[1076] The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.
[1077] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. f. 8. b, c.
[1078] We use this term because subcrosa is employed in a quite different sense.
[1079] We restrict the term Figure, to the shape of a superficies.
[1080] The term falcate has usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.
[1081] We have departed from the more usual definition of trapezoid, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.
[1082] We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.
[1083] The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon is prismatical; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous with triquetrous, we thought it best to use an adjective derived from prismoid, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.
[1084] This term in Anatomy denotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. In Astronomy it is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.
[1085] We employ the term æquatus instead of æqualis commonly used in this sense, because æqualis is also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.
[1086] I do not find in Schönherr (Curculionid. Method. Disp.) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be a Cyphus Germ. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.
[1087] Linn. Trans. vi. 194. t. xx. f. 5.
[1088] Germ. Insect. Spec. Nov. 332—. To this genus Curculio Tribulus and quadridens appear to belong.
[1089] This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (sericea); but it certainly does not resemble silk; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited by Cryptocephalus sericeus.
[1090] Mon. Ap. Angl. 1. t. iv. ** c. f. 1. a.
[1091] See above, p. 283. no 7.
[1092] Linné in Coccinella has employed the term Gutta for a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, and Pustula for a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.
[1094] As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.
[1095] These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.
[1096] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. * *. e. 1. neut. f. 6. c. and t. x. * *, d, 1, f. 1. c.
[1097] Oliv. Ins. No. 44. Pæderus. t. i. f. 1. e.
[1098] Germ. Insect. Spec. 486—.
[1099] Fn. Suec. 1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among his Noctuæ, I know not why.
[1100] Curtis, Brit. Ent. t. 154.
[1101] Monogr. Ap. Angl. i. 97. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. Neut. f. 21. d.
[1102] This term may be applied to the Mesothorax in heteropterous Hemiptera, in which that part lies buried under the Prothorax. Plate VIII. Fig. 20. i, k.
[1103] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes. Mém. du Mus. t. viii. 55.
[1104] In many moths, particularly Spilosoma ocularia, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautiful tippet formed by the Patagia, and its shoulders by these lappets.
[1105] Neither Chrysomela nor Imatidium have a discoidal Epipleura; which furnishes a further proof that Notoclea is distinct from Chrysomela, and Imatidium from Cassida.
[1106] For the reason of this change of the name of Locusta F., see Zool. Journ. No iv.
An Acrida with this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein. Linn. Trans. iv. t. v. A.
[1107] Reaum. i. t. xx. f. 12-15.
[1108] Linn. Trans. v. t. iv. f. 10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which the Ichneumones minuti of Linné are now divided.
[1109] To this genus or subgenus Scarabæus Syphax, Antæus, Titanus, &c. belong.
[1110] Jones. Linn. Trans. ii. t. viii. f. 1, 3-6, 8.
[1111] Jurine Hymenopt. t. i. f. 3. b.
[1112] Ibid. t. iii. Gen. 4, 5.
[1113] Ibid. t. x. Gen. 23, 24.
[1114] Ibid. t. vi. Gen. 2.
[1115] See Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 450—. t. xxii. f. 16.
[1116] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta **. c. f. 10. a.
[1117] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. f. 19. a, b.
[1118] Mon. Ap. Angl. t. iv. **. c. f. 14 *. a. f. 12.
[1119] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 20.
[1120] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes. Ann. du Mus. xiv. t. viii. f. 1. K. n.
[1123] De Geer vii. 38—. t. iii. f. 10. rr.
[1125] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. m. n.
[1126] Philos. Botan. 97. n. 153.
[1127] Ibid. 98. n. 155, &c.
[1128] Μεθοδος is rendered "An artificial and compendious mode of doing any thing; a mode of teaching or learning:" Μεθοδευω is "To overcome by artifice." Συσεμα applied to music is "A full and harmonious assemblage of tones." So that in fact, System should express the actual disposition of objects, or a Natural arrangement; and Method, an Artificial one.
[1129] Wisdom. xi. 20.
[1130] Genes. i. 31.
[1131] W. S. MacLeay in Linn. Trans. xiv. 54.
[1132] Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 11.
[1133] Qu. Whether every real species or group has not some one or more peculiar characters which it neither derives from its predecessor nor imparts to its successor in a series?
[1134] Œuvres vii. 51—.
