[1624] Ibid. f. 8.
[1627] Something of the kind is observable at the base of the other legs in this tribe.
[1628] Monro On the Bones, 160.
[1631] Kirby in Linn. Trans. xiv. t. iii. f. 4. i.
[1632] It is doubtful whether M. Latreille's Harpalus megacephalus is synonymous with Carabus megacephalus Fab. Comp. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 206. with Syst. Eleuth. i. 187. 95.
[1634] Plate VIII. Fig. 11. b.
[1635] Linn. Trans. iv. 53.
[1636] Syst. Nat. i. Cancer. Scorpio.
[1637] Moses, when he describes insects as going upon four legs, evidently considers the anterior pair as arms; Bochart does the same. Levit. xi. 20—. Hierozoic. ii. 497.
[1640] Samouelle t. v. f. 4.
[1642] Latreille Organization &c., 199. Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 412. c. iv. 54, &c.
[1643] In Chlorion, Ammophila, &c., this part separates more readily from the alitrunk.
[1644] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 413—. c. iv. 54. This author seems to regard the collar as something peculiar to Hymenoptera.
[1649] M. Chabrier (Vol. des Ins.) supposes that the humming of insects is produced by the exit of the superfluous air from their thoracic spiracles, &c.; in Melolontha he thinks they are in the metathorax under the wings (c. i. 457—. Plate XXII. Fig. 13. c. †. represents the operculum of one of those of Dytiscus marginalis): in the Hymenoptera, in the mesothorax, near the posterior lobes of the collar (Ibid. 459. c. iv. 50.); and in the Diptera, in the metathorax, near the poiser (c. i. 457). I observed myself lately, that Elophilus tenax, if held by the anterior part of the body, when it hummed, alternately opened and shut this spiracle. The wings during the sound vibrated intensely. The hum ceased and was renewed, as they were restrained from this motion or released from restraint; when the wing was moved towards the head, a different sound was emitted from that produced when it merely vibrated.
[1652] When the prothorax is separated from the elytra by a kind of isthmus, as in Scarites, Passalus, &c., the dorsolum is more or less uncovered.
[1653] Plate VIII. Fig. 16. 20. i´.
[1658] Plates VIII. IX. XXVIII. k´.
[1659] Audoin, Chabrier, &c.
[1660] Olivier. He seems also to have thought that neither the Orthoptera nor Homopterous Hemiptera have this part. N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. x. 112.
[1661] Plate VIII. Fig. 3. k´.
[1662] In Macraspis MacLeay it is often half as big as an elytrum.
[1663] Plate VIII. Fig. 12. k´.
[1664] Mr. W. S. MacLeay opposes the Hemiptera to the Orthoptera, the Homoptera to the Neuroptera, and the Aptera to the Coleoptera: but if analogous structure be made the guide, I think my arrangement will be found most correct. Hor. Entomolog. 367.
[1665] Plate VIII. Fig. 20. k´.
[1667] Plate IX. Fig. 1. k´. N. B. This is from Cossus F.
[1670] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. vi. Apis. ** a. f. 2. a a.
[1671] Stoll Cigales t. xxviii. f. 164.
[1673] Plates VIII. IX. XXVIII. l'.
[1674] Plate XXIII. Fig. 6. e´´´.
[1675] Plate VIII. Fig. 12. l´.
[1677] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 11. l´.
[1678] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. t. viii-v. B. i.
[1680] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. 354.
[1681] From πνυμι to breathe and σέγω to cover.
[1683] At first I had named this piece the antecosta, and the mesostethium the postcosta; and there is certainly some analogy between the thorax of insects, consisting of several pieces that follow each other, and the vertebral column; between their three sternums and the sternum, and between their other pieces and the ribs of vertebrate animals. Comp. Chabrier, ubi supr. c. iv. 49. note 1.
[1685] Plate VIII. Fig. 12. 13. o´. z´.
[1687] Plate IX. Fig. 8. o´. z´.
