpp has not noticed that Chrestien has preserved a more archaic feature in the prohibition laid upon Gauvain not to leave for seven days the castle after he had undergone the adventure of the bed.
Küpp has not noticed that some of the special points he singles out in Wolfram are likewise to be found in Chrestien’s continuators, e.g., the mention of the sons of Gurnemanz, by Gerbert.
I believe I have the first pointed out the insistence by both Wolfram and Gerbert upon the hero’s love to and duty towards his wife.
The name of Parzival’s uncle in Wolfram, Gurnemanz, is nearer to the form in Gerbert, Gornumant, than to that in Chrestien, Gonemant.
The matter may be summed up thus: it is very improbable that Wolfram should have invented those parts of the story found in him alone; the parts common to him and Chrestien are frequently more archaic in his case; there are numerous points of contact between him and Gerbert. All this speaks for another French source than Chrestien. On the other hand, it is almost inconceivable that such a source should have presented the Grail as Wolfram presents it.
I cannot affect to consider the question decidedly settled one way or the other, and have, therefore, preferred to make no use of Wolfram. I would only point out that if the contentions of the foregoing studies be admitted, they strongly favour the genuineness of the non-Chrestien section of Wolfram’s poem,[161] though I admit they throw no light upon his special presentment of the Grail itself.
The Prologue to the Grand St. Graal and the Brandan Legend.
I believe the only parallel to this prologue to be the one furnished by that form of the Brandan legend of which Schröder has printed a German version (Sanct Brandan) at Erlangen, in 1871, from a MS. of the fourteenth century, but the first composition of which he places (p. 15) in the last quarter of the twelfth century. The text in question will be found pp. 51, et seq.: Brandan, a servant of God, seeks out marvels in rare books, he finds that two paradises were on earth, that another world was situated under this one, so that when it is here night it is day there, and of a fish so big that forests grew on his back, also that the grace of God allowed some respite every Saturday night to the torments of Judas. Angry at all these things he burnt the book. But the voice of God spake to him, “Dear friend Brandan thou hast done wrong, and through thy wrath I see My wonders lost.” The holy Christ bade him fare nine years on the ocean, until he see whether these marvels were real or a lie. Thereafter Brandan makes ready a ship to set forth on his travels.
This version was very popular in Germany. Schröder prints a Low German adaptation, and a chap book one, frequently reprinted during the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. But besides this form there was another, now lost, which can be partially recovered from the allusions to it in the Wartburg Krieg, a German poem of the thirteenth and early fourteenth century, and which is as follows:—An angel brings Brandan a book from heaven: Brandan finds so many incredible things in it that he taxes book and angel with lying, and burns the book. For his unfaith he must wander till he find it. God’s grace grants him this at last; an angel gives him the sign of two fires burning, which are the eyes of an ox, upon whose tongue he shall find the book. He hands it to Uranias, who brings it to Scotland (i.e., of course Ireland) Schröder, p. 9.
The closeness of the parallel cannot be denied, and it raises many interesting questions, which I can here only allude to. The Isle of Brandan has always been recognized as a Christian variant of the Celtic Tír-na n-Og, the Land of the Shades, Avalon. Schröder has some instructive remarks on this subject, p. 11. The voyage of Brandan may thus be compared with that of Bran, the son of Febal (supra, p. 232), both being versions of the wide-spread myth of a mortal’s visit to the otherworld. It is not a little remarkable that in the Latin legend, which differs from the German form by the absence of the above-cited prologue, there is an account (missing in the German), of a “conopeus” (“cover” or “canopy,”) cf. Ducange and Diez, sub voce; the old French version translates it by “Pavillon of the colour of silver but harder than marble, and a column therein of clearest crystal.” And on the fourth day they find a window and therein a “calix” of the same nature as the “conopeus” and a “patena” of the colour of the column (Schröder, p. 27, and Note 41).