[1135] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 485.
[1137] W. S. MacLeay. Hor. Entomolog. passim; and in Linn. Trans. ubi supr. 53—.
[1138] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 485.
[1139] The idea of a continuous series militates somewhat against that of a circle returning into itself. The progression of the series may be in a circle; but at the point of contact where the second circle meets the first, the lines must cut each other; and at this point of intersection of the two circles are of course the osculant groups constituting the first and the last of each circle, which in their intervention come in contact with each other, or rather forming transition groups. If each circle is regarded as absolute, the series is broken, though the osculant groups connect the circular ones.
[1140] Mr. MacLeay almost admits that there are natural genera. Hor. Ent. 492.
[1141] Œuvr. vii. 52.
[1142] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 34—.
[1143] Even those animals that like the Spongiæ and Alcyonia are aggregate, and fixed by a common base, have a partial degree of voluntary locomotion in their cells.
[1145] Cuv. Anat. Comp. i. 173.
[1146] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. ii. 25.
[1147] Ibid. 26—.
[1149] Hor. Entomolog. 200—. See above, p. 3—.
[1150] Savigny Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. II. i. 3.
[1151] MacLeay Hor. Ent. 204.
[1152] Vol. III. p. 46—, See above, p. 247.
[1155] In this respect insects excel many reptiles, which can reproduce some of their parts.
[1156] See MacLeay Hor. Entomolog. 203, 206—. 298—.
[1157] Linn. Philos. Botan. n. 155, 160.
[1158] Vol. III. Letter XXVIII.
[1159] Scias Characterem non constituere Genus, sed Genus Characterem; Characterem fluere e Genere, non Genus e Charactere; Characterem non esse ut Genus fiat, sed ut Genus noscatur. Philos. Botan. m. 169.
[1162] Derived from κολεος, a sheath, and πτερον, a wing.
[1163] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 7. l. v. c. 20.
[1164] Ὁσα το πτερον εχει εν κολεῳ.
[1165] Latr. Gen. Crust. et Ins. i. 169. Oliv. Ins. i. Introd. v.
[1167] In some genera, as Molorchus, &c., they do not completely cover the wings. Plate X. Fig. 1. Plate I. Fig. 4, 5.
[1168] In Buprestis, Molorchus, &c., they are only longitudinally folded.
[1170] From σρεψις, a turning or twisting, and πτερον.
[1171] Vol. III. p. 589. note1769.
[1172] Hor. Entomolog. 371—.
[1173] Linn. Trans. xi. 96—.
[1174] Ibid. t. ix. f. 1. d.
[1176] Linn. Trans. Ibid. f. 15. b.
[1177] From δερμα, a skin.
[1179] From ορθος, straight.
[1180] Fn. Suec.
[1181] From δικτυον, a net.
[1183] From νευρον, a nerve.
[1184] Her. Entomolog. 433.
[1187] Ibid. p. 423, 441—, 451, 454—.
[1190] N. Dict, d'Hist. Nat. x. 344.
[1191] The ovipositor of Raphidia seems merely calculated to introduce its eggs under bark; it seems incapable of boring.
[1192] From ὑμην, a membrane.
[1193] De Geer ii. 1035.
[1194] Since this was written, Mr. Stephens has showed me a remarkable Hymenopterous insect taken by him in Hertfordshire, which appears to have the antennæ of one of the Ichneumonidæ and the wings and abdomen of a Tenthredo L., so as to form a link connecting the two tribes or suborders. This may probably have a vermiform larva.
[1195] Hor. Entomolog. 431.
[1196] Hor. Entomolog. 429.
[1197] Vol. III. p. 67. See above, p. 160.
[1198] Whoever consults De Geer ii. 941—. t. xxxiii. f. 14, 15. t. xxxvi. f. 27. and t. xxxix. f. 7, 8, will be convinced that the metamorphosis of Tenthredo L. is incomplete rather than obtected.
[1199] The Hymenoptera, though they have all the usual oral organs, cannot be denominated masticators generally; these organs, especially the mandibles, being chiefly used in their economy.
[1202] From ἡμισυ, the half.
[1203] Vol. III. p. 463—. Linn. Syst. Nat. Ord. II.
[1204] If considered as suborders, their denomination should not terminate precisely as that of Orders. Perhaps Hemipterita and Heteropterita might be an improvement.
