[1167] Ibid. 557.
[1168] Ibid. 560.
[1169] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 2. a´´´.
[1170] Anat. Compar. ii. 557.
[1171] A harmonic suture is when the margins of two flat bones simply touch each other, without any intermediate substance; and a squamose, when the thin margin of one covers that of the other. Anat. Compar. i. 124. With regard to the flat portions of the integument of insects, they have some motion; whereas a suture is an articulation without movement. Ibid.
[1172] Their connexion by means of a ligament classes them under Synneurosis (Monro On the Bones, Dr. Kirby's edit. 29), but even this not strictly, since a common ligament connects them all. Those of the trunk, as admitting a slight degree of motion, belong to Amphiarthrosis (Anat. Compar. i. 126), and those of the abdomen, which are capable of larger movements, to Diarthrosis (Ibid. 127).
[1174] In the hornet and other wasps, this line on the inside of the head furnishes a foundation for a septum, which in the sides of the nose is very high, and connects also with the hind part of the head.
[1175] Anat. Compar. i. 445—.
[1176] Ibid. 447.
[1177] Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i, 11—. Comp. Anat. Compar. iii. 314—.
[1178] It is probable that M. Cuvier took his idea of this first kind of articulation, by contact of solid parts, from this individual insect; since, besides its very prominent throat, there is on each side of the lower part of the occiput a small elevation, or approach to a tubercle.
[1179] Gen. des Crustac. et Ins. ii. 246. Regne Anim. iii. 325.
[1180] This was written directly after the experiment recommended in the text had been tried, with the result there stated.
[1181] Reaum. iv. 40. Latreille Fourmis, 328—.
[1182] Plate VII. Fig. 2. k´´.
[1183] Clairville (Ent. Helvet. i. 44) appears to have been the first who classed insects according to their mode of taking their food.
[1184] Plate VI. VII. XXVI. a´.
[1185] In Lucanus, Lamprina, &c. the labrum seems to form the under-side of the nose, and to be connate with it.
[1186] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. Apis *. b. f. 18. b.
[1187] Ibid. t. ii. Melitta **. b. f. 4, 5. Plate XXVI. Fig. 30.
[1188] Plate XXVI. Fig. 31. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. x. Apis **. c. 2. δ. f. 13. c.
[1189] Plates VI. VII. and XXVI. b.
[1190] De Geer iv. 124. t. iv. f. 12. iii. 415. t. xxi. f. 4.
[1191] Ibid. iv. 281—. t. xi. f. 7.
[1192] Ibid. 329. t. xii. f. 3.
[1193] Ibid. ii. 775—. t. xxvi. f. 10. b c, b c.
[1194] Philos. Entom. 18.
[1195] Syst. Eleuth. i. Præf. iv.
[1196] Gen. Crustac. et Ins. i. 180.
[1197] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 246.
[1198] Plate VI. Fig. 6. b´. a´´.
[1199] Plate VII. Fig. 3. b´. a´´.
[1200] Kirby Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 8. f.
[1201] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 10. d. MacLeay Hor. Entomol. i. t. iii. f. 26, 27.
[1205] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24. b´.
[1206] Plate VII. Fig. 3. a´´.
[1207] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. 171.
[1209] Plate VII. Fig. 3. i´´.
[1213] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. b´´.
[1215] Hor. Entomolog. i. t. i. f. 1. g.
[1216] Ibid. t. ii. f. 18. g.
[1217] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 1. g. c.
[1218] Ibid. 93. 103—. t. vi. Apis **. b. f. 3. b. c.
[1219] Ibid. t. i. *. a. f. 3. b.
[1220] Ibid. t. ix. Apis **. c. 2. γ. f. 3. b.
[1221] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxiv. f. 1. c.
[1222] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24, 28. b´´.
[1223] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ii. Melitta **. b. f. 2. c.
[1224] Plate XIII. Fig. 2. Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 6. b.
[1225] This is the case with Oxyporus F. Plate XIII. Fig. 4.
