[213] D. B. ii. 1: ‘In hoc manerio erat tunc temporis quidam liber homo ... qui modo effectus est unus de villanis.’
[214] D. B. i. 148 b: ‘In Merse tenet Ailric de Willelmo 4 hidas pro uno manerio.... Istemet tenuit T. R. E. sed modo tenet ad firmam de Willelmo graviter et miserabiliter.’
[215] D. B. i. 141: ‘Hanc terram sumpsit Petrus vicecomes de isto sochemanno Regis Willelmi in manu eiusdem Regis pro forisfactura de gildo Regis se non reddidisse ut homines sui dicunt. Sed homines de scira non portant vicecomiti testimonium, quia semper fuit quieta de gildo et de aliis erga Regem quamdiu tenuit, testante hundret.’
[216] D. B. i. 30: ‘Ricardus de Tonebrige tenet de hoc manerio unam virgatam cum silva unde abstulit rusticum qui ibi manebat.’
[217] D. B. ii. 282 b: ‘et istam consuetudinem constituit illis Aluricus prepositus in tempore R. Bigot.’
[218] D. B. ii. 284 b.
[219] D. B. ii. 84 b.
[220] D. B. ii. 353 b: ‘omnes fuerunt confusi.’
[221] D. B. ii. 440 b: ‘sed homines inde fuerunt confusi.’
[222] D. B. i. 65, Aldeborne.
[223] D. B. ii. 18, Berdringas.
[224] D. B. ii. 88 b, Tachesteda.
[225] Ellis, Introduction, ii. 428. We give Ellis’s figures, but think that he has exaggerated the number of sokemen who were to be found in 1086.
[226] We make considerably more than 900 by counting only those who are expressly described as sokemen and excluding the many persons who are simply described as homines capable of selling their land.
[227] Hamilton, Inquisitio, 65.
[228] Hamilton, Inquisitio, 77.
[229] Thus e.g. D. B. ii. 87 b: ‘Hidingham tenet Garengerus de Rogero pro 25 acris quas tenuerunt 15 liberi homines T. R. E.’
[230] D. B. i. 31.
[231] D. B. i. 31 b: ‘Et 10 hidas tenebant alodiarii villae.’
[232] D. B. i. 10 b.
[233] D. B. i. 13, Essella.
[234] D. B. i. 24.
[235] D. B. 83, 83 b.
[236] Vinogradoff, Villainage, 89 ff.; Hist. Engl. Law, i. 366 ff.
[237] D. B. i. 189 b.
[238] We shall see hereafter that some of these so-called ‘manors’ are but small plots and their holders small folk.
[240] D. B. i. 128 b, 129, 129 b.
[241] D. B. i. 34, 35 b.
[242] D. B. i. 13.
[243] D. B. ii. 287. There are free men, apparently 120 in number, of whom it is written: ‘Hii liberi homines qui tempore regis Eduardi pertinebant in soca de Bercolt, unusquisque gratis dabat preposito per annum 4 tantum denarios, et reddebat socam sicut lex ferebat, et quando Rogerius Bigot prius habuit vicecomitatum statuerunt ministri sui quod redderent 15 libras per annum, quod non faciebant T. R. E. Et quando Robertus Malet habuit vicecomitatum sui ministri creverunt illos ad 20 libras. Et quando Rogerius Bigot eos rehabuit dederunt similiter 20 libras. Et modo tenet eos Aluricus Wanz tali consuetudine qua erant T. R. E.’ This is a rare instance of a reestablishment of the status quo ante conquestum.
[244] Compare Round, Feudal England, 33.
[245] D. B. ii. 187 b: ‘Ex his non habuit Ailwinus suus antecessor etiam commendationem.’
[246] D. B. ii. 287: ‘De his hominibus ... non habuit Haroldus etiam commendationem.’
[247] D. B. ii. 153 b: ‘Unde suus antecessor habuit commendationem tantum.’ Ibid. 154: ‘Alstan liber homo Edrici commend[atione] tantum.’
[248] D. B. ii. 161 b.
[249] D. B. ii. 244.
[250] D. B. ii. 6: ‘De predicto sochemano habuit Rad. Piperellus consuetudinem in unoquoque anno per 3 solidos, set in T. R. E. non habuit eius antecessor nisi tantum modo commendationem.’
[251] D. B. ii. 171 b: ‘Calumpniatur R. Malet 18 liberos homines, 3 commendatione et alios de omni consuetudine.’
[252] D. B. ii. 250 b: ‘Huic manerio adiacent semper 4 homines de omni consuetudine et alii 4 ad socham tantum.’
[253] D. B. ii. 356 b.
[254] D. B. ii. 357.
[255] D. B. ii. 353 b.
