INEZ DE CASTRO. Murdered in 1355, celebrated for her beauty and misfortunes. She was married to the Infante Pedro of Portugal. In the sixteenth century Ferreira wrote a tragedy about her.

ISABELLA, Doña (1801-1876). Regent of Portugal 1826-1828.

ISABELLA II. Queen of Spain (1830-1904). She succeeded her father King Frederick VII. in 1833 under the guardianship of her mother, Queen Christina. Isabella II. married her cousin german François d'Assise de Bourbon, who took the title of King. She abdicated in 1870, in favour of her son Alphonso XII., after having quitted Spain in consequence of the Revolution of 1868.

JACOB, Louis Léon, Comte (1768-1854). A French sailor. He invented signalling by semaphore in 1805, and became Rear Admiral in 1812. He was made a Peer of France after 1830, and was for a short period Minister of Marine.

JAMES I., King of England and Scotland (1566-1625). Son of Mary Stuart. He succeeded to the throne of Scotland at the age of one, in 1567. In 1603 he ascended the throne of England on the death of Elizabeth.

JAUCOURT, Marquise de (1762-1848). Mademoiselle Charlotte de Bontemps married the Marquis de Jaucourt, great nephew of the Chevalier de Jaucourt, editor of the Encyclopédie.

JERNINGHAM, Miss. Eldest daughter of Lord Stafford, died 1838.

JERSEY, Lady (1787-1867). Sarah, daughter of the Earl of Westmorland. Lord Jersey, her husband, filled several positions at Court and Lady Jersey was for long the leader of smart society in London.

JOSEPHINE. The Empress (1763-1814). Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie was born in Martinique, and married in 1779 the Vicomte de Beauharnais who died on the scaffold in 1794. In 1796 she married General Bonaparte and became Empress in 1804. In 1809, however, Napoleon divorced her and she died five years later at Malmaison, near Paris.

KENT, Duchess of (1786-1861). Daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and mother of Queen Victoria. She married first the Prince of Leiningen and secondly the Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III.

KOREFF, David Ferdinand (1783-1851). Son of a Jewish doctor, he was born at Breslau and studied at Halle, Berlin and Paris. He travelled in Italy with the de Custine family, and being at Vienna in 1814 he made the acquaintance of Hardenberg, Chancellor to the King of Prussia, whose service he then entered, having been baptized. In 1821 he went to Paris and subsequently spent some years in England.

KÜPER, The Rev. William. A German by birth and a Lutheran. He was for many years reader to Queen Adelaide. His son was Admiral Augustus Leopold Küper.

LA BESNARDIÈRE, Jean Baptiste Goney de (1765-1843). In 1805 he followed the Grande Armée in company with the Prince de Talleyrand. During the last years of the Empire he represented the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Conseil d'État along with MM. d'Hauterive and Dalberg; in 1814 he accompanied the Prince de Talleyrand to Vienna and in 1819 he retired to Touraine.

LABOUCHÈRE, Henry (1798-1861). An Englishman whose family was of French origin. He was Member for Taunton from 1830. He was the second son of Peter Cæsar Labouchère, a partner in the Amsterdam firm of Hope & Co., who married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. He also married a Baring, his cousin german. In 1858 he was raised to the Peerage as Lord Taunton.

LA BRUYÈRE, Jean de (1645-1696). A French moralist. He was tutor to the grandson of the great Condé and the author of the Caractères.

LACRETELLE, Jean Claude Dominique (1766-1855). Author of several works more distinguished by a certain skill in arrangement than by profundity of thought.

LA FAYETTE, Gilbert Mortier, Marquis de (1757-1834). After having taken part in the American War in extreme youth he was elected Deputy to the States-General in 1788. Outlawed after June 20, 1792, he fled, but was arrested by the Austrians and remained for five years in prison at Olmütz. In 1814 he was a Deputy, and voted for the deposition of the Emperor. Under the Restoration he remained attached to the Opposition. As Chief of the National Guard in 1830 he contributed to the accession to power of Louis-Philippe.

LAGRANGE-CHANCEL, Joseph de (1676-1758). A French author, who wrote some feeble tragedies and some bitter satires, entitled Philippiques.

LAMB, Sir Frederick (1782-1852). An English diplomatist, brother of Lord Melbourne. He was Ambassador to Venice, to Munich, and to Spain, and in 1821 was raised to the Peerage as Lord Beauvale. In 1848 he became Viscount Melbourne on his brother's death.

LAMMENAIS, Hughes Félicité Robert, Abbé de (1782-1854). Catholic writer, philosopher, reformer, journalist, and revolutionary. He broke with the Church, by which his works had been condemned.

LANGWARD. A German improvisatore, of no particular celebrity.

LANSDOWNE, Henry, Marquess of (1780-1863). An English statesman. He was a moderate Whig, and has left behind him a well-merited reputation for political uprightness and honesty. He entered Parliament in 1802, showed much zeal for the abolition of slavery, and ardently defended the Irish Catholics. In 1830 he became a member of Lord Grey's Reform Cabinet as Lord President of the Council.

LANSDOWNE, Lady, died 1865. She was a daughter of Sir Henry Vane Tempest, and married the Marquess of Lansdowne in 1819.

LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette (1782-1860). She was a native of Geneva, and was the governess of Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, afterwards Marquise de Castellane.

LA REDORTE, Joseph Charles Maurice, Comte de (1804-1886). A pupil of the École Polytechnique, he became Lieutenant in 1826, and was made aide-de-camp to the Duc d'Orléans in 1833. Elected Deputy for Carcassone in 1835, he left the army, was ambassador at Madrid for a few months in 1840, and entered the House of Peers in the following year.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Vicomtesse Sosthène de (1790-1834). She was the only daughter of Matthieu, Duc de Montmorency.