[1691] Plate VIII. Fig. 3, 13. p´.
[1692] Linn. Trans. xii. t. xxii. f. 4.
[1693] A remarkable instance of analogy is afforded by this genus. In Erotylus there are two groups; one distinguished by gibbous elytra, and the other by flatter ones. The same distinction is observable in Spheniscus; for to this genus belongs Helops fasciatus Oliv., which represents the flat Erotylí, and even individually Erotylus trifasciatus Oliv., E. fasciatus F.
[1694] I would restrict this name to the conical-headed Locustæ F.
[1695] Plate VIII. IX. t´. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 16. c.
[1696] Plate VIII. Fig. 3. t´.
[1697] Ibid. Fig. 12. Comp. i´, k´, l´, with t´, u´, v´.
[1700] Plate IX. Fig. 19, 20. t´.
[1703] Plate VIII. Fig. 3. u´.
[1704] Ibid. VIII. Fig. 12. u´. Plate IX. 7. u´.
[1706] Plate VIII. Fig. 3. v´.
[1707] Plate VIII. Fig. 12, 16.; and Plate IX. Fig. 7. v´.
[1708] Plate VIII. Fig. 3. w´.
[1709] Plate XXII. Fig. 14. w´.
[1710] Plate XXIX. Fig. 25. w´.
[1711] Ibid. and Plate VIII. Fig. 12.; and Plate IX. Fig. 7. k´´.
[1712] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. iii. 354.
[1714] Plate IX. Fig. 15. k´´.
[1715] Plate IX. Fig. 11. k´´.
[1718] Plate VIII. Fig. 4. z´.
[1721] Plate VIII. Fig. 13. y´. a´ †.
[1724] Plate VIII. Fig. 4. z´.
[1725] Plate XXIX. Fig. 15. z´.
[1729] Plate VIII. Fig. 8. a †.
[1730] De Geer iv. t. iv. f. 3. d d. c c.
[1731] Plate VIII. Fig. 13. a †.
[1732] The history of this parasite has been traced by Dr. Reid; but alas! this learned and acute observer of nature did not live to give his discoveries to the world: it is hoped, however, they will not be lost, being in most able hands.
[1733] Plate VIII. Fig. 18. and XXII. Fig. 13. c †.
[1735] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 459.
[1736] Ibid. 457—.
[1737] Plate XXII. Fig. 13. c †.
[1738] Mem. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. 45—. Hor. Entomolog. 411—.
[1739] Plate VIII. Fig. 3. x´. IX. Fig. 2. s´. and XXII. Fig. 5-14.
[1742] Plate XXII. Fig. 8, 11. h´.
[1743] Plate XXII. Fig. 9, 11. s´.
[1748] Plate XXII. Fig. 10, 11. x´. Comp. Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix. f. 16. g.
[1749] Plate XXII. Fig. 10, 11. d.
[1757] See above, Vol. I. p. 191. and II. p. 257, 366.
[1758] This machine is described by Dr. Eschscholtz, Beiträge zur Naturkunde, &c. Heft. i. 24—. t. i. ii.
[1763] MacLeay, Horæ Entomolog. 9. Chabrier, Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 417.
[1764] Plate XXII. Fig. 5. b b b.
[1766] Luke xii. 7.
[1769] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 413—.
[1771] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 446, 448, 451—.
[1772] Ibid. 412.
[1773] Ubi supr. c. ii. 333.
[1774] According to M. Chabrier, who agrees with him, M. Latreille also is of opinion, that the parapleura is the analogue of the posterior coxæ. Ubi supra, c. ii. 312. Note 2.