[256] D. B. ii. 362: ‘set soca remaneret sancto et servitium quicunque terram emeret.’
[257] D. B. ii. 358.
[258] D. B. i. 58: ‘Pater Tori tenuit T. R. E. et potuit ire quo voluit sed pro sua defensione se commisit Hermanno episcopo et Tori Osmundo episcopo similiter.’
[259] D. B. i. 32 b: ‘set pro defensione se cum terra abbatiae summiserunt.’
[260] D. B. ii. 62 b: ‘et T. R. W. effectus est homo Goisfridi sponte sua.’
[261] D. B. i. 36 b: ‘T. R. W. femina quae hanc terram tenebat misit se cum ea in manu reginae.’ Ibid. 36: ‘Quidam liber homo hanc terram tenens et quo vellet abire valens commisit se in defensione Walterii pro defensione sua.’
[262] D. B. ii. 172: ‘Hos calumpniatur Drogo de Befrerere pro homagio tantum.’ This seems equivalent to the common ‘commendatione tantum.’ D. B. i. 225 b: ‘fuerunt homines Burred et iccirco G. episcopus clamat hominationem eorum.’
[263] Schmid, App. x.
[264] Æthelst. II. 2.
[265] Also it had declared that every man must have a pledge, and probably the easiest way of fulfilling this command was to place oneself under a lord who would put one into a tithing.
[266] Leg. Edw. Conf. 12, § 5; but this is contradicted by Leg. Henr. 87, § 4.
[267] Æthelr. I. 1, § 2; compare Æthelr. III. 3, § 4.
[268] Leg. Hen. 82, § 6; 85, § 2.
[269] D. B. ii. 18 b: ‘inde vocat dominum suum ad tutorem.’ Ibid. 103: ‘vocavit Ilbodonem ad tutorem et postea non adduxit tutorem.’ Ibid. 31 b: ‘revocat eam ad defensorem.’ D. B. i. 141 b: 142: ‘sed Harduinus reclamat Petrum vicecomitem ad protectorem.’ Ibid. 227 b: ‘et dicit regem suum advocatum esse.’
[270] D. B. ii. 71 b: ‘Phenge tenet idem Serlo de R[anulfo Piperello] quod tenuit liber homo ... qui T. R. W. effectus est homo antecessoris Ranulfi Piperelli, set terram suam sibi non dedit.’ This however is not quite to the point.
[271] D. B. i. 72: ‘Toti emit eam T. R. E. de aecclesia Malmesburiensi ad etatem trium hominum et infra hunc terminum poterat ire cum ea ad quem vellet dominum.’
[272] D. B. ii. 57 b: ‘Et haec terra quam modo tenet G. fuit in abbatia de Berchingis sicuti hundret testatur; set ille qui tenuit hanc terram fuit tantum modo homo [Leuild] antecessoris Goisfridi et non potuit istam terram mittere in aliquo loco nisi in abbatia.’
[273] Leg. Hen. 82, § 3.
[274] D. B. ii. 118 b: ‘In burgo [de Tetfort] autem erant 943 burgenses T. R. E. De his habuit Rex omnem consuetudinem. De istis hominibus erant 36 ita dominice Regis E. ut non possent esse homines alicuius sine licentia Regis. Alii omnes poterant esse homines cuiuslibet set semper tamen consuetudeo Regis remanebat preter herigete.’ Compare D. B. i. 336 b, Stamford: ‘In his custodiis sunt 72 mansi sochemanorum, qui habent terras suas in dominio, et qui petunt dominos ubi volunt, super quos Rex nichil aliud habet nisi emendationem forisfacturae eorum et heriete et theloneum.’ In this case commendation would not carry the heriot with it.
[275] D. B. ii. 201: ‘Liber homo de 80 acris terrae Almari episcopi et Alwoldi abbatis commend[atione] tantum, et hic homo erat ita in monasterio quod non potuit dare terram suam nec vendere.’ See another entry of the same kind on the same page.
[276] D. B. i. 50 b: ‘Hic Alwinus tenuit hanc terram T. R. E. sub Wigoto pro tuitione; modo tenet eam sub Milone.’
[277] For example, D. B. ii. 353 b: ‘Hii poterant dare et vendere terram suam T. R. E. set commend[atio] et soca et saca remanebat S. Edmundo.’
[278] D. B. ii. 182 b: ‘Ulchetel habuit dimidiam commendationem de illo T. R. E. et de uxore ipsius totam commendationem.’ Ibid. 249 b: ‘Medietas istius hominis fuit antecessoris Baingnardi commendatione tantum et alia medietas S. Edmundi cum dimidia terra.’ The contrast between dimidii homines and integri homines is common enough. See D. B. ii. 309: one man has a sixth and another five-sixths of a commendation.