[1226] Plate VI. Fig. 12. b´´. Latreille, N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. 545, seems not to regard these as palpi; but from their tubular form, and insertion in the socket of the labium, it is clear that they ought to be so considered.
[1227] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. c´.
[1228] A corresponding articulation takes place between the tibia and thigh of some of the Scarabæidæ, which will be hereafter described. See Plate XXVII. Fig. 8-11.
[1229] Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères, 2.
[1230] Comparaison des Organes de la Mastication des Orthoptères, 2.
[1231] See above, p. 407. note1174.
[1232] Ubi supra, 4.
[1233] Ibid.
[1234] Ibid. 5.
[1235] Oliv. Ins. no. 66. Prionus. t. xiii. f. 54.
[1236] Ibid. no. 83. Curculio. t. iv. f. 37.
[1237] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxi. f. 12.
[1238] For Mandibles of Locusta see Plate VI. Fig. 6. c´. of Lampyris Oliv. Ins. no. 28. t. i. f. 1. of Buprestis, Ibid. no. 32. t. iii. f. 17. of Lucanus, Ibid. no. 1. t. i-v. and of Prionus, Ibid. no. 66. t. ii. f. 8.
[1239] Gomphosis is, when one bone is immoveably fixed in another as a nail in a board.
[1240] Marcel de Serres ubi supra. 7.
[1241] See Plate XIII. Fig. 7. Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 13. and t. xii. neut. f. 10.
[1243] Oliv. Ins. no. 42. t. i. f. 1. and no. 2. t. i. f. 1. b.
[1244] Plate XXVI. Fig. 16, 18.
[1246] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta. f. 5-8.
[1247] Drury Ins. ii. t. xlviii. f. 3. See above, p. 315.
[1248] Oliv. no. 1. t. v. f. 16. &c. t. iii. f. 7.
[1249] Comparaison des Organes, &c. 7—.
[1250] Plate VI. Fig. 6. and XIII. Fig. 5. a´´´.
[1251] Plate VI. Fig. 12. and XIII. Fig. 5. b´´´.
[1253] I was not aware that Knoch had observed this part, till some time after the publication of my paper On Mr. William MacLeay's Doctrine of Affinity and Analogy (see Linn. Trans. xiv. 105—), when I happened to meet with it in a letter from a friend, received more than thirteen years ago; but without any reference to the work of Knoch, in which it was stated. It was doubtless taken from his Beiträge zur Insektengeschichte.
[1254] Anat. Comp. iii. 321—.
[1255] One of those mandibles is represented in Plate XXVI. Fig. 20. a´´´. incisive teeth d´´´. molary plate. Comp. Linn. Trans. ubi supr. t. iii. f. 4. c a b.
[1257] In the Myrmeleon, or ant-lion, the suction is promoted by the action of a piston, that pumps up the juices. Reaum. vi. 369.
[1258] De Geer iv. 386—. t. xv. f. 10. See above, p. 121.
[1259] Plate XIII. Fig. 7. c´´.
[1260] Oliv. Ins. no. 42. Staphylinus. t. i. f. 1. b.
[1261] Plates VI. VII. XXVI. d´.
[1262] Plate VI. Fig. 3, 6, 12. VII. Fig. 3. c´´.
[1263] Plate VII. Fig. 3. a´´. e´´. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiii. f. 1. e.
[1264] Ibid. f. 3. a.
[1265] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. 146. t. xxiii. f. super. b.
[1266] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 243.
[1267] In Anoplognathus, however, though it has neither teeth nor spines, it is as hard as the mandibles.
[1269] Plate XXVI. Fig. 10, 11. d´´´. e´´´.
[1270] Ibid. Fig. 9. d´´´. e´´´.
[1271] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. d´´´. e´´´. Oliv. Ins. no. 45. Meloe. t. i. f. 1. c. These are what Fabricius calls galeate maxillæ, on which he founded his class Ulonata.
[1272] Plate XXVI. Fig. 11. d´´´. e´´´.
[1273] Plate VI. Fig. 3. d´´´.