LA RONCIÈRE LE NOURY, Émile Clément de (1804-1874). Son of General de La Roncière. He entered the cavalry at the age of seventeen, and was sent as Lieutenant to the École de Saumur in 1833. He was condemned to ten years' imprisonment for the offence mentioned in the text, after which he retired into obscurity. He emerged under the Second Empire, and became successively Inspector of Colonisation in Algeria and Chef de Service at Chandernagore and the Islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

LATOUR-MAUBOURG, Marquis de (1781-1847). A French diplomatist. Under the First Empire he was Chargé d'Affaires at Constantinople and Minister Plenipotentiary at Würtemberg. Under the Restoration he became successively Minister to Hanover and Saxony, Ambassador at Constantinople in 1823, at Naples in 1830, at Rome in 1831. In that year he was made a Peer of France.

LAURENCE, Justin (1791-1863). Son of a jeweller of Mont de Marsan, he was the leading spirit of the Liberal opposition in his Department. He became in turn Conseiller de Préfecture des Landes, and Avocat Général a la Cour Royale de Pau, and was elected Deputy in 1831. He was made Directeur Général des Contributions in 1844, and his political career terminated with the Revolution of 1848.

LAUZUN, Duc de (1652-1733). He played a brilliant but adventurous part at the Court of Louis XIV. He married La Grande Mademoiselle, cousin german to the King.

LAVAL, Adrien, Prince de (1768-1837). A Peer of France and Duc de Fernando in Spain. He was French Ambassador at Rome, and married his cousin, Mlle. de Montmorency-Luxembourg.

LAVRADIO, Don Francisco de Almeida, Comte de (1796-1870). A Portuguese, a Peer of the Realm and a Councillor of State. He was Minister in 1825 and 1846. In 1851 he was Minister at London and had just been transferred to Rome when he died.

LAZAREFF, Count Lazare de (1792-1871). A Russian Colonel, who married the Princesse Antoinette de Biron-Courlande.

LEGONIDEC, Joseph Julien (1763-1814). A French Magistrate. Avocat au Parlement de Paris, he went to America at the Revolution and did not return till 1797. In 1815 the Restoration Government made him Conseiller à la Cour de Cassation, in which he sat till his death as doyen of the Chambre Civile.

LE HON, Comte Charles (1792-1868). Born at Tournay, in Belgium, he was a prominent member of the Opposition in that country before 1830. He was thereafter for many years Belgian Minister at Paris, where he remained until 1852.

LEHZEN, Mlle. Louise, died 1870. Daughter of a Hanoverian Protestant pastor. She came to England in 1818 to be governess to the Princess Feodora of Leiningen, daughter of the Duchess of Kent by her first marriage. She discharged the same duties to the Princess Victoria, afterwards Queen of England. In 1827 George IV. made her a Baroness. She remained at the Court of England till 1849, when she returned to Germany.

LEICESTER, Richard Dudley, Earl of (1531-1588). A great favourite of Queen Elizabeth.

LENORMAND, Marie Anne (1772-1843). A celebrated fortune-teller. She was brought up by the Benedictines of Alençon, where she began her career as a soothsayer, and came to Paris in 1800, where she predicted the future by means of cards, being consulted by the Empress Josephine and other distinguished personages.

LÉON, Princesse de (died 1815). Her maiden name was Mlle. de Seran. She died as the result of an accident, her dress having caught fire. Her husband three years later took Orders, and was made successively Bishop of Auch and Besançon, receiving a cardinal's hat in 1830. After his father's death the Prince de Léon took the title of Duc de Rohan.

LÉON, Bishop of, Don Joachim, Albarca y Blanquès (1781-1844). One of the councillors of the Pretender Don Carlos, whom he accompanied to London in 1834, and who afterwards made him his Minister of Justice. He had been made Bishop of Léon in 1825.

LEOPOLD I., King of the Belgians (1790-1865). George Christian Frederick, Prince of Coburg-Gotha, was elected King of the Belgians in 1831. He married first, in 1816, Princess Charlotte of England, and secondly, Princess Louise d'Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Philippe.

LESLIE, Charles Robert (1791-1839). An English painter of great excellence, famous for his portraits of the authors from whose works he derived most of the subjects of his pictures, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Molière, Sterne, Walter Scott.

LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Auguste Charles of (1807-1835). Married in 1835 Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal, and died the same year.

LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Max of (1817-1852). Son of Eugène de Beauharnais. Married in 1839 the Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of the Czar Nicolas I. of Russia.

LEZAY-MARNESIA, Albert, Comte de. He occupied several prefectures, among others that of Loir-et-Cher, where he was stationed in 1834.

LICHTENSTEIN, Aloys Joseph, Prince de (1796-1858). An Austrian diplomatist attaché at London, The Hague, and Dresden. He married a Countess Kinsky.

LIEVEN, Christophe, Prince de (1770-1839). A Russian General. He was Ambassador at Paris and London, and in 1834 was made Governor of the Heir to the throne of Russia, afterwards Alexander II.

LIEVEN, Princesse de (1787-1857). Dorothea de Benckendorff, wife of the above. Celebrated for her wit and judgment, she made her house in London the rendezvous of the most distinguished men of the time, and passed the last years of her life at Paris, where she was much sought after by important political personages.

LITTELTON, Edward John Walhouse (1791-1863). For many years a Member of the British Parliament. In 1834 he was made Chief Secretary for Ireland. He married, first, in 1812, a daughter of the Marquess Wellesley; and, secondly, in 1858, the widow of Edward Davenport.

LONDONDERRY, Charles William, Lord (1778-1854). An English soldier and diplomatist. He was Ambassador at Vienna, a general, and a lord-lieutenant. He married, first, a daughter of Lord Darnley; and, secondly, in 1819, a daughter of Sir H. Vane Tempest, who died in 1865.

LOUIS, Baron (1755-1837). A French Minister of Finance. He had been a subordinate of the Prince de Talleyrand, and was a close friend of his. From 1815 he sat as Deputy in almost all the legislative assemblies, where he distinguished himself by the moderation and sagacity of his views.

LOUIS XI., King of France (1423-1483). Son of Charles VII. No prince of his time better understood the subtleties of politics and the art of managing men.

LOUIS XII., King of France (1462-1515). At first bore the title of Duc d'Orléans. He succeeded to the throne of France on the death of Charles VIII.

LOUIS XIII., King of France (1601-1643). Son of Henry IV. and Marie de' Medici, under whose Regency he at first reigned. He married Anne of Austria.

