It was by the language of terms that he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;—having therefore led you through a large portion of the flowery fields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into that arid but not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of the technical language by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.
The science of terms, which I shall call Orismology[1075], may be divided into two branches—General Orismology, and Partial Orismology; the first containing general definitions, and the last those relating to particular parts and organs.
A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. SUBSTANCE.
1. Membranous (Membranacea). A fine, thin, transparent substance. A Membrane.—Ex. Wings of Hymenoptera and Diptera.
2. Pergameneous (Pergamenea). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resembling parchment.—Ex. The Tegmina of the Orthoptera[1076].
3. Coriaceous (Coriacea). A thicker, flexible substance, resembling leather.—Ex. Elytra of Telephorus and the Malacodermi.
4. Corneous (Cornea). A hard inflexible substance resembling horn.—Ex. Elytra of Lucanus Cervus and many other Coleoptera.
5. Crustaceous (Crustacea). A rigid calcareous substance.—Ex. The Shell of a Lobster or Crab.
6. Callous (Callosa). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.—Ex. Elevated parts of the Collar in Nomada. (Mon. Ap. Angl. Apis * b.)[1077] Spots on the elytra of Stenocorus (Tylostagmus K. MS.) bimaculatus and affinities.
7. Cartilagineous (Cartilaginea). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.—Ex. The Tongue of many Hymenoptera.
8. Subereous (Suberea). A soft elastic substance somewhat resembling cork[1078]. The galls of some species of Cynips when mature approach to this substance.
9. Spongiose (Spongiosa). A soft elastic substance resembling sponge.—Ex. The Pulvilli of Thanasimus, Buprestis, &c.
10. Ligneous (Lignosa). A hard unelastic substance like wood.—Ex. Galls of some species of Cynips.
11. Carnose (Carnosa). A soft, fleshy substance.—Ex. Caterpillars and Grubs.
12. Tubulose (Tubulosa). When the interior is hollow or empty.
13. Solid (Solida). When the interior is full.
II. RESISTANCE.
1. Rigid (Rigida). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).
2. Flexile (Flexilis). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.—Ex. Elytra of Telephorus.
3. Soft (Mollis). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.—Ex. Elytra of Meloe.
III. DENSITY.
1. Foliaceous (Foliacea). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.—Ex. Aradus corticalis and Coreus paradoxus.
2. Depressed (Depressa). When the vertical section is shorter than the transverse.—Ex. Trogosita mauritanica.
3. Compressed (Compressa). When the transverse section is shorter than the vertical.—Ex. Centrotus cornutus: Abdomen in Cynips.
4. Plump (Pinguis). Naturally and proportionably plump.—Ex. Thylacites, &c. Most of the Cicadæ.
5. Obese (Obesa). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex. Chrysomela Polygoni ♀, Galeruca Tanaceti ♀, Brachycerus.
6. Ventricose (Ventricosa). Bellying out as if filled with air.—Ex. Pneumora.
IV. PROPORTION.
1. Thick (Crassa). Disproportionably thick throughout.—Ex. Copris.
2. Incrassate (Incrassata). Disproportionably thick in part.—Ex. Base of the Abdomen of Æshna and many Libellulina. Plate IX. Fig. 9.