[1274] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. t. i. t. xviii. f. super. b.
[1275] Ibid. t. xix. b. This genus may be the analogue of some heteromerous one yet undiscovered, as Calosoma is of Adelium (Kirby Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 2.)
[1276] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxiv. f. super. b.
[1278] Oliv. Ins. no. 19. Trogosita. t. 1. f. d. no. 41 bis. Dryops. t. i. f. 1. c.
[1279] See above, Vol. I. p. 238.
[1280] Oliv. Ins. no. 17. Ptinus. t. i. f. 1. c.
[1281] Ibid. no. 60. Blaps t. i. f. 2. c.
[1282] Ibid. no. 88. Languria. t. i. f. 2. c.
[1283] Ibid. no. 89. Erotylus. t. ii. f. 12. c.
[1284] Oliv. Ins. no. 41. Gyrinus. t. i. f. 1. e.
[1285] Plate XXVI. Fig. 13. Hor. Entomolog. i. t. iii. f. 29, 30. E.
[1286] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ii. Melitta. **. a. f. 2. t. v. Apis. *. b. f. 4. &c.
[1287] Oliv. Ins. no. 48. Cerocoma. t. i. f. 1. c.
[1288] Plate XXVI. Fig. 10-12.
[1289] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. Cicindela. t. xxiv. f. super. b. for Carabidæ, Dytiscidæ, his other plates.
[1290] Hor. Entomolog. i. t. ii. f. 13. E.
[1291] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. f´´´.
[1292] Hor. Entomolog. t. i. f. 3. E.
[1293] Ibid. f. 4. E.
[1294] Oliv. Ins. no. 7. Hexodon. t. i. f. 1. e.
[1295] Ibid. no. 3. Scarabæus. t. l. f. 1. f.
[1296] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xiv. 102. t. iii. f. 4. d.
[1297] De Geer v. 417. t. iv. f. 12.
[1300] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. ix. 2. c. 2. β. f. 2. d. g. 4. t. xii. neut. f. 6. d. t. xiii. f. 3. b.
[1301] Clairv. Ent. Helv. ii. t. xxiii. f. 1.
[1302] Plate VII. Fig. 3. b´´. h´´.
[1303] Plate VI. Fig. 12. b´´. f´´´.
[1304] Ibid. Fig. 13. h´´. Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. l. i. 29—. t. i.-iii. ȯ.
[1305] De Geer vi. t. xix. f. 4. d.
[1306] Ibid. t. ix. f. 8. b b. t. xii. f. 20. b. t. xiv. f. 15. i i.
[1309] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. x. Apis. **. c. 2. δ. f. 3. a. and **. d. 1. f. 1. d.
[1310] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. t. xxxi. f. super. b. Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. f. 1. h. f. 3, 5. c.
[1312] Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. As the very remarkable maxillary palpi of that extraordinary Coleopterous genus Atractocerus seem not to have been so fully described as they deserve, I shall give here a minute detail of their composition. They consist of four joints: the first is wide and short, and somewhat platter-shaped; the second is much smaller and shorter: the third is concavo-convex, or shaped like a shallow bowl: towards the breast this joint is elevated, and on the elevated edge sits the last joint, which is longer than all the rest taken together. In my specimen it points towards the breast; its under side is entire and slightly curved, but in the upper side are two rows of lamellæ (b), placed alternately nine on each side, with an odd one at the end: these lamellæ are full of minute papillæ, and furrowed on the side next the mouth. From between the first pair a slender exarticulate hairy branch or appendage emerges (a), which forms nearly a right angle with the main stem. The labial palpi appear to consist of three joints; the two first very short, and the last large, ovate, and acute. This description is not taken from A. necydaloides, but from a Brazilian species more than five times its size, which I have named A. grandis.
[1313] Plate VI. VII. XXVI. e´.
[1314] Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. e´. Cuvier Anat. Compar. iii. 347.
[1315] Cuvier Ibid.
[1316] Huber Fourmis, 4—.
[1317] Anim. sans Vertèbr. iii. 304.