LOUIS XIV., King of France (1638-1715). Son of Louis XIII.; he succeeded his father before he was five years old, under the Regency of his mother, Anne of Austria. He married the Infanta Maria Theresa, and (later) secretly Madame de Maintenon.

LOUIS XV., King of France (1710-1774). Son of the Duc de Bourgogne and of Princess Adélaïde of Savoy. He succeeded his grandfather, Louis XIV., on the throne.

LOUIS XVI., King of France (1754-1793). He perished on the scaffold as one of the first victims of the Revolution.

LOUIS XVIII., King of France (1755-1824). At first styled Comte de Provence; he married in 1771 Louise Marie Josephine of Savoy. His reign began in 1814.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE I., King of the French (1773-1849). Son of Philippe-Égalité, Duc d'Orléans, he was proclaimed King after the Revolution of 1830 and the abdication of Charles X. He was obliged in his turn to abdicate by the Revolution of 1848.

LOUISE, Queen of Prussia (1776-1810). Daughter of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and wife of King Frederick William III. of Prussia. She was mother of King Frederick William IV. and of William I., who in 1870 was proclaimed German Emperor.

LOULÉ, Marquise de (1806-1857). Anne, Infanta of Portugal, married in 1827 to Mendoça, Marquis de Loulé, a Minister of State. The Marquis was made a Duke, but his children never enjoyed any Royal privilege.

LOUVOIS, Marquis de (1639-1691). A French statesman, Minister of War under Louis XIV. He was the son of the Chancellor le Tellier.

LOUVOIS, Marquis de (1783-1844). Chamberlain of Napoleon I. Established foundries at Ancy-le-Franc, also a glass manufactory, a mill, and a saw-mill, which made the district very prosperous. Under the Restoration he became a Peer of France.

LUDOLF, William Constantine, Count (1759-1839). Minister of the King of Naples at London for many years. His family was of Austrian origin.

LYNDHURST, Lady. Sarah Grey, widow of Lieut.-Colonel Charles Thomas, who fell at Waterloo, married in 1819 Lord Lyndhurst, as his second wife. She was of Jewish extraction.

MAINTENON, Marquise de (1635-1719). Françoise d'Aubigné, married in 1652 the poet Scarron. Having lost her husband she was entrusted with the education of the children of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan. After the Queen's death Louis XIV. secretly married Madame de Maintenon.

MAISON, Marshal (1771-1840). Distinguished himself in the wars of the Revolution and the Empire, and was made a Peer of France at the Restoration. In 1828 he commanded the expedition to the Morea, in which he achieved complete success. He was made a Marshal, and under Louis-Philippe became successively Minister for Foreign Affairs and of War, and Ambassador at Vienna and St. Petersburg.

MALIBRAN, Madame Marie Félicité (1808-1836). A famous singer daughter of Manuel Garcia. She married first the banker Malibran, and secondly de Bériot the violinist.

MAREUIL, Joseph Durand, Comte de (1769-1855). A French diplomatist. At the Second Restoration he was made Conseiller d'État and employed on several missions. Made a Peer of France in 1833, and given the grand cordon of the Legion of Honour in 1834, he was sent to Naples as Ambassador and recalled eighteen months later. Thereafter he lived in retirement.

MARIA, the Infanta (1793-1874). Daughter of John VI. of Portugal. She married first the Infante Dom Pedro, and secondly Don Carlos, Infante of Spain.

MARIA II., or MARIA DA GLORIA, Queen of Portugal (1819-1853). Daughter of Dom Pedro I. who, recognising the impossibility of retaining both the throne of Portugal and that of Brazil, abdicated the former in favour of Doña Maria, his second child, after having granted the Kingdom a liberal constitution. Doña Maria married first the Duke of Leuchtenberg, and secondly Prince Ferdinand of Coburg.

MARIA AMELIA, Queen (1782-1866). Daughter of Ferdinand I., King of the Two Sicilies, married in 1809 the Duc d'Orléans, who became Louis-Philippe I., King of the French.

MARIA THERESA, the Empress (1717-1780). Daughter of the Emperor Charles VI., whom she succeeded on the Austrian throne. She had to struggle with Frederick II., King of Prussia, who deprived her of Silesia. She married François de Lorraine.

MARIE, Casimire d'Arquien (1630-1699). Queen of Poland. She accompanied to Poland Queen Maria Gonzaga. She married first Zamoyski, and secondly King John Sobieski. Having become a widow she retired first to Rome, and then to Blois, where she died.

MARIE DE' MEDICI, Queen of France (1573-1642). Daughter of the Grand Duke Francis I. of Tuscany, she married Henri IV., King of France, became the mother of Louis XIII., and held the Regency during her son's minority.

MARIE D'ORLÉANS, Princess (1813-1839). Daughter of King Louis-Philippe. She married Prince Alexander of Würtemberg. She had a talent for sculpture, and is the author of a statue of Jeanne d'Arc placed in the Court of the Hotel de Ville at Orléans.

MARIE LOUISE, the Empress (1791-1847). Daughter of Francis II., Emperor of Austria. Married Napoleon I. in 1810.

MARY STUART, Queen of Scots (1542-1587). Married Francis II., King of France, who died in 1560. She returned to Scotland, where she had to struggle against the Reformation and the intrigues of Queen Elizabeth. She was imprisoned in England for eighteen years, and was finally executed.

MARTIN, M., a pupil of the École Normale. He became professor in a Parisian institution, from which he was taken by the Prince de Talleyrand to superintend the education of his two nephews, Louis and Alexandre de Périgord. He afterwards became Rector of the Académie d'Amiens.

MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand (1789-1862). A French statesman and man of letters. Elected Deputy in 1830, he sat among the Conservatives. He was Avocat Général à la Cour de Cassation in 1842, then Procureur Général à la Cour Royale de Paris. In 1834 he became Minister of Public Works, and in 1839 Minister of Justice and Public Worship.

MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Francis (1789-1862). A Spanish statesman and man of letters. A Deputy in the Cortes in 1812, he there advocated the most advanced ideas, for which he was condemned to ten years' imprisonment in Morocco. He was liberated by the Revolution of 1820, and became President of the Council. Under the Queen Regent he became head of a Constitutional Cabinet, which signed the Quadruple Alliance, but he retired in 1835. He was afterwards Ambassador at Paris and Rome, and President of the Cortes.

MASSA, Duchesse de. Born 1792. Daughter of the Duc de Tarente. She married Régnier, Duc de Massa, who died in 1861.

MATUCZEWIECZ, Count André Joseph (1790-1842). A diplomatist in the Russian service of Polish birth. Was Minister of Russia in England ad interim, Minister of Naples and Stockholm.

MAUGUIN, François (1785-1854). An ardent Liberal. He was elected Deputy in 1827, and played a prominent part until 1848. After the coup d'état of 1851, he retired to Saumur, where he lived with his daughter, the Comtesse de Rochefort.

MEDEM, Count Paul (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist. Chargé d'Affaires at Paris, and then at London. In 1839 he was Minister at Stuttgart.

MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Viscount (1779-1848). An English statesman. He was made Home Secretary by Lord Grey in 1830. He was a moderate Whig, and acquitted himself with much tact and devotion in the task which afterwards fell on him as Premier, of initiating the young Queen Victoria into her duties as Sovereign. Separated from his wife, Lady Catherine Ponsonby, famous for her liaison with Lord Byron, Lord Melbourne formed a connection with Mrs. Norton which, in 1836, ended in divorce proceedings and caused much scandal.

MENDELSLOH, Charles Augustus Francis, Count (1788-1852). A Würtemberg diplomatist, who was Minister successively at St. Petersburg, London and Vienna.

MENDIZABAL, Don Juan Alvarez y (1790-1853). A Spanish statesman, son of a poor shopkeeper, he made a great fortune in trade. He became Minister of Finance in 1835, but soon had to retire.

MENNECHET, Édouard (1794-1845). A French man of letters. Private secretary to the Duc de Duras, who introduced him to Louis XVIII. The latter made him head of his private office, a post which Mennechet held also under Charles X.

METTERNICH, Clement Wenceslas Lothair, Count, afterwards Prince (1773-1859). An Austrian statesman. He was Minister at The Hague, at Dresden, at Berlin, and Paris. In 1809 he became Austrian Minister for Foreign Affairs and remained in power until 1848, when the Revolution forced him to fly.

MIAOULIS, André (1771-1835). A Greek admiral. He was commander-in-chief of the insurgent fleet in 1821, beat the Turks at Patras, set fire to the ships of Ibrahim Pasha at Modon, but failed to prevent the fall of Missolonghi. In 1831 he put himself at the head of the Hydriotes, who had revolted against the President Capo d'Istria.

MIGNET, François Auguste Marie (1796-1884). A French historian, a member of the Académie française, and Keeper of the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

MINA, Don Francisco Espozy (1781-1836). A famous Spanish party leader. In 1809, at the time of the French invasion, he placed himself at the head of a guerilla band and obstructed the French operations for five years. In 1820, during the Spanish Revolution, he held his own against Marshal Moncey. In 1834 he defended the Constitutional throne against the pretensions of Don Carlos.

MIRABEAU, Victor Riquetti, Marquis de (1749-1791). The most eminent orator of the French Revolution. In 1789 he was a member of the States-General, and contributed by his eloquence to the success of the Constituent Assembly.

MIRAFLORÈS, Don Manuel, Marquis de (1792-1867). Descended from a mercantile family enriched by the wars of the eighteenth century, he was ennobled and made a grandee of Spain. He was Ambassador to London in 1834, and there signed the celebrated treaty of the Quadruple Alliance. In 1846 he became Grand Chamberlain to Queen Isabella, and in 1864 President of the Council of Ministers. An eminent littérateur, he was a member of the Historical Academy of Madrid.

MIRAFLORÈS, Marquise de (1795-1867). Doña Vicenta Monina y Pontejos, heiress and niece of the celebrated Count de Florida-Blanca. Married the Marquis de Miraflorès in 1814.

MODENA, Duke of (1779-1846). Francis IV. of Modena, son of the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. He married Princess Maria Beatrice, daughter of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia.

MOLÉ, Comte Matthieu (1781-1855). Descended from a parliamentary family. He replaced the Duc de Massa as Minister of Justice in 1813, and then received the title of Count of the Empire. He rallied to Louis-Philippe, and in 1830 became Minister for Foreign Affairs. In 1840 he was elected a member of the Académie française.

MOLÉ, Comtesse, died 1845. Mlle. Caroline de la Briche met Comte Molé as a young man in her mother's salon and married him in 1798. The Comtesse Molé published anonymously several works translated from the English.

MOLLIEN, François, Comte (1758-1850). A clever financier. He was made Minister of the Treasury in 1866. Louis XVIII. made him a Peer in 1819.

MOLLIEN, Comtesse (1785-1878). Mlle. Juliette Dutilleul, wife of François Mollien. She was a distinguished and attractive person, and was Lady-in-waiting to Queen Marie Amélie.

MONSON, Lord (1809-1841). Son of Lady Warwick by her first marriage. He left no children, and his cousin became his heir.

MONSON, Lady Theodosia, daughter of Latham Blacker. Married Lord Monson in 1832.

MONTESPAN, Marquise de (1641-1707). Françoise Athénais de Rochechouart, the favourite of Louis XIV.

MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de (1790-1862). He took the title of Duke, in 1846, on his father's death. He married Euphémie de Harchies, by whom he had no children. His sisters were the Princesse de Bauffrement-Courtenay and the Duchesse de Valençay.

MONTMORENCY, Duchesse de (1774-1846). Anne Louise Caroline de Matignon, mother of Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de Bauffrement, and the Duchesse de Valençay.

MONTPENSIER, Duchesse de (1627-1693). Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, known as La Grande Mademoiselle, was the only daughter of Gaston d'Orléans. She was several times on the verge of making the most brilliant marriages without ever succeeding. At forty-two she conceived a violent passion for a private gentleman, the Comte de Lauzun, whom she secretly married. She had taken a very active part in the Fronde.

