β. inversatile antennæ.
1. Setigerous (Setigeræ). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 14-16, 21, 22. Plate XXV. Fig. 29.
a. Globiferous (Globiferæ). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose. Plate XII. Fig. 12.
b. Angustate (Angustatæ). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one. Plate XII. Fig. 14, 15.
2. Aristate (Aristatæ). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous. Plate XII. Fig. 21, 22.
a. Setarious (Setariæ). When the awn or bristle is naked. Plate XII. Fig. 21. a.
b. Plumate (Plumatæ). When the awn is feathered. Plate XII. Fig. 22. a.
3. Filate (Filatæ). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 17-20.
a. Simple (Simplices). When the last joint is exarticulate. Plate XII. Fig. 17, 18, 20.
b. Compound (Compositæ). When the last joint is itself obsoletely jointed. Plate XII. Fig. 19. a.
i. pubescence.
1. Verticillate (Verticillatæ). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls. Plate XII. Fig. 27.
2. Plumose (Plumosæ). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair. Plate XII. Fig. 24.
3. Ciliate (Ciliatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on each side. Plate XI. Fig. 16.
4. Fimbriate (Fimbriatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on one side.
5. Barbate (Barbatæ). Antennæ hairy on one side. Plate XII. Fig. 26.
6. Fasciculate (Fasciculatæ). Antennæ having several bundles of hair. Plate XXV. Fig. 32.
7. Scopiferous (Scopiferæ). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair. Plate XII. Fig. 25. a. Plate XXV. Fig. 17.
k. articulation.
1. Exarticulate (Exarticulatæ). Without visible articulations.
2. Biarticulate (Biarticulatæ). Consisting of two joints.
3. Triarticulate (Triarticulatæ). Consisting of three joints.
4. Quadriarticulate (Quadriarticulatæ). Consisting of four joints.
5. Multiarticulate (Multiarticulatæ). Consisting of many joints.
l. joints.
1. Campanulate (Campanulatæ). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.
2. Pateriform (Pateriformes). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow bowl.
3. Patellate (Patellatæ). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like a patella or platter.—Ex. Prosopis dilatata (Melitta *. b. K.) Plate XXV. Fig. 12. a.
4. Lobate (Lobatæ). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.—Ex. Belostoma, Cerocoma. Plate XI. Fig. 21, 22.
5. Torulose (Torulosæ). When they are a little tumid.
m. appendages.
III. TRUNK (truncus).
1. Monomerous (Monomerus). When the trunk has no suture or segment.—Ex. Araneidea.
2. Dimerous (Dimerus). When the trunk consists of two greater segments.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.
3. Trimerous (Trimerus). When the trunk consists of three greater segments.—Ex. Neuroptera, &c.
4. Isthmiate (Isthmiatus). When an isthmus is formed between the Prothorax and Elytra, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.—Ex. Clerus, Passalus, and Spondylis.
i. MANITRUNK (manitruncus).
a. prothorax.
1. Clypeiform (Clypeiformis). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the whole thorax; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.—Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. Plate VIII. Fig. 1, 10.
2. Colliform (Colliformis). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate IX. Fig. 6.
3. Cerviculate (Cerviculatus). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from the Antepectus by no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long neck. Plate III. Fig. 6.
4. Evanescent (Evanescens). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented by membrane.—Ex. Most Hymenoptera, Diptera, &c.
5. Marginate (Marginatus). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms a margin.—Ex. Harpalus, &c.
6. Immarginate (Immarginatus). When it has no such margin.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.
7. Explanate (Explanatus). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form a broad margin.—Ex. Necrophorus, Silpha.
8. Emarginate (Emarginatus). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.
9. Ambient (Ambiens). When this sinus is so large as to receive the whole head.—Ex. Chilocorus.
10. Circumambient (Circumambiens). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.—Ex. Heleus.
11. Clypeate (Clypeatus). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.—Ex. Lampyris, Cassida, Cossyphus.
12. Cucullate (Cucullatus). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricose cowl or hood which receives the head.—Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis. Plate XIII. Fig. 18. a[1100].