Thus there is a formal connection between the Brandan legend and the Grail romances in the prologue common to two works of each cycle, and there is a likeness of subject-matter between the Brandan legend and the older Celtic traditions which I have assumed to be the basis of the romances. But German literature likewise supplies evidence of a connection between Brandan and Bran. Professor Karl Pearson has referred me to a passage in the Pfaffe Amis, a thirteenth century South German poem, composed by Der Stricker, the hero of which, a prototype of Eulenspiegel, goes through the world gulling and tricking his contemporaries. In a certain town he persuades the good people to entrust to him their money, by telling them that he has in his possession a very precious relic, the head of St. Brandan, which has commanded him to build a cathedral (Lambl’s Edition, Leipzig, 1872, p. 32). The preservation of the head of Bran is a special feature in the Mabinogi. I have instanced parallels from Celtic tradition (Branwen, p. 14), and Professor Rhys has since (Hibb. Lect., p. 94) connected the whole with Celtic mythological beliefs. This chance reference in a German poem is the only trace to my knowledge of an earlier legend in which, it may be, Bran and Brandan, the visitor to and the lord of the otherworld, were one and the same person.
It is highly desirable that every form of or allusion to the Brandan legend should be examined afresh, as, perhaps, able to throw fresh light upon the origin and growth of the Grail legend. In Pseudo-Chrestien Perceval’s mother goes on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Brandan.
DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
[This Index is to the Summaries contained in Chapter II, and the references are not to page and line, but to Version and Incident. The Versions are distinguished by the following abbreviations:—
Conte du Graal Co, Pseudo-Chrestien PC, Chrestien C, Gautier G, Manessier Ma, Gerbert Ge, Wolfram W, Heinrich von dem Türlin H, Mabinogi of Peredur M, Thornton MS. Sir Perceval T, Didot-Perceval D, Borron’s poem B, Queste Q (Q1 and Q2 refer to the different drafts of the romance distinguished p. 83) Grand St. Graal GG. With the less important entries, or when the entries are confined to one version, a simple number reference is given. But in the case of the more important personages, notably Perceval, Gawain, and Galahad, an attempt has been made to show the life history, by grouping together references to the same incident from different versions; in this case each incident group is separated from other groups by a long dash ——. Any speciality in the incident presented by a version is bracketed before the reference initial, and, when deemed advisable, reference has been made to allied as well as to similar incidents. This detail, to save space, is, as a rule, given only once, as under Perceval, and not duplicated under other headings, the number reference alone being given in the latter cases. The fullest entry is Perceval, which practically comprises such entries as Fisher King, Grail, Sword, Lance, etc.]
ABEL Q37, GG24.
ABRIORIS G9.
ACHEFLOUR T1.
ADAM Q37, GG24.
ADDANC OF LAKE M16, 19.
AGARAN Q23.
AGRESTES GG40.
AGUIGRENONS Co, Kingrun W, anonymous M, C6, W, M8.
ALAINS, Celidoine’s son GG43.
ALAINS or ALEIN (li Gros D, Q, GG) B12——Dprol, 1, 6, 12, Q26, GG30, 43, 45, 51, 58, 59.
ALEINE, Gawain’s niece, D1.
ALFASEM GG51, 58.
AMANGONS PC1, 2, 4.
AMFORTAS, see Fisher King.
AMINADAP GG58.
ANGHARAD Law Eurawc, M12, 14.
ANTIKONIE, see Facile Damsel.
ARGASTES Q27.
ARIDES of Cavalon Ma14, 16 (a King of Cavalon mentioned C12 corresponds to Vergulat of Askalon in W).
ARTHUR PC2, 3, 5, C1, Dprol——arrival of Perceval at his court C3, W, M3, T4, Dprol——C6, 9, 10, W, M9, 10, 11——M13, 14——C11, W, M20——T7——C18, W——G1, W——G2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20, Ma10, 16, 23, Ge5, H, D1, 3, 5, 8, 14, 16, M25, Q3, 5, 13, GG33, 45, 48.