[1319] Reaum. v. 309—.
[1321] Clairv. Ent. Helvet. ii. Pref. xxii.
[1322] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xiv. (1) 2. b.
[1323] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24. e´.
[1324] Clairv. ubi supr. t. xx. c.
[1325] Plate XXVI. Fig. 28. e´.
[1326] Kirby ubi supr. fig. (8) 1. c c. The lateral pieces in the tongue in Vespa (Ibid. c c.) have been regarded as lobes of it, but they are rather Paraglossæ.
[1327] Plate XXVI. Fig. 29. e´.
[1328] Clairv. ubi supr. t. xxx. c.
[1329] Kirby ubi supr. no. 2. f. 1, 3.
[1330] Plate XXVI. Fig. 24. b.
[1331] Kirby ubi supr. t. x. Apis. c. 2. δ. f. 5. t. xii. neut. f. 2, 3. t. xiii. f. 1. h.
[1332] Plate XXVI. Fig. 26, 29.
[1333] Plate XXVI. Fig. 28. i´´.
[1334] Kirby Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. neut. f. 1. h h. t. xiii. f. 1. f f.
[1335] Ibid. t. x. **. d, 1. f. 2. b b.
[1337] Plate VII. Fig. 14. f´.
[1338] Reaum. v. 317.
[1339] Organisation exterieur des Ins. 184.
[1340] Ubi supra.
[1341] Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 12.
[1342] De Geer ii. 778—. t. xxvi. f. 11. m. Plate VII. Fig. 2. k´´.
[1343] Ubi supra.
[1345] Organisation &c. 182.
[1346] Under this name M. Savigny includes the Myriapoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea. Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 40.
[1347] Ibid. 43.
[1348] Vol. II. p. 275—. Also see above, p. 121—.
[1349] Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. t. ii. f. 2. a. a´.
[1350] Plate VII. Fig. 13. c´.
[1352] Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 106. Plate VII. Fig. 13. b´.
[1353] Ubi supr. 45—.
[1354] Plate VII. Fig. 11. f´, a´´.
[1355] Ubi supra, 45.
[1356] Ibid. 44—.
[1357] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 275—. Plate VII. Fig. 10. c´.
[1358] De Geer t. xl. f. 4. t. x. f. 7, 8.
[1360] Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 62.
[1361] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 277.
[1362] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 276.
[1363] Ibid.
[1364] Ubi supr. 58.
[1366] Plate VI. Fig. 7-9. a´, b´, c´, d´.
[1367] Magaz. 1806.
[1369] Ibid. Labium b´. Mandibulæ c´. Maxillæ d´.
[1370] Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 37.
[1371] De Geer iii. 137—. t. ix. f. 4.
[1372] Reaum. iii. 335. t. xxviii. f. 8-14.
[1373] De Geer iii. 117. t. viii. f. 22. b.
[1374] Plate VII. Fig. 5, 6. a´, b´, c´, d´.
[1375] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. iv. 253.
[1376] Plate VII. Fig. 5, 6. a´.
[1378] Reaum. iv. t. xvi. Fig. 13. z.
[1379] Authors are not agreed as to the precise number of lancets contained in a gnat's proboscis. Swammerdam affirms there are six, including the labrum. i. 156. b. t. xxxii. f. 3. Reaumur could find only five. iv. 597—. t. xlii. f. 10. And Leeuwenhoeck only four.
[1381] Plate VII. Fig. 5. This figure is copied from Reaumur, and was engraved before this discovery was made.
[1382] M. Savigny is of opinion that the central lancet or lancets represent the Epipharynx and Hypopharynx; for which he does not state his reasons: but as these are properly covers of the pharynx, the idea seems incorrect. Ubi supr. 15.
[1383] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 489. and iv. 253—.
[1384] Ubi supr. 36.
[1385] Ibid. t. iv. f. 1. o. o.
[1387] Plate VI. Fig. 13. a´, b´, c´, d´.
[1389] Plate VI. Fig. 13. a´. Savigny Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 3—. t. i.-iii. a.