13. Alate (Alatus). When its sides are expanded into a kind of wing.—Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis.
14. Auriculate (Auriculatus). When it expands on each side into two processes resembling ears.—Ex. Ledra aurita.
15. Angulate (Angulatus). When its sides or base jut out into one or more angles.—Ex. Copris.
16. Cruciate (Cruciatus). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's cross.—Ex. Locusta. Plate XIII. Fig. 17.
17. Obvolving (Obvolvens). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.—Ex. Stenus, Curculio L.
18. Pulvinate (Pulvinatus). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.—Ex. Aleochara canaliculata, picea, &c.
19. Producted (Productus). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers the Mesothorax, Metathorax, and great part of the Abdomen.—Ex. Acrydium, Centrotus.
b. antepectus.
1. Trachelate (Trachelatum). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.—Ex. Xiphydria.
2. Unarmed (Inerme). When it has no prosternum.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles. 3. Armed (Armatum). When it has a prosternum. N.B. These two last terms may be extended also to the Medipectus and Postpectus. And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was no Sternum at all, it should be called Pectus inerme; and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would be Pectus armatum.
c. arm (Brachium).
α. cubit (Cubitus).
1. Clypeate (Clypeatus). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.—Ex. Crabro clypeatus, scutatus, &c. ♂. Plate XV. Fig. 3. a.
2. Palmate (Palmatus). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.—Ex. Scarites, Clivina. Plate XV. Fig. 5.
3. Digitate (Digitatus). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.—Ex. Gryllotalpa. Plate XV. Fig. 6.
4. Dolabrate (Dolabratus). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. Plate XV. Fig. 4.
β. hand (Manus).
1. Patellate (Patellata). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.—Ex. Dytiscus ♂, Staphylinus. Plate XV. Fig. 9.
2. Scutate (Scutata). When a single joint of the hand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.—Ex. Hydrophilus piceus ♂. Plate XV. Fig. 8.
3. Strigilate (Strigilata). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.—Ex. Apis[1101]. Plate XXVII. Fig. 36. a.
4. Auriculate (Auriculata). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.—Ex. Gryllotalpa. Plate XV. Fig. 6. t´´.
ii. ALITRUNK (alitruncus).
1. Buried (Sepultus). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].—Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera.
2. Revealed (Revelatus). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with the Prothorax, or even more so.—Ex. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera. Atractocerus in Coleoptera.
3. Coalite (Coalitus). When it is not separable into two segments, the Medipectus and the Postpectus forming one piece.—Ex. Cimex L.
4. Bisected (Bisectus). When it is separable into two segments.—Ex. Lamellicorn beetles.
a. mesothorax.
α. collar (Collare).
1. Uncovered (Apertum). When it is not concealed by the shield of the prothorax.—Ex. Hymenoptera.
2. Covered (Tectum). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.
3. Areate (Areatum). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate IX. Fig. 7. g., a. N.B. The space between these areas is fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other.
4. Amplectent (Amplectens). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.—Ex. Vespa L. Plate IX. Fig. 11. g..
5. Phonetic (Phoneticum). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover the vocal spiracles[1103].—Ex. Hymenoptera.
β. dorsolum.
1. Thoraciform (Thoraciforme). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.—Ex. Bombus, Apis, Vespa &c. Plate IX. Fig. 11. i..
γ. scutellum.
1. Distinct (Distinctum). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera. Plate IX. Fig. 11, 19, &c. k´.
2. Coalite (Coalitum). When it is not separated from the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c. Plate VIII. Fig. 3. k´.
3. Scutellate (Insectum scutellatum). An insect having a visible scutellum.—Ex. Melolontha.
a. Rejected (Rejectum). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.—Ex. Passalus.
b. Received (Receptum). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.—Ex. Most scutellate Coleoptera.
4. Exscutellate (Insectum exscutellatum). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the Prothorax.—Ex. Copris.
5. Ascending (Ascendens). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.—Ex. Sagra.
6. Tabular (Tabulare). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.—Ex. Elater.
7. Obumbrant (Obumbrans). When it overhangs the metathorax.—Ex. Musca. Plate IX. Fig. 19. k´.
δ. base-covers (Tegulæ).