AUGUSTUS CÆSAR GG11.
AVALON or AVARON B12, 13, D9.
BAGOMMEDES G19, 20.
BANDAMAGUS Q5, 6, 43.
BANS Q26, GG30, 59.
BEAU MAUVAIS, le, G11, D8.
BEDUERS D2.
BLAISE Dprol, 14.
BLANCHEFLEUR Co, Conduiramur W, anonymous M, cf. Lufamour T——Perceval’s cousin Co, W——first meeting with Perceval C6, W, M8——second meeting with Perceval G10——third meeting Ma13-16——third meeting and marriage with Perceval Ge8-10, cf. W.
BLIHIS PC1 = Blaise?
BLIHOS BLIHERIS PC2.
BLIOCADRANS (of Wales, Perceval’s father), PC6.
BORS, BOHORS, BOORT Q1, 3, 13, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, Ma18——Q35, 48-52.
BRANDALIS G1, 2.
BRIOS G16.
BRONS, BRON, or HEBRON. B7, 8, 12, 14, Dprol, 6, 16, GG41, 42, cf. p. 19.
BRUILLANT GG58 = Urlain Q35.
BRUN DE BRANLANT G1.
CAIN Q37, GG24.
CAIPHAS GG2, 3.
CAIUS GG3.
CALIDES Ma9.
CALOGRENANT Q33. CALOGRINANT Ma18——Calocreant in H, one of the three Grail-seekers.
CARAHIES G5.
CARCHELOIS Q39.
CARDUEL C3——Carduel of Nantes G1.
CASTRARS PC4.
CATHELOYS GG58.
CAVALON C12——Ma14, 16.
CELIDOINE GG22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 39, 59, Q26.
CHANAAN GG45, 47.
CHESSBOARD CASTLE G7, D4, M24——G14——G18, D13.
CHRIST B1-3, 5, 6, 8, 11, Q7, 10, 13, 15, 20, 26, 50, Dprol, 16, Ge15, GG1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, 23, 30, 37, 41, 45.
CLAMADEX C6, Clamide W, the earl M8 = the Sowdane T7.
CLARISSE Co Mons MS. or Clarissant Montpellier MS., Itonje W——C18, G1, W.
CLAUDIUS GG3.
CLAUDIUS, son of Claudas Q251.
CORBENIC Q, GG, CORBIÈRE Ma23, Q13, 43, 48, GG51.
CORSAPIAS GG22.
COWARD KNIGHT Ma17, 19.
CRUDEL Q6, 15, Ge15, GG36-38.
DAVID Q37.
DODINEL Ma14.
ELIEZER Q27.
EMPTY SEAT, see Seat Perillous.
ENYGEUS, ENYSGEUS, or ANYSGEUS B7, 8, 11, 12.
EREC D2.
ERNOUS Q39.
ESCORANT Q251.
ESCOS GG47.
ESPINOGRE Ma5.
ESTROIS DE GARILES Q251.
ETLYM GLEDDYV COCH M16-18.
EVALACH. Evalach li mescouncus GG, Eualac Q (Anelac 26), Evelac Ma, Ge. Overcoming Tholomes GG6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, Q6, 15, 26, Ma3, Ge15, name changed to Mordrains, which see.
EVE Q37, GG24.
FACILE DAMSEL, Anonymous Co, H, M, Antikonie W, C14, W, H, M21.
FEIREFIZ W.
FELIX GG3, 11.
FISHER KING. Anonymous Co, Amfortas W, Brons B, D, Alain GG. Anonymous (?), Q1, Pelles Q2. In M the Fisher corresponds to Gonemans. In all the French works of the cycle the adjective rich is commonly applied to the Fisher. Splendour of court PC1——learned in black art PC3——old and sick Dprol, First meeting with Perceval C7, W, D11, cf. PC3, M6——C8, W, cf. D2, 12——C11, W, cf. D15, M21——G7, 8, 9, 16, 18, 19, 20——Second meeting with Perceval G22, Ma1-7 or Ge1-5, D16, cf. M25——Ma10——Third meeting with Perceval Ma22, Ge22, W——Grandfather of Galahad Q12, 26. See also Maimed King.