[1205] Hor. Entomolog. 374—.
[1209] Vol. III. p. 611—. 604—.
[1211] From θριξ, τριχος, hair. Mr. MacLeay, thinking it indisputable that the Perlidæ should be included in this Order, suggests the propriety of changing its name, both as inapplicable, and as being preoccupied by a Dipterous genus. As I do not think the Perlidæ belong to the Order, and as the great body of the Trichoptera are distinguished by hairy upper wings, I cannot think the name improper: but to apply a name to a Genus which terminates like the denominations of Orders, I think leads to mistakes, and should not be tolerated.—K.
[1212] Hor. Entomolog. 430—.
[1214] The location of the legs together, their long coxæ, and their calcaria, are analogous also to those of the Lepidoptera.
[1215] Reaum. vi. Mem. x. t. xxxii. f. 13. t. xxxiv. f. 1-6. De Geer vi. 169—. t. x. f. 7, 8.
[1216] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. 286.
[1217] De Geer ii. 511—. He however observes, that they often attack other insects: but the form of their mandibulæ, like that of the caterpillars of Lepidoptera, which also on some occasions become carnivorous (Vol. I. p. 386), is fitted for a vegetable diet. De Geer, Ibid. 505.
[1218] This is evident from De Geer's account. Ibid. 516. t. xii. f. 14. t. xv. f. 4.
[1220] From λεπις, a scale.
[1221] Vol. III. p. 537. Plate IX. Fig. 4.
[1225] From δις twice, or double.
[1226] Hist. Animal. l. iv. c. 1, 27.
[1233] From αφανης; inconspicuous; so named because something like elytra appear.
[1236] From α, priv. and πτερον.
[1240] Hor. Entomolog. 381.
[1241] Vol. III. p. 22. note36.
[1245] Hor. Entomolog. 286.
[1246] The number of segments and legs acquired by these insects in their progress to their last state, distinguishes their metamorphosis from that of other Aptera, and requires a distinct name.
[1248] When I said (Vol. III. p. 31.) that Phrynus probably belonged to the true Arachnida, it escaped my recollection that Latreille had placed that genus there.
[1249] L. Dufour Six Nouvell. Arachnid. &c. Ann. Gen. des Scienc. Physiq. IV. iii. 17. t. lxix. f. 7, b.
[1250] Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 57—.
[1252] Plate XV. Fig. 10. T´´. Plate XXIII. Fig. 15. 17. T´´.
[1255] Called the Centris. Vol. III. p. 388, 716.
[1256] M. Latreille thinks that in Galeodes the prothorax is coalite with the head (N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xii. 370.); but that it is not so, is evident from the six real legs being affixed to the pieces behind it. See also Vol. III. p. 23. note40.
[1257] L. Dufour ubi supr. IV. iii. 18.
[1258] Ibid. 19.
[1259] Ibid. t. lxix. f. 7. d.
[1260] When the characters of the Class Arachnida were drawn up (Vol. III. p. 30.) I had not seen a Galeodes: they should be thus amended:
Palpi four: anterior pair pediform, cheliform, or unguiculate; posterior pediform.
Trunk Legs six, &c.
[1262] Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal.
[1263] Annulosa Javanica. 5.
[1265] Coléopt. d'Europe i. 75.
[1266] Vol. III. p. 167—. I formerly hinted (Ibid. p. 163.) that the larva of Cicindela may be regarded as Araneidiform: this is further confirmed by its having eight eyes, (and not six,) as I have since discovered, and by the aspect of its large head and prothorax. The other larvæ of the Adephagana have twelve eyes.—Mr. Stephens (Illustrations of British Entomology, no. xv. p. 175.) has confirmed the above statement, as to the number of eyes of the larva of Cicindela.
[1267] Mr. MacLeay says that more than 100,000 Annulosa exist in collections.—Hor. Ent. 469.
[1268] Vigors in Zoolog. Journ. I. ii. 188.
[1269] Hor. Entomolog. 125—.
[1270] See Bicheno in Linn. Trans. xv. 491.
[1271] Dr. Horsfield, in his very ingenious and generally admirable Descriptive Catalogue of the Javanese Lepidoptera in the Museum of the Honourable East India Company, has divided that Order into five primary groups, apparently to accommodate it to Mr. W. S. MacLeay's quinary system. I trust he will pardon me for observing, that in this arrangement he seems to me rather to force than to follow nature; and that though he adheres to the above system as to the number, he forsakes it in the construction of his groups.