1. Conchiform (Conchiformes). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate IX. Fig. 11, 12. g´´.
2. Laciniform (Laciniformes). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.—Ex. Lithosia, &c. Plate IX. Fig. 5.[1104]
ε. elytra.
1. Base (Basis). The part next the Prothorax.
2. Apex (Apex). The part next the Anus.
3. Humeral Angle (Angulus Humeralis). The exterior basal angle.
4. Scutellar Angle (Angulus Scutellaris). The interior basal angle.
5. Coleoptra (Coleoptra). The two elytra spoken of together.
6. Spinigerous (Spinigera). When the Coleoptra have a spine common to them both.—Ex. Cassida bidens.
7. Auriculate (Auriculata). When the Elytra have an elongate process at the shoulders.—Ex. Cassida bicornis, Taurus, &c.
8. Intire (Integra). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.
9. Fastigiate (Fastigiata). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
10. Truncate (Truncata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
11. Abbreviate (Abbreviata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but cover more than half its length. Plate I. Fig. 4.
12. Dimidiate (Dimidiata). When they are about half the length of the abdomen. Plate I. Fig. 5.
13. Very Short (Brevissima). When they are not half the length of the abdomen. Plate I. Fig. 2, 3, 7.
14. Mutilate (Mutilata). When they appear unnaturally short or curtailed as if mutilated.—Ex. Acrydium.
15. Subulate (Subulata). When they are attenuated towards the end.—Ex. Sitaris humeralis.
16. Elongate (Elongata). When they extend beyond the anus.—Ex. Trox.
17. Obvolving (Obvolventia). When their Epipleuræ cover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 7.
18. Complicant (Complicantia). When they lie a little over each other.—Ex. Meloe. Plate I. Fig. 6.
19. Dehiscent (Dehiscentia). When they diverge a little at the apex.—Ex. Pyrochroa.
20. Ampliate (Ampliata). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.—Ex. Lycus fasciatus. Plate XIII. Fig. 20.
21. Plicate (Plicata). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.—Ex. Pselaphidæ.
22. Perforate (Perforata). When a little hole appears drilled through them.—Ex. Cassida perforata.
N.B. Many of the above terms will apply to Tegmina, Hemelytra, Wings, &c.
A. Side-covers (Epipleuræ).
1. Marginal (Marginales). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.—Ex. Buprestis.
2. Discoidal (Discoidales). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.—Ex. Lampyris, Cossyphus, Cassida, Notoclea[1105].
ζ. tegmina.
1. Fenestrella (Fenestrella). A transparent eye-like spot in the Anal Area of the Tegmina of Acrida ♂[1106].
2. Convolvent (Convolventia). When the Anal Area is horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.—Ex. Locusta. N.B. In this case the Anal Area of one Tegmen covers that of the other.
3. Aliform (Aliformia). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resemble Wings.—Ex. Most Homopterous Hemiptera.
η. hemelytra.
1. Obtected (Obtecta). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.—Ex. Scutellera.
2. Detected (Detecta). When they are not so covered.—Ex. Most Heteropterous Hemiptera.
θ. wings (Alæ).
A. Denomination.
1. Anterior (Anticæ). The fore or upper wings.
a. Superior (Superiores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.—Ex. Hymenoptera.
b. Primary (Primores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are not placed upon the posterior.—Ex. Lepidoptera diurna, Libellulina.
2. Posterior (Posticæ). The hind or lower wings.
a. Inferior (Inferiores). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.
b. Secondary (Secundariæ). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are not placed upon them.—Ex. Lepidoptera diurna, Libellulina.
B. Magnitude.
3. Equal (Æquales). When the four wings are of equal length.—Ex. Libellulina.
4. Unequal (Inæquales). When they are not of equal length.—Ex. Hymenoptera.
C. Complication.
5. Plane (Planæ). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.—Ex. Apis.
6. Tumid (Tumidæ). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.—Ex. The Serrifera or saw-flies. N.B. The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the action of the air.