MONTROND, Comte Casimir de (1757-1843). A friend of M. de Talleyrand, and a habitué of his house. Napoleon I., on his return from Elba, sent him to Vienna, where the Congress was sitting, to persuade M. de Talleyrand to join him, but M. de Talleyrand was inflexible in his loyalty to Louis XVIII.

MONTROND, Comtesse de (1769-1820). Aimée de Coigny, who inspired André Chénier's Jeune Captive. Married first the Duc de Fleury, and divorced him in order to marry the Comte de Montrond.

MORELL, Baronne de. Mlle. de Mornay, sister of the Marquis and the Comte de Mornay, married General Baron de Morell, who, in 1834, was in command of the cavalry school at Saumur.

MORELL, Mlle. Marie de. Born in 1818. Celebrated for her beauty. Was the daughter of General Baron de Morell. She married the Marquis d'Eyrargues, who filled various diplomatic positions in the reign of Louis-Philippe.

MORELLET, Abbé André (1727-1819). The friend of the most eminent personages of his time. The Abbé was especially celebrated for his subtle and mocking wit. He was a laborious contributor to the Encyclopédie and to the Dictionnaire de l'Académie, the archives of which he saved at the Revolution.

MORNAY, Comte Charles de (1803-1878). A Peer of France, Ambassador to Sweden, brother of Jules, Marquis de Mornay, Deputy for the Oise. He was devoted to the Monarchy of July, and was raised to the Peerage in 1845, and made Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1848 he retired into private life.

MORNINGTON, Lady (1742-1834). Anne, eldest daughter of Viscount Duncannon, married in 1759 the Earl of Mornington. One of her sons was the famous Duke of Wellington.

MORTEMART, Mlle. Alicia de (1800-1887). Daughter of the Duc de Mortemart and his second wife. Born a de Cossé-Brissac; she married in 1823 Paul, Duc de Noailles.

MORTIER, Marshal, Duc de Trévise (1768-1835). Distinguished himself in the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. A Deputy and Peer of France in 1834. He accepted the Ministry of War together with the Presidency of the Council, and was killed by the explosion of Fieschi's infernal machine by the side of Louis-Philippe.

MOSKOWA, Prince de la (1803-1857). Eldest son of Marshal Ney. He first entered the Swedish service, and did not return to France until after the Revolution of July. He was made a Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, and married the daughter of Jacques Lafitte.

MOTTEUX, M. A habitué of Holland House, and a great favourite of the Prince de Talleyrand. He was very intimate with Lady Cowper, afterwards Lady Palmerston, and left all his fortune to her second son.

MOUNT-EDGCUMBE, Richard, Lord (1764-1839). One of the intimates of King William I. He married in 1789 a daughter of the Earl of Buckinghamshire.

MULGRAVE, Lord (1797-1863). Constantine Henry Phipps, afterwards Lord Normanby. He was a member of the Whig Ministry of Lord Melbourne, was Governor of Jamaica, and afterwards Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1846 he was sent to Paris as Ambassador, and went to Tuscany in the same capacity.

MUNIER DE LA CONVERSERIE, General, Count (1766-1837).

MUNSTER-LEDENBURG, Count Ernest Frederick Herbert von (1766-1839). As envoy of the Elector of Hanover, King of England, he helped to form several coalitions against France. He was Hanoverian Minister in London. He married in 1814 Wilhelmina Charlotte (1785-1858), sister of the Duke of Schaumburg-Lippe.

MUSSET, Alfred de (1810-1857). A French poet, son of an official of the Ministry of War. He was a fellow-pupil of the Duc d'Orléans at the Collège Henri IV., and became his friend.

NANTES, Mlle. de (1673-1743). Fourth child of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, legitimated by Royal Letters Patent, and married in 1785 to the Duc de Bourbon.

NAPLES, Princess Marie of (1820-1861). Married in 1850 Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Montemolin.

NAPOLEON I., Emperor of the French (1769-1821). Second son of Charles Bonaparte and Laetitia Ramolino. Married first Josephine Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of General de Beauharnais, whom he divorced in 1810, and married Marie Louise, Archduchess of Austria, by whom he had a son.

NASSAU, William George Augustus, Duke of (1782-1839).

NECKER, Jacques (1732-1804). A banker of Geneva, who became Director of French Finances under Louis XVI. He was the father of Madame de Staël.

NECKER, Madame (1739-1794). Suzanne Curchot, daughter of a Swiss Calvinist Pastor, wife of Jacques Necker, who was celebrated for her beauty, her wit, and her goodness.

NEELD, Lady Caroline, died 1869. Daughter of the Earl of Shaftesbury. She married Joseph Neeld in 1831.

NEMOURS, Duc de (1814-1896). Louis Charles d'Orléans, son of King Louis-Philippe. He married a Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

NESSELRODE, Count (1780-1862). He belonged to a Westphalian family, a branch of which settled in Livonia. He entered the Russian diplomatic service, and was attaché at various Embassies, notably at that of Paris. He afterwards became Chancellor of the Russian Empire. He married the daughter of Count Gourieff, Russian Finance Minister. The Countess died in 1849.

NETHERLANDS, Prince Frederick of the (1797-1881). Admiral of the Fleet. In 1825 he married Princess Louise of Prussia (1808-1870), daughter of King Frederick William III.

NEY, Michel (1769-1815). Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa, Marshal of France. He covered himself with glory in the wars of the Revolution and the Empire. Napoleon called him le brave des braves. Made a Peer of France by Louis XVIII. he declared for Napoleon in the Hundred Days. At the Second Restoration he was condemned by the House of Peers and shot.

NICOLAS I., Czar of Russia (1776-1855). Third son of Paul I. He ascended the throne in 1825, succeeding his brother Alexander I. on the renunciation of his brother, the Grand Duke Constantine.

NOAILLES, Paul, Duc de (1802-1885). Attached himself to the Government of Louis-Philippe and frequently took part in important debates in the House of Peers. At the Revolution of 1848 he retired into private life, and thenceforth occupied himself with literature. He was elected to the Academy in 1849.

NOAILLES, Duchesse de. See MORTEMART.