[279] D. B. ii. 333 b.
[280] D. B. ii. 125 b.
[281] D. B. i. 58. Tori ‘committed himself for defence’ to Bp. Herman; Tori’s son has done the same to Osmund, the successor of Herman.
[282] D. B. i. 133: ‘sed pro aliis terris homo archiepiscopi Stigandi fuit.’
[283] On the whole this seems to be the meaning of ‘sub-commendation.’ We read a good deal of men who were sub-commended to the antecessor of Robert Malet. This seems to be explained by such an entry as the following (ii. 313 b): ‘Eadric holds two free men who were commended to Eadric, who himself was commended to (another) Eadric, the antecessor of Robert Malet.’
[284] D. B. i. 45 b: ‘Quidam frater Edrici tenuit tali conventione, quod quamdiu bene se haberet erga eum [Edricum] tamdiu terram de eo teneret, et si vendere vellet, non alicui nisi ei de quo tenebat vendere vel dare liceret.’
[285] Cases of life tenancies will be found in D. B. i. 47, Stantune; 67 b, Newetone; 80, Catesclive; 177 b, Witune; ii. 373, 444 b.
[286] D. B. i. 46 b, 66 b, 72, 175. We shall return to this when in the next essay we speak of loanland.
[287] D. B. i. 67 b: ‘Hanc terram reddidit sponte sua aecclesiae Hardingus qui in vita sua per convent[ionem] debebat tenere.’ See also the case in i. 177 b. Again, ii. 431: ‘terram quam cepit cum uxore sua ... misit in ecclesia concedente muliere tali conventione quod non potuit vendere nec dare de aecclesia.’ For a ‘recognitio’ see i. 175, Persore.
[288] D. B. i. 57 b.
[289] D. B. i. 149: ‘De his tenuit Aluuid puella 2 hidas ... et de dominica firma Regis Edwardi habuit ipsa dimidiam hidam quam Godricus vicecomes ei concessit quamdiu vicecomes esset, ut illa doceret filiam ejus aurifrisium operari.’
[290] D. B. i. 175: ‘Hanc emit quidam Godricus teinus regis Edwardi vita trium haeredum et dabat in anno monachis unam firmam pro recognitione.’
[291] D. B. i. 269 b.
[292] See above p. 56. Their tenure will be discussed hereafter in connexion with St. Oswald’s land-loans.
[293] D. B. ii. 187 b: ‘In Carletuna 27 liberi homines et dimidius sub Olfo commendatione tantum et soca falde ... 15 liberi homines sub Olfo soca falde et commendatione tantum.’
[294] D. B. ii. 203 b: ‘In eadem villa 12 homines 6 quorum erant in soca falde et alii 6 erant liberi.’ Ibid. 361 b: ‘70 liberi ... super hos homines habet et semper habuit sacam et socam et omnem consuetudinem et ad faldam pertinent omnes preter 4.’ Ibid. ii. 207: ‘17 liberi homines consueti ad faldam et commendati.’ The term ‘fold-worthy’ occurs in a writ of Edward the Confessor; he gives to St. Benet of Ramsey soke over such of the men of a certain district as are moot-worthy, fyrd-worthy, and fold-worthy: Earle, Land Charters, p. 343; Kemble, iv. p. 208.
[295] In later extents of East Anglian manors the fold-soke plays an important part. Cart. Rams. iii. 267: ‘R. tenuit unam carucatam terrae cum falda sua pro octo solidis. A. dabat pro terra sua quadraginta denarios et oves eius erant in falda Abbatis.... H. triginta acras pro quatuor solidis et oves eius sunt in manu domini....’
[296] See the document printed by Hamilton at the end of the Inquisitio Com. Cantabr. p. 192. ‘Isti solummodo arabunt et contererent messes eiusdem loci quotienscunque abbas preceperit....’ ‘Ita proprie sunt abbati ut quotienscunque ipse preceperit in anno arabunt suam terram, purgabunt et colligent segetes, portabunt victum monachorum ad monasterium, equos eorum in suis necessitatibus semper habebit.’ For more of this matter see Round, Feudal England, 30.
[297] D. B. i. 141: there are four sokemen who are men of Æthelmær and who can not sell their land without his consent; but they are under the king’s sake and soke and jointly provide the sheriff with one avera every year or four pence.
[298] D. B. i. 249: ‘Haec terra fuit consuetudinaria solummodo de theloneo regis sed aliam socam habebat.’
[299] D. B. ii. 273 b: ‘In eadem 8 consuetudinarii ad faldam sui antecessoris.’ Ibid. 215: ‘8 homines consuetudinarios ad hoc manerium.’