7. Plicatile (Plicatiles). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.—Ex. Vespa L.
8. Duplicatile (Duplicatæ). When they are folded transversely.—Ex. Coleoptera.
9. Convolute (Convolutæ). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.—Ex. Crambus.
10. Incumbent (Incumbentes). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.—Ex. The Noctuidæ, Geometra.
11. Cruciato-complicate (Cruciato-complicatæ). Wings crossed and folded.—Ex. Pentatoma, &c.
12. Cruciato-incumbent (Cruciato-incumbentes). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.—Ex. Apis.
13. Extended (Extensæ). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.—Ex. Libellula, Æshna, &c.
a. Expanded (Patentes). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.—Ex. Libellula, &c.
b. Horizontal (Horizontales). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extended horizontally forming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.—Ex. Pterophorus[1107].
c. Erect (Erectæ). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.—Ex. Vanessa, Agrion.
d. Erecto-patent (Erecto-patentes). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.—Ex. Hesperia.
e. Connivent (Conniventes). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.—Ex. Vanessa.
f. Divaricate (Divaricatæ). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.
14. Patulous (Patulæ). When wings at rest partly cover each other.
15. Applicant (Applicantes). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.—Ex. Tipula.
16. Divergent (Divergentes). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.
17. Deflexed (Deflexæ). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.—Ex. Homopterous Hemiptera.
18. Reversed (Reversæ). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.—Ex. Gatropacha quercifolia. Plate XIV. Fig. 2.
19. Broad (Latæ). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.—Ex. Papilio.
20. Narrow (Angustæ). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.—Ex. Heliconius.
D. Shape.
1. Falcate (Falcatæ). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.—Ex. Attacus Atlas. Plate XIV. Fig. 4.
2. Digitate (Digitatæ). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.—Ex. Pterophorus. Plate XIV. Fig. 3.
a. Radius (Radius). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.
3. Caudate (Caudatæ). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.—Ex. Papilio Machaon. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. s.
a. Bicaudate (Bicaudatæ). Having two such tails. Tricaudatæ having three, &c.
E. Surface.
1. Squamate (Squamatæ). Wings covered with minute scales.—Ex. Lepidoptera. Plate XXII. Fig. 16. a, b, c, d, &c.
2. Denudate (Denudatæ). When the wings of Lepidoptera appear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either partially or generally.—Ex. Heliconius, Sesia, Zygæna, Nudaria.
3. Fenestrate (Fenestratæ). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.—Ex. Attacus Atlas, &c.
4. Bare (Nudæ). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.—Ex. Coleoptera.
F. Margin.
1. Anterior or Exterior (Anterior or Exterior). The outer margin of the wing, or that from the body. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. a.
2. Interior (Interior). The inner margin of the wing, or that next the body. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. b.
3. Posterior (Posterior). The terminal margin of the wing, or apex. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. c.
4. Plectrum (Plectrum). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.—Ex. Many Muscidæ.
G. Angles.
H. Nervures.
1. Nervulet (Nervulus). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.
a. Simple (Simplex). When the nervulet does not terminate in a round punctum.—Ex. Eulophus.
b. Coronate (Coronatum). When it terminates in a round punctum.—Ex. Ichneumon penetrans[1108].
2. Neurose (Neurosæ). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.
3. Aneurose (Aneurosæ). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.—Ex. Psilus.
4. Circumsepted (Circumseptæ). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.—Ex. Tabanus.
5. Varicose (Varicosæ). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.—Ex. Forficula auricularia. Plate X. Fig. 5.
6. Serpentine (Serpentinæ). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus K. M.S[1109]. Plate X. Fig. 4.
7. Insulate (Insulatæ). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus. Plate X. Fig. 4. a, b.
8. Uncinate (Unicinatæ). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus. Plate X. Fig. 4. i..
9. Recurrent (Recurrentes). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus, &c. Plate X. Fig 4. l..
10. Connecting (Connectentes). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.
I. Areolets.
1. Radiated (Radiatæ). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.—Ex. Forficula, Psychoda. Plate X. Fig. 5, 13.