Surname given to Brons B12, to Alain GG43.
Vessel given to him D1——commanded to go to the West D6.
FLEGENTYNE GG22, 29, 31, 37, 59.
GAHMURET W.
GALAHAD (Galaad). Father: Lancelot Q, GG——Mother: daughter of King Pelles Q1, GG, or Fisher King Q2——Seat Perillous Q2——Sword Q3——Quest proclaimed Q5——Evelac’s Shield Q6, GG50——Devil-inhabited tomb Q7, cf. Ge17——Melians’ discomforture Q8——Castle of Maidens Q9——overcoming of Lancelot and Perceval Q11——destined achiever of Quest Q13——rescue of Perceval Q16——Genealogy Q26, GG21, 30, 58——likening to a spotless bull Q29——overcoming of Gawain Q34——stay on ship Q35, 36——sword Q36——Maimed King Q2 36——capture of Castle Carchelois Q39——stag and lions Q40, cf. GG45——castle of the evil custom Q41——stay with father Q42——healing of Mordrains Q44, cf. GG39——cooling of fountain Q45——making white the Cross GG40——release of Symeu Q46, GG49——making whole sword GG44——release of Moys GG46——five years’ wanderings Q47——arrival at King Peleur’s Q1, Maimed King’s Q2, witnessing of Grail and healing of Maimed King Q48-50——Sarras, crowning, death Q51, 52.
GALAHAD (Galaad) son of Joseph GG8, 31, 34——King of Hocelice and ancestor of Urien GG49——founding of abbey for Symeu GG49.
GANSGUOTER H.
GANORT GG33, 35.
GARALAS G13.
GAWAIN. Gauvain Co, Q, GG, Gwalchmai M, Gawan W, Gawein H, Gawayne or Wawayne T——of the seed of Joseph of Arimathea GG48, Arthur’s nephew Co, Q——conquers Blihos Bliheris PC2——allusion to his finding the Grail PC3——one of the knights met by Perceval in wood M1, T2——helps Perceval to disarm Red Knight T4——meeting with Perceval after blood-drops incident C10, W, M11——vow to release imprisoned maiden C11, M20——reproached by Guigambresil C12, (Kingrimur) W, (anonymous) M20——tournament at Tiebaut’s C13, (Lippaot) W, (Leigamar) H, cf. D15, where Perceval is hero but Gawain best knight after him——adventure with the facile damsel C14, (Antikonie) W, H, M21——injunction to seek bleeding lance C14, W, (Grail) H——adventure with Griogoras C16, (Urjan) W, (Lohenis) H——meeting with scornful damsel, Orgeuilleuse, arrival at ferryman’s C16, W——Magic Castle C17, W, cf. GG51——may not leave castle C17——second meeting with Orgueilleuse C18, W, (Mancipicelle) H——Ford Perillous, Guiromelant C18, (Gramoflanz) W, (Giremelanz) H——marriage with Orgueilleuse W, (?) C18——arrival of Arthur to witness combat with Guiromelant C18 continued by G1, W, H——fight with Perceval W, cf. T7——reconciliation with Guiromelant G1, W, H——departure on Grail Quest and winning various talismans H——[first arrival at Grail Castle according to Montpellier MS. of Co]——Brun de Branlant, Brandalis G1 and 2——slaying of unknown knight and Quest to avenge him G3——Chapel of Black Hand G3——arrival at Grail Castle (first according to Mons MS. of Co), half successful G3, wholly successful H, cf. M25 found by Peredur at Castle of Talismans, and reference in Q51 Welsh version——greetings of country folk G3, cf. Ge3——meeting with his son G4——Mount Dolorous Quest G19——renewed Grail Quest, reproached for conduct at Fisher King’s, slaying of Margon Ma10——rescue of Lyonel Ma18——rescue by Perceval Ge16.