[300] D. B. i. 280: ‘Duae partes Regis et tercia comitis de censu et theloneo et forisfactura et de omni consuetudine.’ Ibid. 42: ‘Unam aecclesiam et 6 capellas cum omni consuetudine vivorum et mortuorum.’
[301] D. B. i. 10 b: ‘et sunt quieti pro servitio maris ab omni consuetudine preter tribus, latrocinio, pace infracta, et forestel.’
[302] D. B. i. 61 b: ‘solutam ab omni consuetudine propter forestam custodiendam excepta forisfactura Regis, sicut est latrocinium, et homicidium, et heinfara, et fracta pax.’
[303] D. B. i. 52: ‘Hi infrascripti habent in Hantone consuetud[ines] domorum suarum.’ Ibid. 249: ‘Haec terra fuit consuetudinaria solummodo de theloneo Regis sed socam aliam habebat.’
[304] Hist. Eng. Law, i. 558. The terms here used were adopted when the Introduction to the Selden Society’s Select Pleas in Manorial Courts (1888) was being written. M. Esmein in his Cours d’histoire du droit français, ed. 2 (1895), p. 259, has insisted on the same distinction but has used other and perhaps apter terms. According to him ‘la justice rendue par les seigneurs’ (my seignorial justice) is either ‘la justice seigneuriale’ (my franchisal justice) or ‘la justice féodale’ (my feudal justice).
[305] See Liebermann, Leges Edwardi, p. 88.
[306] Leg. Hen. 9, § 9.
[307] Leg. Henr. 20 § 2.
[308] Leg. Henr. 27.
[309] Hist. Eng. Law, i. 532.
[310] Leg. Henr. 57 § 8. Cf. 59 § 19.
[311] Leg. Henr. 55.
[312] Leg. Henr. 10 § 1.
[313] Leg. Henr. 11 § 1. This explains the ‘participatio’ of 9 § 9.
[314] Leg. Henr. 19.
[315] Leg. Henr. 20 § 2.
[316] Leg. Henr. 9 § 4; 20 § 2; 57 § 8; 78 § 2.
[317] Hist. Eng. Law, i. 574.
[318] Hist. Eng. Law, i. 571.
[319] See e.g. Geoffrey Clinton for Kenilworth, Monast. vi. 221: ‘Concedo ... ut habeant curiam suam ... ita libere ... sicut ego meam curiam ... ex concessu regis melius et firmius habeo.’ Robert of Ouilly for Osney, ibid. p. 251: ‘Volo ... quod habeant curiam ipsorum liberam de suis hominibus de omnimodis transgressionibus et defaltis, et quieti sint tam ipsi quam eorum tenentes de omnimodis curiae meae sectis.’
[320] See Liebermann, Leg. Edw. p. 91.
[321] Thus in D.B. ii. 409 we find two successive entries, the ‘in saca regis et comitis’ of the one, being to all seeming an equivalent for the ‘in soca regis et comitis’ of the other. D. B. ii. 416: ‘de omnibus habuit antecessor Rannulfi commendationem et sacam excepto uno qui est in soca S. Edmundi.’ Ibid. ii. 391 b: ‘liberi homines Wisgari cum saca ... liber homo ... sub Witgaro cum soca.’ In the Inquisitio Eliensis (e.g. Hamilton, p. 109) saca is sometimes used instead of soca in the common formula ‘sed soca remansit abbati.’ In D. B. ii. 264 b, a scribe having written ‘sed habet sacam’ has afterwards substituted an o for the a; we have noted no other instance of such care.
[322] Hist. Eng. Law, i. 566.
[323] D. B. i. 184, Ewias.
[324] Leg. Henr. 20 § 1. The author of Leg. Edw. Conf., c. 22, also attempts to connect soke with seeking, but his words are exceedingly obscure: ‘Soche est quod si aliquis quaerit aliquid in terra sua, etiam furtum, sua est iustitia, si inventum sit an non.’ On the whole we take this nonsense to mean that my right of soke is my right to do justice in case any one seeks (by way of legal proceedings) anything in my land, even though the accusation that he brings be one of theft, and even though the stolen goods have not been found on the thief. Already the word is a prey to the etymologist.
[325] D. B. ii. 256.
[326] Heming Cart. i. 75–6: ‘quod illae 15 hidae inste pertinent ad Osuualdeslaue hundredum episcopi et debent cum ipso episcopo censum regis solvere et omnia alia servitia ad regem pertinentia et inde idem requirere ad placitandum.’ Another account of the same transaction, ibid. 77, says ‘et [episcopus] deraciocinavit socam et sacam de Hamtona ad suum hundred Osuualdeslauue quod ibi debent placitare et geldum et expeditionem et cetera legis servitia de illis 15 hidis secum debent persolvere.’