3. Slender (Tenuis). Disproportionably slender throughout.—Ex. Lixus paraplecticus.
4. Attenuate (Attenuata). Disproportionably slender in part.—Ex. Tail of Scorpio, Raphidia ♂, &c.
5. Broad (Lata). Disproportionably broad throughout.
6. Dilatate (Dilatata). Disproportionably broad in part.—Ex. Elytra of Lycus fasciatus, &c. Plate XIII. Fig. 20.
7. Narrow (Angusta). Disproportionably narrow throughout.—Ex. Abdomen of Agrion.
8. Angustate (Angustata). Disproportionably narrow in part.—Ex. Elytra of Sitaris humeralis. Plate XIII. Fig. 19.
9. Long (Longa). Disproportionably long throughout.—Ex. Scolopendra.
10. Elongate (Elongata). Disproportionably long in part.—Ex. Abdomen of Libellulina.
11. Short (Brevis). Disproportionably short throughout.—Ex. Copris.
12. Abbreviate (Abbreviata). Disproportionably short in part.—Ex. Elytra of Staphylinidæ, Atractocerus, &c.
V. FIGURE[1079].
1. Circular (Circularis). Having the diameter every way equal. Plate XXIX. Fig. 16, 17.
2. Rotundate (Rotundata). Rounded at the angles or sides. Plate XXIX. Fig. 19.
3. Oval (Ovalis). Having the longitudinal diameter twice the length of the transverse, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle. Plate XX. Fig. 6.
4. Elliptic (Elliptica). Oval, but having the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse. Plate XX. Fig. 19.
5. Oblong (Oblonga). Having the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse, and the ends varying, or rounded. Plate XX. Fig. 3, 9.
6. Ovate (Ovata). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles. Plate XX. Fig. 12, 13.
7. Cordate (Cordata). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles. Plate IX. Fig. 22.
8. Sagittate (Sagittata). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles. Plate XXVII. Fig. 41. w´´´.
9. Hastate (Hastata). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.—Ex. Horn of the prothorax of Dynastes hastatus. Postfurca in many Coleoptera. Plate XXII. Fig. 5. b †.
10. Triangular; Quadrangular; Quinquangular; Sexangular (Triangula; Quadrangula; Quinquangula; Sexangula). Having three, four, five, or six angles.
11. Turbinate (Turbinata). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides. Plate XXV. Fig. 18.
12. Ensate (Ensata). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.—Ex. Ovipositor of Acrida viridissima. Plate XV. Fig. 19.
13. Lanceolate (Lanceolata). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.—Ex. The Cerci in Blatta. Plate XV. Fig. 23. Q´´.
14. Sigmoidal (Sigmoidea). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.—Ex. Ovipositor of Cimbex, Plate XV. Fig. 21. H´´.
15. Cuneate (Cuneata). Wedge-shaped. Having the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and narrowing gradually downwards. Plate X. Fig. 11.
16. Acinacicate (Acinacicata). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.—Ex. Abdomen of Ophion, Fœnus, and other Ichneumonidæ[1080].
17. Lunulate (Lunulata). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.—Ex. Last joint of the labial palpi of Oxyporus. Plate XIII. Fig. 4. a.
18. Falcate (Falcata). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.—Ex. Ovipositor of Acrida varia. Antennæ of Atractocerus. Plate XI. Fig. 8.
19. Linear (Linearis). Narrow and of the same width throughout.—Ex. Wings of Pterophorus monodactylus.
20. Arcuate (Arcuata). Linear and bent like a bow.—Ex. Rostrum of Balaninus Nucum. Plate XIII. Fig. 12.
21. Cultrate (Cultrata). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.—Ex. Ovipositor of some Saw-flies. Under-wing of many Ichneumonidæ.
22. Spatulate (Spatulata). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at the apex, linear and narrow at the base.—Ex. Abdomen of Ichneumon amictorius Panz.
23. Clepsydrate (Clepsydrata). Hour-glass-shaped. Broader at the base and apex—Ex. The Prosternum of many Capricorn beetles.
24. Clavate (Clavata). Club-shaped. Linear at the base, but towards the apex growing gradually broader. Plate XI. Fig. 4.
25. Quadrate (Quadrata). Square. Quadrilateral with the sides equal and the angles right angles.
26. Rhomboid (Rhomboidea). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite angles acute, and two obtuse. Plate XXVII. Fig. 62. t´´.
27. Trapezate (Trapezata). Quadrilateral with the four sides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel. Plate XIV. Fig. 4.
28. Trapezoid (Trapezoidea). Quadrilateral, with two sides unequal and parallel[1081]. Plate XXVI. Fig. 34. b´.
29. Parallelogramical (Parallelogramica). Quadrilateral, with all the angles right angles, and all the sides parallel, but two longer than the others.