2. Areate (Areatæ). Radiated with a large basal area.—Ex. Papilio and many other Lepidoptera[1110]. Plate X. Fig. 6.
3. Areolate (Areolatæ). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.—Ex. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and most Neuroptera. Plate X. Fig. 7-14.
4. Reticulate (Reticulatæ). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate III. Fig. 5.
5. Open (Apertæ). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.
a. Marginal (Marginales). Open areolets that terminate in the margin.—Ex. Tenthredo. Plate X. Fig. 8.
b. Incomplete (Incompletæ). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.—Ex. Apis.
6. Radiant (Radiantes). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.—Ex. Stratyomis. Plate X. Fig. 15.
7. Petiolate (Petiolatæ). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111]. Plate X. Fig. 8.
8. Ramulose (Ramulosæ). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.—Ex. Pompilus, Sphex, &c.[1112]
9. Angular (Angulatæ). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.—Ex. Eristalis, Cerceris.[1113] Plate X. Fig. 14.
10. Didymous (Didymæ). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.—Ex. Gyrostoma.
11. Sesquialterous (Sesquialteræ). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.—Ex. Postcostal areolet of Hylotoma[1114].
* Areolets of the Costal Area.
* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.
1. Protomesal (Protomesæ). First series of the middle areolets (Areolæ mediæ), often consisting of three, and then divided into upper, middle, and lower, areolets. Plate X. Fig. 8, 9. a.
2. Deuteromesal (Deuteromesæ). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided into upper and lower. Ibid. b.
3. Tritomesal (Tritomesæ). Third series of the same. Ibid. c.
K. Stigma.
1. Blind (Cœcum). When the stigma is wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.—Ex. Most Hymenoptera.
2. Fenestrate (Fenestratum). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet. Plate X. Fig. 11. m´´´.
L. Number.
1. Apterous (Aptera). Having no wings.
2. Dipterous (Diptera). Having two wings.
3. Tetrapterous (Tetraptera). Having four wings.
ι. legs (Pedes).
A. Number.
1. Tetrapod (Tetrapus). An insect having only four perfect legs.—Ex. Vanessa.
2. Hexapod (Hexapus). An insect having six legs.—Ex. Insects Proper in general.
3. Octopod (Octopus). Having eight legs.—Ex. Araneidea.
4. Polypod (Polypus). Having more than eight legs but under fifty.—Ex. Glomeris, Cermatia.
5. Centipede (Centipes). Having more than fifty legs but under two hundred.—Ex. Scolopendra.
6. Myriapod (Myriapus). Having two hundred legs or more.—Ex. Iulus.
B. Situation.
1. Antepectoral (Antepectorales). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to the Antepectus.
2. Medipectoral (Medipectorales). The mid-legs, affixed to the Medipectus.
3. Postpectoral (Postpectorales). The hind-legs, affixed to the Postpectus.
4. Distant (Distantes). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.—Ex. Intermediate legs of Copris.
5. Approximate (Approximati). When they are near each other at the base.—Ex. Posterior legs of Copris.
6. Equidistant (Æquidistantes). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.—Ex. Cassida.
C. Duration.
1. Persistent (Persistentes). Legs which the insect has in all its states.—Ex. The legs attached to the trunk. N.B. These are called Legs (Pedes). Plate XVIII. Fig. 11. a.
2. Deciduous (Decidui). Legs which the insect has not in all its states.—Ex. Membranous legs of Caterpillars. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11. b. N.B. These are called Prolegs (Propedes).
3. Acquired (Acquisiti). Legs which the insect has not in its first state, but which it acquires subsequently.—Ex. Abdominal legs in Scolopendra, Iulus, &c.
D. Denomination.
1. Fore-Legs (Antici). The first pair. Taken by themselves called Arms (Brachia).
2. Anterior (Anteriores). The two first pair of legs.
3. Mid-legs (Intermedii). The middle pair of legs.
4. Hind-legs (Postici). The last pair of legs.
5. Posterior (Posteriores). The two last pair of legs.
6. Abbreviate (Abbreviati). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.—Ex. Vanessa.
7. Ambulatory (Ambulatorii). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.—Ex. Chrysomela.
8. Cursorious (Cursorii). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they have not a spongy sole.—Ex. Carabus, Cicindela. Plate XIV. Fig. 7.