[327] Schmid, Glossar. s. v. sócen. The word, it would seem, first makes its way into the vocabulary of the law as describing the act of seeking a sanctuary and the protection that a criminal gains by that act. A forged charter of Edgar for Thorney Abbey, Red Book of Thorney, Camb. Univ. Lib., f. 4, says that the word is a Danish word—‘Regi vero pro consensu et eiusdem mercimonii licentia ac pro reatus emendatione quam Dani socne nsitato nominant vocabulo, centum dedit splendidissimi auri mancusas.’
[328] Leg. Henr. 9 § 4.
[329] Ibid.
[330] Ibid. 22.
[331] Ibid. 20 § 3.
[332] Ibid. 24.
[333] Selden’s Eadmer, p. 197; Bigelow, Placita Anglo-Norman. p. 7.
[334] D. B. i. 238 b, Alvestone.
[335] Cnut, II. 12. We may construe these terms by breach of the king’s special peace, attacks on houses, ambush, neglect of the summons to the host. In Hereford, D. B. i. 179, the king is accounted to have three pleas, breach of his peace, hámfare, which is the same as hámsócn, and forsteal; and besides this he receives the penalty from a man who makes default in military service.
[336] D. B. i. 298 b.
[337] D. B. i. 87 b: ‘Istae consuetudines pertinent ad Tantone, burgheristh, latrones, pacis infractio, hainfare, denarii de hundret, et denarii S. Petri; ter in anno teneri placita episcopi sine ammonitione; profectio in exercitum cum hominibus episcopi.’ See also the English document, Kemble, Cod. Dipl. iv. p. 233. The odd word burgheristh looks like a corrupt form of burhgrið (the peace of the burh), or of burhgerihta (burh-rights, borough-dues), which word occurs in the English document.
[338] D. B. i. 172, 175.
[339] Cnut II. 12, 13, 14. Perhaps when in other parts of England the pleas of the crown are reckoned to be but four, it is treated as self-evident that the outlaw falls into the king’s hand, as also the man who harbours an outlaw. If fihtwíte is the right word, we must suppose with Schmid (p. 586) that a fihtwíte was only paid when there was homicide. A fine for mere fighting or drawing blood would not have been a reserved plea.
[340] D. B. ii. 179 b: ‘Et iste Withri habebat sacham et socam super istam terram et rex et comes 6 forisfacturas.’ Ibid. 223: ‘In Cheiunchala soca de 6 forisfacturis.’
[341] D. B. ii. 413 b: ‘socam et sacam praeter 6 forisfacturas S. Eadmundi.’ Ibid. 373: ‘S. Eadmundus 6 forisfacturas.’ Ibid. 384 b: ‘Tota hec terra iacebat in dominio Abbatiae [de Eli] T. R. E. cum omni consuetudine praeter sex forisfacturas S. Eadmundi.’
[342] D. B. ii. 244: ‘sex liberi homines ... ex his habet S. Benedictus socam et de uno commendationem et de 24 tres forisfacturas.’
[343] D. B. i. 336 b: ‘praeter geld et heriete et forisfacturam corporum suorum de 40 oris argenti et praeter latronem.’ Such a phrase as ‘geld, heriot and thief’ is instructive.
[344] D. B. i. 4 b.
[345] William I. for Ely, Hamilton, Inquisitio, p. xviii.: ‘omnes alias forisfacturas quae emendabiles sunt.’
[346] D. B. ii. 195: ‘Super hos habuit T. R. E. Episcopus 6 forisfacturas sed hundret nec vidit breve nec sigillum nec concessum Regis.’
[347] D. B. ii. 34 b.
[348] See e.g. D. B. i. 220.
[349] D. B. i. 336: ‘Rogerius de Busli habet unum mansum Sueni filii Suaue cum saca et soca. Judita comitissa habet unum mansum Stori sine saca et soca.’
[350] D. B. i. 2.
[351] D. B. i. 1 b.
[352] D. B. i. 337.
[353] D. B. i. 280 b.
[354] D. B. ii. 185: ‘Super omnes liberos istius hundreti [de Northerpingeham] habet Rex sacam et socam.’ Ibid. 188 b: ‘Rex et comes de omnibus istis liberis hominibus socam.’ Ibid. 203: ‘Et de omnibus his liberis [Episcopi Osberni] soca in hundreto.’
[355] D. B. ii. 210: ‘Super omnes istos liberos homines habuit Rex Eadwardus socam et sacam, et postea Guert accepit per vim, sed Rex Willelmus dedit [S. Eadmundo] cum manerio socam et sacam de omnibus liberis Guert sicut ipse tenebat; hoc reclamant monachi.’
[356] Below, p. 105.
[357] D. B. ii. 425 b.