Joins in search for Grail with remainder of Table Round D2, Q, betraying knowledge of Maimed King Q5.
Meeting with Ywain, Gheheris and confession to hermit Q10.
Meeting with Hector de Mares Q29.
Overcoming at Galahad’s hand Q34.
GHEHERIES Q10.
GIFLÈS C11, G2.
GONEMANS or GONEMANT Co, Gornumant Ge, Gurnemanz W, Fisher Uncle M, C5, W, M5, uncle to Blanchefleur C6, C7, W, second meeting with Perceval Ge8-9, cf. T6.
GOON DESERT Ma4.
GRAIL, Early History of. Last Supper cup given to Joseph B2, 3, 4, GG2, Q50, Ma3——Solace of Joseph B5, 6, GG2, D16, Ma3 (Montpellier MS.)——Grail and Fish B8, 9 cf. GG43——Directs Joseph what to do with Alain B12, cf. GG42, confided to Brons B14,15, Dprol 6, (Alain) GG51——D6, 10——feeds host GG5, Q13, also GG32——Blinding of Nasciens GG16, 21, 23, 30, passage to England 31, D6, Q6, 13, 15——Crudel GG38, Q15, Ge15——Blinding of Mordrains GG38, 39, 42, only feeds the sinless 43, 44, refuses meat to Chanaan and Symeu 47, resting-place, Castle Corbenic GG51.
Book of, revealed to hermit GG2.
GRAIL, Quest of by Perceval: first seen at Fisher King’s PC3, C7, W, D11——properties of C8, W, D12——C11, W——C15, W——lights up forest G14——G21——seen for second time G22-Ma1-7 or Ge1-3, D16——heals Hector and Perceval Ma20——taken from earth Ge6, cf. W——opposed by witch, Ge8, 9——connection with Shield Ge13——seen for third time Ma23, 24, Ge22; by Gawain: H and G3; by Lancelot: Q12, 22, 43; by Galahad: Q2, feeds Arthur’s court Q4, quest proclaimed Q5, feeds host Q13, GG32, denied to Gawain and Hector Q29, 30, accomplished Q50-52.
GRAIL-MESSENGER, see Loathly Damsel.
GRAMOFLANZ see Guiromelant.
GRIOGORAS C16 = Lohenis H.
GUIROMELANT Co, Gramoflanz W, Giremelanz H, C18-G1, W, H.
HECTOR (de MARES Q) Q29, 34, 43, Ma20.
HELAIN Q27.
HELICORAS GG22.
HELYAB GG2, 8, 34.
HELYAS Q26 = Ysaies GG30, 38.
HERZELOYDE W.
HUDEN PC4.
HURGAINS or HURGANET D2, 3.
JONAANS Q26, JONANS GG30, JONAS GG59.
JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA. D’Arymathye B, de Arimathie GG, d’Abarimathie or d’Arimathie Q, de Barimacie G, and Ma (Montpellier MS.), Josep (without mention of town Ma, Mons MS.), de Barismachie Ge——care of Christ’s body, captivity, solace, release B2-7, GG2, 3, D16, cf. Q6, Ma2——stay in Sarras GG4-11, Q6, 26, Ge15, Ma3——B7——Passage to England GG31, Q6——feeding by Grail GG32, Q13, cf. B8, 9——Moys B11, 12, Dprol, cf. GG41——B12-15——GG34, 36, Q15, Ge15——GG38, 44, 45, 48, 50—D1, 6, 12.
JOSEPHES, JOSEPHE, JOSEPHUS, or JOSAPHES, son of Joseph of Arimathea, GG2, 5, 9, 10, 11 Q6, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31 Q6, 13 and 32, 36 Q6, 38 Q6 and 15, 40, 41 Q13 cf. D6, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50 Q6, Q50, 51.
JOSUE GG51, 58.