VI. FORM[1082].
1. Spherical (Sphærica). The shape of a globe. A body whose diameter every way is equal. Plate XX. Fig. 5.
2. Orbiculate (Orbiculata). A depressed globe, whose horizontal section is circular, and vertical oval. Plate XX. Fig. 10, 11.
3. Lenticular (Lenticularis). Lens-shaped. Whose horizontal section is circular, and vertical lanceolate.—Ex. Abdomen of Cynips aptera.
4. Ovaliform (Ovaliformis). Whose longitudinal section is oval, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 6.
5. Ellipsoid (Ellipsoidea). Whose longitudinal section is elliptical, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 19.
6. Oviform (Oviformis). Whose longitudinal section is ovate, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 12, 13.
7. Cucumiform (Cucumiformis). Cucumber-shaped. Whose longitudinal section is oblong, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 18, excluding the neck.
8. Cordiform (Cordiformis). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles. Plate IX. Fig. 22.
9. Conical (Conica). Whose vertical section is triangular, and horizontal circular.—Ex. Abdomen of Cœlioxys conica (Apis * * b. K.). Plate XX. Fig. 7.
10. Turbiniform (Turbiniformis). Whose vertical section is turbinate, and horizontal circular.—Ex. Joints of antennæ of Aleochara socialis, and many others of that genus.
11. Pyramidal (Pyramidalis). Whose vertical section is triangular, and horizontal quadrangular.
12. Cuneiform (Cuneiformis). Whose vertical section is cuneate, and horizontal parallelogramical.
13. Triquetrous (Triquetra). Whose horizontal sections are equilateral triangles. Plate XI. Fig. 6.
14. Ensiform (Ensiformis). Whose horizontal sections are acute-angled triangles gradually diminishing in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a straight line. Plate XI. Fig. 7.
15. Acinaciform (Acinaciformis). Whose horizontal sections are acute-angled triangles gradually increasing in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a curved line.
16. Cultriform (Cultriformis). Whose horizontal sections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.
17. Deltoid (Deltoidea). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.—Ex. Apex of the posterior tibia in Copris lunaris.
18. Trigonal; Tetragonal; Pentagonal; Hexagonal; Polygonal (Trigona; Tetragona; Pentagona; Hexagona; Polygona). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.
19. Triedral; Tetraedral; Pentaedral; Hexaedral; Polyedral (Triedra; Tetraedra; Pentaedra; Hexaedra; Polyedra). That hath three sides; four sides; five sides; six sides; many sides.
20. Prismoidal (Prismoidalis). Having more than four sides and whose horizontal section is a polygon[1083]. Plate VI. Fig. 13. a, b, d´.
21. Trapeziform (Trapeziformis). Whose horizontal section is a Trapezium.
22. Trapezoidiform (Trapezoidiformis). Whose horizontal section is trapezoid.
23. Rhombiform (Rhombiformis). Whose horizontal section is rhomboidal. Plate VIII. Fig. 11.
24. Two-edged (Anceps). Whose horizontal section is lanceolate.
25. Cylindrical (Cylindrica). Whose horizontal sections are all equal circles. Plate XXI. Fig. 4.
26. Fusiform (Fusiformis). Spindle-shaped. Whose vertical section is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, and horizontal circular. Plate XXIII. Fig. 12.
27. Columnar (Teres). Whose vertical section is cuneate, and horizontal circular. Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 3.
28. Claviform (Claviformis). Whose vertical section is clavate, and horizontal circular. Plate XI. XII. Fig. 4.
29. Cubical (Cubica). Six-sided, with sides quadrate.
30. Parallelopipedous (Parallelopipeda). Six-sided, with four parallelogramical and two quadrate sides.
31. Pyriform (Pyriformis). Pear-shaped. Whose vertical section is spatulate, and horizontal circular.—Ex. Apion, &c.
32. Infundibuliform (Infundibuliformis). Funnel-shaped. Whose horizontal sections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger. Plate XXII. Fig. 12. c.