[358] D. B. ii. 287, 287 b: ‘Sanfort Hund. et dim.... Supradictum manerium scilicet Bercolt ... cum soca de hundreto et dimidio reddebat T. R. E. 24 lib.’ On subsequent pages it is often said that the soke of certain persons or lands is in Bergholt.
[359] D. B. ii. 408 b: ‘Hagala tenuit Gutmundus sub Rege Edwardo pro manerio 8 car[ucatarum] terrae cum soca et saca super dominium hallae tantum. Tunc 32 villani ... 8 bordarii ... 10 servi. Semper 4 carucae in dominio. Tunc et post 24 carucae hominum.... Sex sochemanni eiusdem Gutmundi de quibus soca est in hundreto.’
[360] D. B. ii. 216: ‘De Redeham habebat Abbas socam super hos qui sequebantur faldam, et de aliis soca in hundreto.’ Ibid. 129 b: ‘Super omnes istos qui faldam Comitis requirebant habebat Comes socam et sacam, super alios omnes Rex et Comes.’ Ibid. 194 b: ‘In Begetuna tenuit Episcopus Almarus per emptionem T. R. E. cum soca et saca de Comite Algaro de bor[dariis] et sequentibus faldam 3 carucatas terrae.’ Ibid. 350 b: ‘habebat socam et sacam super hallam et bordarios.’
[361] D. B. ii. 130 b.
[362] D. B. i. 265 b: ‘Hoc manerium habet suum placitum in aula domini sui.’
[363] Above, p. 88.
[364] D. B. ii. 385 b.
[365] D. B. ii. 46 b.
[366] D. B. i. 283 b.
[367] D. B. i. 11 b.; Chron. de Bello (Anglia Christiana Soc.) p. 28; Battle Custumals (Camd. Soc.), p. 126.
[368] D. B. i. 154 b.
[369] D. B. 39 b, Hants: ‘Huic manerio pertinet soca duorum hundredorum.’ Ibid. 64 b, Wilts: ‘In hac firma erant placita hundretorum de Cicementone et Sutelesberg quae regi pertinebant.’ Ibid. ii. 185: ‘Super omnes liberos istius hundreti habet rex sacam et socam.’ Ibid. ii. 113 b.: ‘Soca et sacha de Grenehou hundreto pertinet ad Wistune manerium Regis, quicunque ibi teneat, et habent Rex et Comes.’
[371] Above, p. 88.
[372] D. B. ii. 379: ‘Super ferting de Almeham habet W. Episcopus socam et sacam.’
[373] D. B. i. 184: ‘Haec terra non pertinet ... ad hundredum. De hac terra habet Rogerius 15 sextarios mellis et 15 porcos quando homines sunt ibi et placita super eos.’
[374] D. B. ii. 139 b.
[375] D. B. ii. 114.
[376] D. B. i. 340, 346, 357 b, 366, 368 b (ter). See also on f. 344, 344 b, the symbol fð in the margin. The word friðsócn occurs in Æthelr. VIII. 1 and Cnut I. 2 § 3, where it seems to stand for a sanctuary, an asylum.
[377] If one of A’s tenants is sued in a personal action in the hundred court he will have to answer there unless A appears and ‘claims his court.’ This comes out plainly in certain rolls of the court of Wisbeach Hundred, which by the kind permission of the Bishop of Ely, I have examined. On a roll of 33 Edw. I. we find Stephen Hamond sued for a debt; ‘et super hoc venit Prior Elyensis et petit curiam suam; et Thomas Doreward petit curiam suam de dicto Stephano residente suo et tenente suo.’ The prior’s petition is refused on the ground that Stephen is not his tenant, and Doreward’s petition is refused on the ground that it is unprecedented.
[378] D. B. ii. 291: ‘Et fuit in soca Regis. Postquam Briennus habuit, nullam consuetudinem reddidit in hundreto.’ Ibid. 240: ‘Hoc totum tenuit Lisius pro uno manerio; modo tenet Eudo successor illius et in T. R. E. soca et saca fuit in hundreto; set modo tenet Eudo.’—Ibid. 240 b: ‘Soca istius terre T. R. E. iacuit in Folsa Regis; modo habet Walterius [Giffardus].’—Ibid. 285 b: the hundred testified that in truth the King and Earl had the soke and sake in the Confessor’s day, but the men of the vill say that Burchard likewise (similiter) had the soke of his free men as well as of his villeins.
[379] D. B. i. 35 b: ‘Duo fratres tenuerunt T. R. E.; unusquisque habuit domum suam et tamen manserunt in una curia.’ Ibid. 103 b: ‘Ibi molendinum serviens curiae.’ Ibid. 103: ‘arabant et herciabant ad curiam domini.’