The obvious primary sections of the Lepidoptera, which have been evident to almost every one who has at all studied the Order, are the three named in the text, corresponding with Linné's genera Papilio, Sphinx, and Phalæna. The groups of the last or nocturnal section, which Dr. Horsfield has elevated to the same rank with the two first, are evidently not of equal value, nor to be placed upon the same platform; for the Bombycidæ, Noctuidæ, and Phalænidæ, are clearly of a secondary rank. Indeed this section is resolvable into more groups of equal value than the learned Doctor has assigned to it; for the Tortricidæ, Tineidæ, &c. are not so united to the Geometers, or genuine Phalænidæ, as to form with them a primary group of the Nocturnal Lepidoptera, but are themselves entitled separately to that distinction. This will be evident to every one who will take the trouble to compare the larvæ and their habits, of the two tribes, as well as the perfect insects.
In the construction of his groups, he seems not to have discovered in the Lepidoptera a great typical group resolvable into two, or at least he has not built his system on this foundation, which appears an essential part of the quinary arrangement. (See Mr. W. S. MacLeay in Linn. Trans. xiv. 56—.) As to value, the Papilionidæ constitute the typical group or centre of the Order, though the Phalænidæ prevail as to numbers: but neither of these are resolvable into two primary groups.
[1272] Linn. Trans. xiv. 56—. It is to be observed, however, that what Mr. MacLeay calls the aberrant groups are usually also resolvable into two.
[1273] Hor. Entomolog. 318, et passim.
[1274] Linn. Trans. ubi supr. Mr. W. S. MacLeay informs me that M. Agardh has found that the distribution of Fuci is regulated by the same law.
[1275] Zool. Journ. iii. 312—.
[1276] Vol. III. p. 15. note21.
[1277] Hor. Entomolog. 199.
[1278] Viz. 1. Copris Hesperus; 2. C. reflexa; 3. C. Sabæus; 4. C. lunaris; 5. C. Carolina; 6. C. Œdipus; 7. C. Midas; 8. C. capucina; 9. C. Bucephalus; 10. C. Molossus; 11. C. Eridanus; 12. C. sexdentata K.
[1279] Hor. Entomolog. 518.
[1280] The most natural and consistent interpretation of 1 Cor. xiii. 12, Βλεπομεν γαρ αρτι δι' εσοπτρου εν αινιγματι, is, that "we see now as it were in a mirror the glory of God reflected enigmatically by the things that he has made." Comp. Rom. i. 20—. Our Saviour (Luke x. 19.) calls serpents and scorpions the power of the enemy; which can only mean that they are figures or symbols of the enemy.
[1281] Rom. i. 20, to the end of the chapter.
[1282] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xx. 484. comp. ii. 30—.
[1283] Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 20—.
[1284] Horæ Entomologicæ.
[1289] A most singular insect belonging to this tribe, and which seems to form a link, having a notched cubit, between the Amaurona and the Lamprona, has been described and figured by Hagenbach under the name of Mormolyce phyllodes. It exhibits such a striking resemblance to a Mantis or Phasma, that it might be mistaken for one. It was found on the western side of the island of Java. Mr. Samouelle showed me a second species of this genus from China, belonging to a lady, who put it into his hands, it being broken, to put together.
[1290] A remarkable imitation of an antelope's horn, a process of the mandible of an insect, in the possession of R. D. Alexander, Esq. F.L.S., is figured in the fifth Number of the Zoological Journal.
[1291] Hor. Entomolog. 456. Comp. Linn. Trans. xiv. 67—.
[1292] Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vertèbr. I. i. 20—.
[1294] Vol. III. pp. 372, 598.
[1298] Ent. Carn. 168. n. 446.
[1299] Meigen has figured a Dipterous insect exactly resembling a Cimbex, which he calls Aspistes berolinensis (Dipt. i. 319. t. xi. f. 16, 17.)
[1300] Prædones Latr., &c.
[1301] Andrena F., &c.
[1302] Hor. Entomolog. 437.
[1304] Mém. du Mus. 1819. 136.
[1305] Rifferschw. de Ins. Genital. 9.
[1306] Annulos. Javan. i. 1.