9. Saltatorious (Saltatorii). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed for leaping.—Ex. Haltica, Orchestes, the Locustina. Plate XIV. Fig. 5.
10. Natatorious (Natatorii). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed for swimming.—Ex. Dytiscus, Gyrinus, Notonecta. Plate XIV. Fig. 6.
11. Motatorious (Motatorii). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.—Ex. Tipula.
12. Fossorious (Fossorii). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.—Ex. Scarites, Clivinia, Gryllotalpa. Plate XV. Fig. 5, 6.
13. Raptorious (Raptorii). When the strong porrected thighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.—Ex. Mantis, Nepa.
14. Prehensorious (Prehensorii). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate XIV. Fig 8[1115].
E. Hip (Coxa).
1. Fixed (Fixæ). When they are not moveable.—Ex. Dytiscus, Gonyleptes.
2. Free (Liberæ). When they are moveable.—Ex. Hymenoptera, most Coleoptera.
3. Laminate (Laminatæ). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.—Ex. Haliplus. Plate XV. Fig. 1. p´´.
4. Flocculate (Flocculatæ). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (Flocculus).—Ex. Andrena[1116].
F. Trochanter (Trochanter).
1. Fulcrant (Fulcrans). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.—Ex. Carabus.
2. Intercepting (Intercipiens). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so as intirely to separate them.—Ex. The Petalocerous beetles, Hymenoptera, &c.
3. Monomerous (Monomerus). When it consists of only one joint.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.
4. Dimerous (Dimerus). When it consists of two joints.—Ex. Ichneumon.
G. Thigh (Femur).
1. Simple (Simplex). When it is no where particularly thick.
2. Incrassate (Incrassatum). When it is very thick, either partially or generally, and formed for leaping.—Ex. Haltica, &c.
3. Loricate (Loricatum). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.—Ex. Locusta. Plate XIV. Fig. 5.
H. Shank (Tibia).
1. Alate (Alata). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.—Ex. Petalopus phyllopus, &c. Plate XV. Fig. 2. a.
2. Foliaceous (Foliacea). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.—Ex. Euglossa cordata, &c.
3. Corbiculate (Corbiculata). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.—Ex. Apis, Bombus[1117].
4. Scopate (Scopata). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off the gross pollen, and in which it carries it.—Ex. Andrena[1118].
5. Calcarate (Calcarata). When it is armed with one or more spurs (Calcaria).—Ex. The majority of insects.
6. Excalcarate (Excalcarata). When it has no such spurs.—Ex. Apion.
I. Foot (Tarsus).
1. Scopulate (Scopulatus). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.—Ex. Apis, Andrena, &c.[1119]
b. metathorax.
1. Simulant (Simulans). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and the Metathorax only is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.—Ex. The Geocorisæ. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 12.
α. postdorsolum.
1. Latent (Latens). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.
2. Exposed (Apertus). When it is not so covered.—Ex. Atractocerus, Hymenoptera, &c.
β. postscutellum.
1. Distinct (Distinctum). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.—Ex. Locusta. Plate VIII. Fig. 12 u´.
2. Coalite (Coalitum). When it is not distinct.—Ex. Blatta.
3. Scutelliform (Scutelliforme). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling a scutellum.—Ex. Locusta.
4. Canaliform (Canaliforme). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.—Ex. Coleoptera. Plate VIII. Fig. 3. u´. XXVIII. Fig. 10. u´.
5. Obliterate (Obliteratum). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.—Ex. Hymenoptera.
γ. postfrænum.
1. Tabulate (Tabulatum). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.
2. Funiculate (Funiculatum). When it forms a narrow ridge.—Ex. Pentatoma, Fulgora, Libellulina. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 11, 12. v´.
3. Cruciate (Cruciatum). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.—Ex. Libellulina[1120]. Plate IX. Fig. 7. v´.
4. Adnate (Adnatum). When a funicular Postfrænum is closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.—Ex. Pentatoma.