NOAILLES, Vicomtesse de (1792-1851). Charlotte Marie Antoinette, daughter of the Duc de Poix, married her cousin Alfred, Vicomte de Noailles, who was killed in 1812 at the crossing of the Beresina.

NOAILLES, Mlle. Sabineide (1819-1870). Married, 1846, Lionel Widdrington Standish.

NORFOLK, Duke of (1791-1856). Married, 1814, Charlotte Sophia, daughter of the Duke of Sutherland. William IV. conferred the Order of the Garter on him in 1834.

NORTHUMBERLAND, Duchess of. Died 1848. She was Lady Louisa Stuart Wortley.

O'CONNELL, Daniel (1775-1847). Early in life he became connected with associations for the emancipation of Irish Catholics. In 1823 he founded a Catholic Association embracing all Ireland. As member of the House of Commons he had much influence; brought about the triumph of the Whigs and supported Parliamentary Reform.

OLIVIER, Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born 1798. He was Curé de Saint-Roch in Paris, and in 1841 became Bishop of Évreux.

OMPTEDA, Charles Georges, Baron (1767-1857). A Hanoverian diplomatist, Minister of State, and Chief of the Hanoverian Cabinet in 1823. From 1831 he was accredited to the Court of St. James. He resigned on the death of William IV.

OMPTEDA, Baroness (1767-1843). Frederica Christina, Countess von Schlippenbach. She married first Count Solms-Sonnenwald, and secondly Baron Ompteda.

ORANGE, William, Prince of (1793-1849). Ascended the throne of Holland in 1840. He married, in 1816, Anna Paulowna, q.v.

ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1741-1793). Louis-Philippe Joseph, known as Philippe Égalité. He systematically opposed the Court throughout his life, and in 1787 became the leader of all the malcontents. He was elected to the States-General, and became a member of the Jacobin Club, but this did not prevent his being guillotined.

ORLÉANS, Duc d' (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King Louis-Philippe and Queen Marie Amélie. He served under Marshal Gérard in Belgium, commanded in the Algerian campaigns, and died as the result of a carriage accident near Paris.

ORSAY, Count Alfred d' (1801-1852). Surnamed the King of Fashion. Good looks were hereditary in the d'Orsay family and the Count was a dandy by vocation. He went early in life to London, then regarded as the centre of masculine elegance. He ruined himself by his extravagant though artistic tastes, and died miserably of a spinal complaint.

OSSULSTON, Lord, born 1810. He married a daughter of the Duke of Manchester and in 1859 became Lord Tankerville.

PAHLEN, Peter, Count, born in 1775, a Russian General. He played a distinguished part in the campaigns of 1812, 1813, and 1814, was Russian Ambassador at Paris from 1835 till 1841, and was afterwards made a member of the Council of the Empire and Inspector-General of the Cavalry.

PALAFOX, Don José de (1780-1847). The intrepid defender of Saragossa. In 1808 he accompanied the Royal Family to France as an officer, and escaped when he saw Ferdinand VII. detained as a prisoner. He raised all Aragon, and, after vigorously defending Saragossa, forced the French to retreat. They returned, however, to the charge with all their forces and compelled him to capitulate. Palafox powerfully contributed to the restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the throne. In 1820 he declared for the Constitution, and thereafter lived in retirement. On her accession as Regent, Queen Maria Christina made him Duke of Saragossa and a Grandee of Spain.

PALMELLA, P. de Souza Holstein, Duc de (1786-1850). A Portuguese statesman. He was Regent of Portugal in 1830, and made the cause of Doña Maria prevail over that of Dom Miguel. He was one of the plenipotentiaries at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

PALMERSTON, Lord (1784-1865). An English statesman. Elected to the Commons in 1807, he was a Lord of the Admiralty in 1808, Secretary for War 1809-1828, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 1830-1841, and 1846-1851, Home Secretary 1852-1855, First Lord of the Treasury 1855-1858, and from 1859 till his death.

PALMERSTON, Lady (1787-1869). Sister of Lord Melbourne, married first Lord Cowper and secondly Lord Palmerston.

PALMYRE, Mlle. The first dressmaker in Paris in the time of Louis-Philippe.

PARRY, Sir William Edward (1790-1855). An English navigator famous for his expeditions to the North Pole. He was hydrographer to the Admiralty, and accompanied Ross on his first voyage of discovery.

PASQUIER, Étienne, Duc (1767-1862). Napoleon made him Maître des Requêtes, then Conseiller d'État. He rallied to the Bourbons in 1814, was made Garde des Sceaux in 1815, and afterwards a member of the Upper House, the Presidency of which he received under Louis-Philippe. He was raised to the dignity of Chancellor in 1837.

PASSY, Hypolite Philibert (1793-1880). A French politician and member of the Institute, elected Deputy in 1830. He was a member of the ephemeral Cabinet of the Duc de Bassano in 1834. In 1838 he succeeded M. de Talleyrand as member of the Academy of Moral and Political Science.

PASTA, Judith (1798-1865). An Italian singer of Jewish origin. She came to Paris in 1821 and made a great name for herself. She retired in 1849 to her beautiful house by the lake of Como.

PEDRO I., Dom (1798-1834). Emperor of Brazil and King of Portugal, father of Queen Doña Maria of Portugal.

PEEL, Sir Robert (1788-1850). An English statesman. Elected to the House of Commons in 1809, he was Home Secretary in 1822. He was Conservative in politics, but held Liberal views on questions of criminal legislation and administration. He was a member of several Ministries and in 1838 re-established the financial equilibrium of the country, disturbed by the Whig deficit of £30,000,000, by the introduction of the Income Tax, while he opened new sources of revenue by the abolition of the Corn Laws.

PEEL, Lady, died 1849. Julia, daughter of General Sir John Lloyd, Bart., married Sir Robert Peel in 1820.

PÉPIN (1780-1836). A grocer of the Place de la Bastille, Paris. Pépin was elected Captain of the Garde Nationale after the events of July 1830. He was implicated in Fieschi's crime in 1835 and was arrested, condemned to death and executed.