33. Fornicate (Fornicata). Convex above and concave beneath. Plate XIII. Fig. 18. a.
34. Coarctate (Coarctata). When the diameter of the middle is less than that of the ends.—Ex. Posterior thigh of Locusta. Plate XIV. Fig. 5.
35. Calceoliform (Calceoliformis). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.—Ex. Abdomen of Chelonus.
36. Lageniform (Lageniformis). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like a bottle.—Ex. Sperm-reservoir attached to the oviduct in Pontia. Plate XXX. Fig. 12. d.
37. Constrict (Constricta). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end. Plate XXII. Fig. 15.
38. Luniform (Luniformis). Whose longitudinal section is lunate. Plate XIII. Fig. 4.
39. Nodose (Nodosa). Having one or more knobs or swellings. Plate XII. Fig. 5.
40. Geniculate (Geniculata). Bent so as to form a knee or angle. Plate XII. Fig. 7.
VII. SUPERFICIES.
i. PARTS.
1. Disk (Discus). The middle of a surface.
2. Limb (Limbus). The circumference.
3. Margin (Margo). The extreme sides.
4. Apex (Apex). The summit.
5. Base (Basis). The bottom.
6. Supine Surface (Pagina superior). The upper surface.
7. Prone Surface (Pagina inferior). The under surface.
ii. ELEVATION and DEPRESSION.
1. Navicular (Navicularis). When two sides meet and form an angle like the outer bottom of a boat.—Ex. Notonecta glauca.
2. Convex (Convexa). An elevation the arc of which is the segment of a circle.—Ex. Upper Surface of the body of most Coleoptera.
3. Gibbous (Gibba). An elevation the arc of which is not the segment of a circle[1084].—Ex. Shoulders of the elytra of Prionus coriarius, and of many other Coleoptera.
4. Plane (Plana). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.
5. Concave (Concava). A depression the arc of which is the segment of a circle.
6. Excavate (Excavata). A depression the arc of which is not the segment of a circle.—Ex. Prothorax of Sinodendrum cylindricum.
iii. SCULPTURE.
1. Equate[1085] (Æquata). Without larger partial elevations or depressions.
2. Smooth (Lævis). Without smaller partial elevations or depressions.
3. Levigate (Lævigata). Without any partial elevations or depressions.
4. Pore (Porus). A minute impression that perforates the substance.
5. Porose (Porosa). Beset with many pores.—Ex. Elytra of most Apions.
6. A Point (Punctum). A minute impression upon the surface, but not perforating it.
7. Punctate (Punctata). Beset with many points.—Ex. Impression on the Head and Prothorax of Phyllopertha Horticola, &c.
8. Variole (Variola). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.
9. Variolous (Variolosa). Beset with many varioles.—Ex. Scarabæus variolosus.
10. Umbilicate (Umbilicata). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has a depression in its centre.—Ex. Thorax of Pachygaster scabrosus.
11. Foveolet (Foveola). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.
12. Foveolate (Foveolata). Having one or more foveolets.—Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes stercorarius.
13. Fossulet (Fossula). A somewhat long and narrow depression.
14. Fossulate (Fossulata). Having one or more fossulets.—Ex. Oxytelus rugosus, &c.
15. Unequal (Inæqualis). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.—Ex. Prothorax of Silpha thoracica, Cerambyx moschatus, &c.
16. Lacunose (Lacunosa). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.—Ex. Elytra of Donacia vittata, Sagittariæ, &c.
17. Rimose (Rimosa). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.—Ex. Elytra of Colymbetes adspersus ♀, and Cybister Rœselii.
18. Undose (Undosa). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.—Ex. Cymatodes[1086] undosus K. MS.
19. Vermiculate (Vermiculata). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.—Ex. Prothorax of Colymbetes Hybneri and transversalis.
20. Reticulose (Reticulosa). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex. Prothorax of Cybister Rœselii.
21. Acuducted (Acuducta). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.—Ex. Colymbetes acuductus.
22. Striate (Striata). Having rather slightly impressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex. Amara communis, &c.