[380] D. B. i. 87 b. Kemble, Cod. Dip., iv. p. 233: ‘and þriwa secan gemot on 12 monðum.’
[381] D. B. i. 193 b; Hamilton, Inquisitio, 77–8.
[382] D. B. i. 75.
[383] D. B. i. 238.
[384] D. B. i. 186.
[385] D. B. i. 38 b.
[386] D. B. i. 101.
[387] D. B. i. 280 b: ‘Hic notantur qui habuerunt socam et sacam et thol et thaim et consuetudinem Regis 2 denariorum.... Horum omnium nemo habere potuit tercium denarium comitis nisi eius concessu et hoc quamdiu viveret, preter Archiepiscopum et Ulf Ferisc et Godeue Comitissam.’
[388] See above, p. 92, note 367.
[389] D. B. ii. 123 b: ‘De istis est soca in hundreto ad tercium denarium.’
[390] D. B. ii. 282.
[391] D. B. ii. 312: ‘Rex habet in Duneuuic consuetudinem hanc quod duo vel tres ibunt ad hundret si recte moniti fuerint, et si hoc non faciunt, forisfacti sunt de 2 oris, et si latro ibi fuerit captus ibi judicabitur, et corporalis iusticia in Blieburc capietur, et sua pecunia remanebit dominio de Duneuuic.’ It seems to us that the first ibi must refer to Dunwich and therefore that the second does so likewise. Still the passage is ambiguous enough.
[393] Battle Custumals (Camden Soc.) 136. This is an interesting example, for it suggests an explanation of the common claim to hold a court ‘outside’ the hundred court (petit curiam suam extra hundredum). The claimant’s men will go apart and hold a little court by themselves outside ‘the four benches’ of the hundred.
[394] D. B. i. 32: ‘et si quis forisfaciens ibi calumpniatus fuisset, Regi emendabat; si vero non calumpniatus abisset sub eo qui sacam et socam habuisset, ille emendam de reo haberet.’ Compare with this the account of Guildford, Ibid. 30.
[395] D. B. i. 56 b.
[396] D. B. i. 336 b.
[397] D. B. i. 238.
[398] The passages from the dooms are collected by Schmid s. v. Hausfriede, Feohtan.
[399] Ine, 6 § 3: ‘If he fight in the house of a gavel-payer or boor, let him give 30 shillings by way of wite and 6 shillings to the boor.’
[400] D. B. i. 204.
[401] D. B. ii. 419 b: ‘Cercesfort tenuit Scapius teinnus Haroldi.... Scapius habuit socam sub Haroldo.’—Ibid. 313: ‘Heroldus socam habuit et Stanuuinus de eo.... Idem Stanuuinus socam habuit de Heroldo.’
[402] D. B. i. 142 b: ‘et vendere potuerunt praeter socam; unus autem eorum etiam socam suam cum terra vendere poterat.’ Comp. D. B. ii. 230: ‘Huic manerio iacent 5 liberi homines ad socam tantum commend[ati] et 2 de omni consuetudine.’—Ibid. ii. 59: ‘In Cingeham tenuit Sauinus presbyter 15 acras ... in eadem villa tenuit Etsinus 15 acras.... Isti supradicti fuerunt liberi ita quod ipsi possent vendere terram cum soca et saca ut hundretus testatur.’—Ibid. ii. 40 b: ‘et iste fuit ita liber quod posset ire quo vellet cum soca et sacha set tantum fuit homo Wisgari.’
[403] Leg. Henr. 81 § 3: ‘Quidam, villani qui sunt, eiusmodi leierwitam et blodwitam et huiusmodi minora forisfacta emerunt a dominis suis, vel quomodo meruerunt, de suis et in suos, quorum flet-gefoth vel overseunessa est 30 den.; cothseti 15 den.; servi 6 (al. 5) den.’ The flet-gefoth seems to be the sum due for fighting in a man’s flet or house.
[404] Munimenta Gildhallae, i. 66.
[405] Hist. Eng. Law, i. 580–2.
[406] D. B. ii. 424: ‘Et dicunt etiam quod istam terram R[anulfus] calumpniavit supra Radulfum, et vicecomes Rogerius denominavit illis constitutum tempus m[odo] ut ambo adfuissent; Ranulfo adveniente defuit Radulfus et iccirco diiudicaverunt homines hundreti Rannulfum esse saisitum.’—Ibid. i. 165 b: ‘Modo iacet in Bernitone hundredo iudicio hominum eiusdem hundredi.’—Ibid. i. 58 b: ‘unde iudicium non dixerunt, sed ante Regem ut iudicet dimiserunt.’—Ibid. 182 b: ‘In isto hundredo ad placita conveniunt qui ibi manent ut rectum faciant et accipiant.’