KALAFIER GG20, 22.
KARDEIZ W.
KAY. Kex Co——T2——C3, W, M3——C4, W, M4——C6, C9——C10, W, M11——M14——T7——G3, 19, Ma10, Ge21, D8——one of the three Grail-questers H.
KLINSCHOR W.
LABAN Q35 (query variant of Lambar?).
LABEL GG26.
LABEL’S DAUGHTER GG28, 29, 37, 39.
LAMBAR or LABRAN Q35, LAMBOR GG58.
LANCE (Spear) PC3, 4, C7, 8, M6, C11, 14, 15, G3, 22, Ma1, 2, 24, Ge22, H, D11, 12, 16, Q50, 51, GG9, 15, 16.
LANCELOT, Lancelot of Lake’s grandfather Q26, GG30, 59.
LANCELOT. Galahad’s father Q, GG, Q1, 2, 4 (cf. C11), 5, 11, 12 (cf. C7 and G3), 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 (cf. GG58) 27, 28, 29, 42, 43, GG30, 33, 40, 45, 58, 59, PC4.
LEUCANS GG10.
LIONEL Q1, 3, attacks Bors Q33, Ma18.
LOATHLY DAMSEL. Anonymous Co, Kundrie W, Perceval’s cousin M, reproaches Perceval C11, W, M20——announces end of Quest, Ma23, M25.
LOGRES PC1, G3, Q12, 35, 47.
LOHENIS H = Griogoras C16.
LOHERANGRIN W.
LONGIS PC4, Ma2, D16.
LOT GG48.
LUCES GG48.
LUFAMOUR T7, cf. Blanchefleur.
MAIDENS’ CASTLE PC5, G12a, Ge6——Q9.
MAIMED or LAME KING. Same personage as Fisher King. Designated in this way only M, almost entirely so Q2 (5, 13, also Q1 36, 39, 47, 50), never so B, D. GG58 applies the designation to Pelleans.
MANAAL GG58.
MANCIPICELLE, see Orgueilleuse.
MARGON Ma10.
MARIE LA VENISSIENNE GG3 = Verrine, B6, W.
MARPUS (WARPUS Q26) GG30, 59.
MEAUX GG11.
MELIANS, Galahad’s companion Q8, 10.
MELIANS DE LIS C13, D15.
MERLIN (see p. 64D) G20, Dprol, 14, 15, Q13.
MORDRAINS GG, Mordains Q, once Noodrans Ma, once Mordrach Ge——Baptism GG14, 15, Q6, 26, Ma3 Ge15——GG16, 17, vision of descendants 18, Q26——GG19, 20, stay on island 21, cf. Q19——GG27, Q36——GG29 Crudel, and blinding by Grail 37, 38, Q15, Ge15——retires to hermitage GG39, Q44——his shield GG50, Q6.
MORDRED GG45.
MORDRET Ge6, 7.
MORGHE LA FÉE G18.
MORONEUS Q226.
MORS DEL CALAN PC4.
MOUNT DOLOROUS G19, 20, Ge5.
MOYS, MOYSES (B). Seat Perillous B10, 11, 12, Dprol, 1, GG41, 46.
NASCIENS GG, Q, Natiien Ma——Baptism GG14, Q6, 26, Ma3——Blinded by Grail GG16——GG18, 19, 20, 21, 22, turning isle and Solomon’s ship, 23-27, Q35-37——GG28, 29, 30, 32, 33, Crudel 37, 38, (called Seraphe) Q15——GG39——his tomb GG50——death GG59——appears as hermit in Arthur’s time Q4, 5, 6, 29.
NASCIENS, son of Celidoine, GG39.
NASCIENS, grandson of Celidoine GG30, 59.
NICODEMUS B3, 4, 5.
NOIRONS, i.e., Nero GG3.
ORCANZ GG48.
ORGUEILLEUSE. Orguellouse C, Orgeluse W = Mancipicelle H, C16——G1, W, H.