PÉRIER, Casimir (1777-1832). He entered politics in 1817. After 1830 he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and shortly afterwards was made Minister without a portfolio. In 1831 he was President of the Council, and governed in a firm and resolute manner. He succumbed to an attack of cholera contracted as the consequence of a visit to the Hôtel Dieu with the Duc d'Orléans.

PÉRIGORD, Duc de (1788-1879). Augustin Marie Élie Charles de Talleyrand-Périgord. A Grandee of Spain of the first class.

PÉRIGORD, Duchesse de (1789-1866). Marie Nicolette, daughter of the Comte de Choiseul-Praslin, married, in 1807, the Duc de Périgord.

PÉRIGORD, Alexandre, Comte de, afterwards Duc de Dino (1813-1894). Second son of the Duc de Talleyrand and the Princess Dorothea of Courland. Alexandre de Périgord was at first in the Navy, but soon abandoned that career. In 1849 he took part in the campaign of Piedmont against Austria as a member of the Staff of King Charles Albert, and during the Crimean War he was attached to the Sardinian Army Corps as French Commissary. He married Mlle. Valentine de Sainte-Aldegonde.

PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duc de Talleyrand and of the author of these Memoirs. She married, in 1839 Henri, Marquis de Castellane, who died in 1847. From that time she lived a retired life, distinguished by the practice of the highest virtues. She lived for the most of the year at her estate of Rochecotte, in the Valley of the Loire.

PERSIL, Jean Charles (1785-1870). A French magistrate and statesman. Elected Deputy in 1830, he immediately attacked the Polignac Ministry, protesting against the decrees. He was Minister of Justice in 1834, but, having had a difference of opinion with M. Molé, he resigned. In 1839 he entered the Upper House, and took the Direction of the Hôtel des Monnaies. Napoleon III. made him a member of the Conseil d'État.

PETER, Mrs. An English lady very well known in London society about 1835, and the friend of several statesmen.

PETIT, General (1772-1856). Distinguished himself in the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. It was he who, at Fontainebleau, received the last accolade of the Emperor and the touching adieux which he addressed to the whole army. He was made a Peer of France in 1838.

PIRON, M. (1802-1865). Son of a landed proprietor in the Nivernais. He was well educated, and occupied an important position in the French Post Office. His duties brought him into contact with the English postal officials, and he knew England well. In 1834 M. Dupin, who came from the same part of France, took him with him on his journey to London in order that M. Piron might act as his guide to English society, with which he had for some time been in touch. He had, for instance, known the Duke of Richmond (who had been Postmaster-General) and Lord Brougham. The premature death of his son, to whom he was deeply attached, inflicted such a blow on M. Piron that he too died of a seizure some weeks later.

PITT, William (1759-1806). Followed in the footsteps of his father, the celebrated English statesman. After the French Revolution he displayed a great hatred of France and made three coalitions against her. He was a great administrator.

PLANTAGENET. A dynasty which occupied the throne of England from Henry II. till the accession of Henry VII. In the fourteenth century the family separated into two rival branches, from whose quarrels arose the Wars of the Roses.

PLYMOUTH, Lady (1792-1864). She was a daughter of the Duke of Dorset, and married first, in 1811, Lord Plymouth. Having become a widow she married, secondly, William Pitt, Lord Amherst. She died childless.

POIX, Duchesse-Princesse de (1785-1862). Mélanie de Périgord, daughter of the Duc de Talleyrand and Mlle. de Senozan, married, in 1809, Juste, Comte de Noailles, Prince de Poix. The Duchesse de Poix had been Lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Berry.

POLIGNAC, Jules Armand, Prince de (1780-1847). President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs at the end of the reign of Charles X. On July 29, 1830, he signed the famous decrees which caused the Revolution and the fall of the elder branch of the Bourbons.

POLIGNAC, Princesse de. Née Miss Barbara Campbell, a Scottish lady. She was very beautiful and very rich, but of obscure family. She had to abjure the Protestant religion and become a Catholic in order to marry the Prince de Polignac. She died in 1819.

PONIATOWSKI, Prince Joseph (1762-1803). A Polish general. He served in the Polish Legion under Napoleon I., was made a Marshal of France at Leipzig, and perished in the waters of the Elster. His chivalrous courage won him the surname of the Bayard of Poland.

PONSONBY, Lord (1770-1855). Brother-in-law of Lord Grey. Ambassador at Constantinople, 1822-1827.

PORCHESTER, Lord (1800-1849). Henry John Charles, Earl of Carnarvon. Married, in 1830, the daughter of Lord Molyneux.

POTOCKI, Stanislas, Count (1757-1821). Fought against Russia in 1793, in which year he left Poland. On the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw by Napoleon I., he was made Senator Palatine and Chief of the Council of State. He was retained in office by the Czar Alexander I. On the formation of the new kingdom of Poland Count Potocki was appointed Minister of Public Worship and Instruction, and afterwards President of the Council of State.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican, who took service under different Powers, and finally under Russia. He was one of the Czar's representatives at the Congress of Vienna, and was afterwards Ambassador.

PRUDHON, Pierre (1760-1822). A French painter. He spent several years at Rome, where he became intimate with Canova. He was selected by Napoleon I. to give drawing lessons to the Empress Marie Louise.

PRUSSIA, Prince Louis of (1773-1796). Brother of King Frederick-William III. He married Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise of Prussia.

QUÉLEN, Comte de (1778-1839). A member of a Breton family, he took Orders early in life. Cardinal Fesch favoured him, and made him his secretary. Under the Restoration he became Coadjutor of Cardinal de Talleyrand-Périgord, and in 1821 he succeeded him as Archbishop of Paris. In 1831 his palace was sacked during a riot. Mgr. de Quélen showed the utmost devotion during the cholera epidemic of 1832. His pastoral letters and several elegantly written funeral sermons secured his election to the Académie française.

RADNOR, William, Lord (1779-1869). A Member of the British Parliament and a friend of Lord Brougham. He married three times; first in 1814, the daughter of the Duke of Montrose; secondly, in 1837, Emily Bagot; and finally, Fanny Royd-Rice.