[407] Above, p. 95.
[408] D. B. ii. 186: ‘In Sterestuna tenuit 1 liber homo S. Aldrede T. R. E. et Stigandi erat soca et saco in Hersam, set nec dare nec vendere poterat terram suam sine licentia S. Aldrede et Stigandi.’
[409] D. B. ii. 376.
[410] D. B. ii. 401 b: ‘Eodem tempore fuerunt furati equi inventi in domo istius Brungari, ita quod Abbas cuius fuit soca et saca et Rodbertus qui habuit commendationem super istum venerunt de hoc furto ad placitum, et sicut hundret testatur discesserunt amicabiliter sine iudicio quod vidissed (sic) hundret.’
[411] E.g. D. B. ii. 35 b: ‘quas tenuerunt 2 sochemanni et 1 liber homo.’
[412] D. B. ii. 28 b: ‘Huic manerio iacent 5 sochemanni quorum 2 occupavit Ingelricus tempore Regis Willelmi qui tune erant liberi homines.’
[413] D. B. ii. 83: ‘3 sochemanni tenentes libere.’—Ibid. 88 b: ‘tunc fuit 1 sochemannus qui libere tenuit 1 virgatam.’—Ibid. 58: ‘in hac terra sunt 13 sochemanni qui libere tenent.’
[414] D. B. i. 212 b, Bedf.: ‘Hanc terram tenuerunt 4 sochemanni quorum 3 liberi fuerunt, quartus vero unam hidam habuit, sed nec dare nec vendere potuit.’
[415] D. B. i. 35 b, ‘Isti liberi homines ita liberi fuerunt quod poterant ire quo volebant.’—Ibid. ii. 187: ‘5 homines ... ex istis erant 4 liberi ut non possent recedere nisi dando 2 solidos.’
[416] Round, Feudal England, 34.
[417] D. B. ii. 59 b, Essex: ‘quod tenuerunt 2 liberi homines ... set non poterant recedere sine licentia illius Algari.’—Ibid. 216 b, Norf.: ‘Ibi sunt 5 liberi homines S. Benedicti commendatione tantum ... et ita est in monasterio quod nec vendere nec forisfacere pot[uerunt] extra ecclesia set soca est in hundredo.’—Ibid. i. 137 b, Herts: ‘duo teigni ... vendere non potuerunt.’—Ibid. i. 30 b, Hants: ‘Duo liberi homines tenuerunt de episcopo T. R. E. sed recedere cum terra non potuerunt.’
[418] Above, p. 103, note 417.
[419] E.g. D. B. i. 129 b: ‘In hac terra fuerunt 5 sochemanni de 6 hidis quas potuerunt dare vel vendere sine licentia dominorum suorum.’
[420] Above, p. 100, note 402.
[421] E.g. D. B. ii. 358: ‘7 liberos homines ... hi poterant dare vel vendere terram set saca et soca et commendatio et servitium remanebant Sancto [Edmundo].’
[422] D. B. ii. 186: ‘In Sterestuna tenuit unus liber homo S. Aldredae T. R. E. et Stigandi erat soca et saco in Hersam.’—Ibid. 139 b: ‘habuit socam et sacam ... de commendatis suis.’
[423] D. B. i. 141.
[424] Liebermann, Leges Edwardi, p. 72. The most important passage is Leg. Edw. 12 § 4: ‘Manbote in Danelaga de villano et de socheman 12 oras [= 20 sol.]: de liberis hominibus 3 marcas [= 40 sol.].’
[425] A study of the Hundred Rolls might prepare us for this result. One jury will call servi those whom another jury would have called villani. See e.g. R. H. ii. 688 ff.
[426] D. B. ii. 189 b, 190.
[427] D. B. ii. 318: ‘In Suttona tenet idem W. [de Cadomo] de R. Malet 2 liberos homines commendatos Edrico 61 acr[arum] et sub 1 ex ipsis 5 liberi [sic] homines.’—Ibid. 321 b: ‘In Caldecota 6 liberi homines commendati Leuuino de Bachetuna 74 acr. et 7 liberi homines sub eis commend[ati] de 6 acr. et dim.’
[428] D. B. ii. 21, 26, 37 b, 59 b.
[429] D. B. i. 21.
[430] D. B. i. 45.
[431] D. B. i. 6 b.
[432] D. B. i. 27.
[433] D. B. i. 163.
[434] So in the Exeter record, D. B. iv. 390: ‘Tenuerunt 3 tegni pro 4 mansionibus, et Robertus habet illas pro 1 mansione.’
[435] D. B. i. 169 b. Similar interlineations in i. 98.
[436] D. B. i. 148; on f. 149 is a similar case.
[437] D. B. i. 45 b.