OWAIN M, EWAYNE T, YONES C4, YWAIN “li aoutres” Q6, 9, 10, 29, GG49——meets Perceval M1, T2——helps him M3, C4.
PARTINAL Ma5, 8, 21, 22.
PECORINS PC4.
PELEUR Q15, 47, 48.
PELLEANS GG58.
PELLEHEM Q235.
PELLES Q21-3, 14, 27, 36, 44, 48, 50, GG59.
PERCEVAL Co, D, Q, GG; Parzival W, H; Peredur M; Percyvelle T.—Father: Bliocadrans PC; anonymous Co, Q; Alain D; Gahmuret W; Evrawe M; Percyvelle T; Pellehem Q2. Mother: Anonymous Co, D, Q, M; Herzeloyde W; Acheflour (Arthur’s sister) T——brought up in wood C1, W, M, T1——meets knights (5) C1, W, (3) M1, T2——leaves mother C1, W, D, M1, T2——first meeting with lady of tent C2, (Ieschute) W, M2, T3——arrival at Arthur’s Court C3, W, D, M3, T4——laughing prophetic damsel C3, W, dwarves M3——slays red knight C4, (Ither of Gaheviez) W, (colour not specified) M3, T4——overcomes 16 Knights M4——burns witch T5——arrival at house of first uncle, Gonemans C5, Gurnemanz W, Anonymous M5, and (different adventure partly corresponding to Ge8) T6——first arrival at castle of lady love, Blanchefleur C5, Conduiramur W, Anonymous M8, Lufamour T7——first arrival at Fisher King’s C7, W, D11, M6——is reproached by wayside damsel, cousin: (Anonymous) C8, (Sigune) W, D12, foster sister M7——second meeting with lady of tent C9, W, M9——overcoming of Sorceresses of Gloucester M10——blood drops in the snow C10, W, M11——Adventures with Angharad Law Eurawc; at the castle of the huge grey man; serpent on the gold ring; Mound of Mourning; Addanc of the Lake; Countess of Achievements M12-19——reproaches of the loathly damsel C11, (Kundrie) W, M20——Good Friday incident and confession to uncle C15, (Trevrezent) W, D14, M22——the Castle of the Horn G6——the Castle of the Chessboard G7, D4, M24——meeting with brother of Red Knight G8——Ford amorous G9, perillous D9——second meeting with Blanchefleur G10——meeting with Rosette and Le Beau Mauvais G11, D8——meeting with sister and visit to hermit G12, D5 and 6——the Castle of Maidens G12a——meeting with the hound-stealing damsel G13, D13, M24——meeting with the damsel of the white mule G14——tournament at Castle Orguellous G16 = D15 (Melianz de Lis) and M19 (?)——Deliverance of knight in tomb G17——second visit to the Castle of the Chessboard G18, D13——delivery of Bagommedes G19——arrival at Mount Dolorous G20——the Black Hand in the Chapel G21——second arrival at Grail Castle G22-Ma1-7 and Ge1, D16, (with final overcoming of Sorceresses of Gloucester) M25.
Puts on red armour for love of Aleine, accomplishes the feat of the Seat Perillous, and sets forth on Quest D1 and 2.
Slays the red knight, Orgoillous Delandes, D3.
Overcomes Black Knight, slays giant and finds mother T9.
Perceval and Saigremors Ma8——Second visit to Chapel of the Black Hand Ma11——the demon horse Ma12, Q18——Stay on the island Q19, and 20, and temptation by damsel 21, Ma13——Delivery of Dodinel’s lady love Ma14——Tribuet Ma15——third meeting with Blanchefleur Ma16——meeting with coward knight Ma17——combat with Hector Ma20——slaying of Partinal Ma21——third arrival at Grail Castle Ma22——learns death of his uncle the Fisher King from loathly damsel Ma23, W——retires into wilderness Q52, Ma24——dies Q52, goes to Palestine and dies (?) T.