[1775] M. Latreille has changed the denomination of this Order to Rhiphiptera, because at first he thought that these organs were not at all analogous to elytra or wings; but since, upon further investigation, he appears to admit that they assist in flight (Annales Génér. des Scienc. Phys. VI. xviii. 8. Compare MacLeay, Hor. Entom. 423. Note *), in common justice he is bound to restore the name originally given to the Order. In the same place of the work here quoted, M. Latreille also speaks of these pseudelytra, as I would call them, as appendages of the mesothorax: but whoever consults Mr. Bauer's admirable figures of Xenos Peckii (Linn. Trans. xi. t. ix.), and is aware of the unimpeached and minute accuracy of that admirable microscopic artist, will be convinced that they belong to the anterior legs, and consequently to the prothorax.
[1776] Plate X. and Plate XXVIII. Fig. 18-23.
[1777] Chabrier, Analyse, &c. 27.
[1778] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ix. 568. We have seen above (p. 578.) that the wings of insects are connected with their legs by the scapula and parapleura.
[1779] MacLeay, Hor. Entomolog. 413—. Mr. MacLeay's opinion seems to receive some confirmation from a circumstance overlooked when the larvæ of insects were treated of above (p. 130—), and to which he alludes (411); namely, that in that state they consist of two segments more than in the imago; these follow the three pedigerous segments, have no pro-legs, and are supposed to belong to the trunk rather than to the abdomen. To make this circumstance bear upon the question, it must be proved that in the perfect insect these segments in some manner become the back of the trunk and bear the wings. This would not be more wonderful than many changes that are known to occur in insects.
[1780] Latreille, Organization extérieure des Ins. 173—.
[1781] For instance Meloe, the female glow-worm, Lygæus brevipennis, Ephemera diptera, Cynips aptera, neuter ants, &c. &c.
[1783] Chionea araneoïdes Dolm.
[1784] See above, p. 560, and Vol. II. 348, 352—.
[1785] See above, p. 591, Note1775.
[1786] De Geer, iii. t. xvii. f. 10, 11. f f. M. Savigny has noticed a part in some Annelides, which he regards as analogous to elytra. Système des Annelides, 4, 9, 11.
[1788] Plates X. and XXVIII. b..
[1791] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 3-5. b´´´.
[1792] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 439.
[1794] Chabrier ubi supr.
[1795] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 6-8. d´´´.
[1800] Plate XXVIII. Fig. 6-8. d´´´.
[1805] Sur le Vol des Ins. i. c. 428—. c. ii. 325.
[1806] Oliv. Ins. No. 97. Cassida, t. i. f. 10.
[1809] M. Chabrier says that the arc described by the wings of Melolontha vulgaris to that of the elytra, is as 200 to less than 50. Sur le Vol des Ins. c. i. 440.
[1810] Plate X. Fig. 2. and XXVIII. Fig. 18-20.
[1811] Magas. 1806. Terminologie der Insekt. 18. 1675.
[1812] Plate X. Fig. 2. is the tegmen of a Blatta divided into areas.
[1813] Sur le Vol des Ins. c. ii. 327—.
[1817] Stoll, Cigales, t. viii. f. 39.
[1819] Stoll Grillons t. i. c. f. 2.
[1820] Ibid. Spectres t. xxv. f. 95. and xi. f. 42.
[1821] Ibid. t. ii. f. 5. Grillons t. i. c. f. 1.
[1822] Ibid. Spectres t. xvi. f. 58.
[1823] Ibid. Sauterelles à Sabr. t. iii. f. 7. By this name (Pterophylla) I distinguish those Locustæ F. without a conical head that are veined like leaves.
[1824] Stoll Ibid. t. vi. a. f. 18. and Plate XXVIII. Fig. 19.
[1825] Stoll Sauterel. à Sabr. t. i-iii.
[1826] Ibid. Spectres t. iv. f. 14.
[1827] Ibid. Cigales t. i. f. 1, 3-5. and t. vi. f. 31.
[1828] Stoll Cigales t. iii. f. 12-15. and t. xvii. f. 92.
[1829] Linn. Trans. xii. 449, no. 96.
[1831] Linn. Trans. xiii. t. i. f. 14. Flata should come before this genus.
[1832] Of this kind is one of Stoll's Cigales, t. xxv. f. 141.