5. Transcurrent (Transcurrens). When a postfrænum is at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.—Ex. Belostoma grandis.
IV. ABDOMEN.
1. Coalite (Coalitum). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.—Ex. Araneidea, Chelonus.
a. Plicate (Plicatum). When it consists of transverse folds.—Ex. Gonyleptes, Carkinodes[1121]. Plate XV. Fig. 11.
b. Tense (Tensum). When it is not folded.—Ex. Most Araneidea.
2. Insected (Sectum). When it is divided into segments.—Ex. Most insects.
3. Sessile (Sessile). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.—Ex. Coleoptera.
4. Petiolate (Petiolatum). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.—Ex. The Sphecidæ, Ichneumon.
5. Adjoined (Adjunctum). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.—Ex. Vespa, Apis.
6. Superimposited (Superimpositum). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.—Ex. Evania. Plate IV. Fig. 2.
7. Retracted (Retractum). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate XV. Fig. 11. 8. Obumbrate (Obumbratum). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.—Ex. Carkinodes. Plate XV. Fig. 10.
9. Saltatorious (Saltatorium). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal to leap.—Ex. Machilis, Podura. Plate XV. Fig. 14.
10. Natatorious (Natatorium). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect in swimming.—Ex. Larva of Agrion, and Dytiscus.
i. CAUDA.
1. Uncinate (Uncinata). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.—Ex. Dolichopus ♂.
2. Aduncous (Adunca). When it is crooked.—Ex. Chelostoma maxillosa ♂. (Apis ** c. 2. γ. K.)
3. Distinct (Distincta). When it is distinct from the abdomen.—Ex. Scorpio.
4. Cheliferous (Chelifera). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.—Ex. Panorpa ♂. Plate XV. Fig. 12.
5. Papilliferous (Papillifera). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.—Ex. Staphylinus.
ii. OVIPOSITOR.
1. Ensate (Ensatus). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like a sword.—Ex. Acrida.
2. Navicular (Navicularis). When it is shaped like a boat.—Ex. Cicada, Scaphura.
3. Telescopiform (Telescopiformis). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of a telescope. Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 3.
4. Aculeiform (Aculeiformis). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (Ioterium), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.
a. Exerted (Exertus). When the vagina unemployed is partly out of the body.—Ex. Cleptes.
b. Extricated (Extricatus). When the valves and vagina unemployed are wholly out of the body.—Ex. Pimpla. Plate XVI. Fig. 1.
c. Reflexed (Reflexus). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.—Ex. Leucospis.
APPENDIX.
Terms particularly applicable to Larvæ and Pupæ.
LARVÆ.
1. Spinneret (Fusulus). The organ which spins the silk. Plate XXI. Fig. 9.
2. Forcipate Lip (Labium Forcipatum). Mask of larvæ and pupæ of Libellulina[1122]. Plate XVI. Fig. 5. a. 3. Unguiform Mandibles (Mandibulæ unguiformes). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of many Diptera. Plate XX. Fig. 1, 2. c´.
4. Prop (Ereisma). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genus Sminthurus, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].
5. Fecifork (Fæcifurca). The anal fork on which the larva of Cassidæ, &c. carry their feces. Plate XVIII. Fig. 2. a.
6. Mastigia (Mastigia). Two anal organs in the larvæ of Cerura Vinula, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away the Ichneumons. Plate XIX. Fig. 2. a.
7. Syringes (Syringia). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].
8. Rumules (Rumulæ). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].
9. Aeriducts (Aëriductus). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished. Plate XXIX. Fig. 3-7.
10. Prolegs (Propedes). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11, 12. b.
a. Coronate Prolegs (Propedes coronati). Prolegs that have an intire coronet of crotchets. Plate XXIII. Fig. 1.
b. Semicoronate Prolegs (Propedes semicoronati). Prolegs that have a semicoronet of crotchets.
c. Unarmed (Inermes). Prolegs that have no crotchets.
d. Stilt Prolegs (Propedes grabati). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal. Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. a.
α. Coalite Stilt Prolegs (Propedes grabati coaliti). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex. Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. b.