RAMBUTEAU, Claude Philibert Bertelot, Comte de (1781-1869). Chamberlain to Napoleon I. in 1809. Peer of France in 1835, a Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1843. In 1833 Louis-Philippe made him Prefect of the Seine, and he held this post for fifteen years. He married in 1809 the daughter of Louis, Comte de Narbonne.

RAPHAEL SANZIO (1483-1520). The celebrated painter of the Roman School.

RAULLIN, M. Son of an official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who was much esteemed by the Prince de Talleyrand. He became a Conseiller d'État.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilien, Comte de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist. Secretary of Embassy at Lisbon, then at St. Petersburg; he was made Consul-General at London at the Restoration. He then became successively Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Ambassador at Berlin, in Switzerland, at Vienna and at Madrid. In every case he rendered eminent services, and was made a Count and raised to the Peerage.

RÉAL, Comte (1765-1834). Procureur au Châtelet before the Revolution, Conseiller d'État after the 18th brumaire, Prefect of Police during the Hundred Days. He was proscribed by the Second Restoration, and did not return to France till 1818. In 1830 he had a post in the office of the Prefect of Police, and thereafter lived in retirement.

RÉCAMIER, (1777-1849). Julie Bernard, married when she was sixteen M. Récamier, a rich Parisian banker. She was both witty and good, and under the Consulate and the Empire she collected in her salon a crowd of distinguished persons. Exiled from Paris she returned after the fall of Napoleon. Madame Récamier retired in 1819 to the Abbaye-aux-Bois, where she continued to receive all the celebrities of the period.

REGENT, The, Philippe d'Orléans (1674-1723). Governed France during the minority of Louis XV.

RÉMUSAT, Charles, Comte de (1797-1875). A French author and politician. A member of the Institut and a Minister of State.

RETZ, Cardinal de (1614-1679). Jean François Paul de Gondi played a prominent part in the Fronde troubles. He was forced into exile until the death of Mazarin. He left Memoirs which are one of the masterpieces of French literature.

RICHMOND, Duke of (1799-1860). Charles Lennox, a British officer, Lord Lieutenant of Sussex. Became Postmaster-General in the Reform Government of 1830. He married a sister of the Marquess of Anglesea.

RIGNY, Henri Gauthier, Comte de (1783-1835). Entered the Navy 1798 and took part in the campaigns of the First Empire. He was made a Rear-Admiral at the Restoration, and distinguished himself at Navarino, on which occasion he received the title of Count and was made Maritime Prefect of Toulon. He became Minister of Marine in 1831, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, and afterwards Ambassador to Naples.

RIPON, Lord (1781-1859). Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1833. He was originally a Tory but joined the Whigs.

ROBESPIERRE, Maximilien (1758-1794). A lawyer and member of the Convention. He governed by terror through the Committee of Public Safety, but a reaction set in and he perished on the scaffold.

ROBSHART, Amy (1532-1560). Married Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester in 1550, but soon separated from him. She was found dead, and it was never discovered whether she had committed suicide or if Leicester had killed her in the hope of marrying Queen Elizabeth. She is the heroine of Sir Walter Scott's novel Kenilworth.

RODIL, Marquis de (1789-1853). Don José Ronion Rodil joined the battalion called the "literary cadets" in 1808, at the time of the French invasion of Spain. In 1816 he sailed for the revolted South American colonies, and distinguished himself at the defence of Callao. He returned to Spain in 1825, and in 1833 assisted Dom Pedro in Portugal against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. In 1836 he was Minister of War for a few months. From 1840 till 1843 he was President of the Council in the last Ministry of the Espartero Regency.

ROGERS, Samuel (1763-1855). An English poet. He was a man of a good and generous nature, but his sarcasm spared no one.

ROLAND, Madame (1754-1793). Manon Philipon, a woman of a distinguished intellect, who married a member of the Convention. She died on the scaffold.

ROMERO-ALPUENDE. A Spanish Deputy. He was an extreme Radical of an extravagant temperament, but of little importance.

ROSS, Sir John (1777-1856). Son of the Rev. Andrew Ross, and a Captain in the British Navy. He made himself famous by his two expeditions to the Polar Sea along with Sir Edward Parry in 1818 and 1819. Sir John Ross made the second expedition at his own expense and found the Northern magnetic pole. He lost his ship, and it was not until the fourth winter after his departure that he was rescued by a Hull vessel and brought back to England.

ROTHSCHILD, Nathan (1777-1826). Third son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, founder of the famous banking house. He was head of the London Branch.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de (1771-1855). Wife of Salomon Rothschild, who founded a branch of the business at Vienna, and divided the German business with his brother Mayer. Towards 1835 he left the management of the Viennese business to his son and came to Paris with his wife to join his brother James.

ROUSSIN, Admiral (1781-1854). Post-Captain in 1814; corrected the charts of the coasts of Africa and Brazil; Rear-Admiral in 1822, he was a member of the Admiralty Council in 1824. In 1831 he commanded the French Squadron sent to demand satisfaction from Portugal for the insults offered to French residents. He forced the entrance to the Tagus, reputed impregnable, and obtained all that he demanded. At the close of this brilliantly successful expedition Louis-Philippe, in 1832, raised him to the Peerage with the title of Baron.

ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul (1763-1845). A French philosopher and statesman. He was a lawyer, and in 1797 a member of the Conseil des Cinq Cents. Under the First Empire he gave up politics and occupied himself entirely with the study of philosophy. He was made a member of the Académie française in 1827. M. Royer-Collard lived at Châteauvieux, near Valençay, and was a great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand and the Duchesse de Dino.

RUBINI, Jean Baptiste (1795-1854). A celebrated Italian singer. Bellini's operas owed much of their success to him.

RUSSELL, Lord William (1799-1846). An English diplomatist. He was for some years Ambassador at Berlin. He married Elizabeth Rawdon, niece of the Marquess of Hastings.

RUSSELL, Lord John (1792-1878). An English statesman; third son of the Duke of Bedford. He was one of the authors of the celebrated Reform Bill. In 1831 he was Home Secretary, Secretary for the Colonies, and Head of the Whig Cabinet. In 1859 he was Foreign Secretary, and again Premier on the death of Lord Palmerston.