23. Sulcate (Sulcata). Having deeper impressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis ♀.
24. Clathrose (Clathrosa). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.—Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.
25. Rivose (Rivosa). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.—Ex. Prothorax of Elophorus stagnalis, &c.
26. Interstice (Interstitium). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.
27. Interval (Intervallum). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.
28. Complanate (Complanata). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.—Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Prionus cervicornis.
29. Canaliculate (Canaliculata). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.—Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes, Broscus cephalotes, &c.
30. Carinate (Carinata). Having a longitudinal elevated line.—Ex. Rostrum of Curculio nebulosus. Bicarinate, Tricarinate, &c., having two or three such lines.—Ex. Elytra of Silpha recta.
31. Cristate (Cristata). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.—Ex. Prothorax of Pterophylla laurifolia.
32. Porcate (Porcata). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.—Ex. Onthophilus striatus.
33. Costate (Costata). Having several broad elevated lines.—Ex. Brachinus bimaculatus, &c.
34. Clathrate (Clathrata). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.—Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.
35. Reticulate (Reticulata). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex. Lycus reticulatus. Wings of the Libellulina.
36. Rugose (Rugosa). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.—Ex. Elytra of Prionus coriarius.
37. Cicatricose (Cicatricosa). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling scars.—Ex. Elytra of Ptomaphila lachrymosa K. MS[1087].
38. Embossed (Cælata). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.—Ex. Prothorax of Prionus damicornis, maxillosus, &c.
39. Gibbose (Gibbosa). Having one or more large elevations.—Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Brachycerus barbarus.
40. Tubercle (Tuberculum). A pimple-like knob.
41. Tuberculate (Tuberculata). Having several tubercles.—Ex. Apoderus gemmatus. Base of Prothorax of Cerambyx moschatus.
42. Verruca. A small flattish wart-like prominence.
43. Verrucose (Verrucosa). Having several verrucæ.—Ex. Pimelia muricata.
44. Muricate (Muricata). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like a Murex.—Ex. Bronchus Tribulus, quadridens[1088], &c.
45. Echinate (Echinata). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog or Echinus.—Ex. Hispa atra.
46. Rugged (Salebrosa). When a surface is rough with mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.—Ex. Numerous species of Bronchus.
47. Granule (Granulum). A very minute elevation.
48. Granulate (Granulata). Beset with many granules like shagreen.—Ex. Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Prothorax of Copris Molossus.
49. Scabrous (Scabra). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.—Ex. Elytra of Otiorhynchus Ligustici.
50. Papillule (Papillula). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.
51. Papillulate (Papillulata). Beset with many papillules.—Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules ♀.
52. Catenulate (Catenulata). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling a chain.—Ex. Carabus catenulatus.
53. Spherulate (Sphærulata). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.—Ex. Trox lutosus, Limnius tuberculatus.
54. Consute (Consuta). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling stitching.—Ex. Elytra of Oryctes Sylvanus (Cœlosis K. MS.).
55. Intricate (Intricata). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.—Ex. Elytra of Carabus intricatus.
56. Corrugate (Corrugata). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.—Ex. Front of Nothiophilus aquaticus.
57. Obliterate (Obliterata). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced.
iv. CLOTHING.
a. general.
1. Scutate (Scutata). Covered with large flat scales.—Ex. Machilis polypoda.
2. Squamose (Squamosa). Covered with minute scales.—Ex. Lepidoptera.
3. Pulverulent (Pulverulenta). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.—Ex. Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii.
4. Pollinose (Pollinosa). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling the pollen of flowers.—Ex. Lixus paraplecticus.
5. Farinose (Farinosa). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resembling flour.—Ex. Spots on the Elytra of Cetonia aurata, variegata, &c.
6. Lutose (Lutosa). Covered with a powdery substance resembling mud or dirt, which easily rubs off.—Ex. Trox lutosus.
7. Rorulent (Rorulenta). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.—Ex. Peltis limbata.
8. Stupeous (Stupea). Covered with long loose scales resembling tow.—Ex. The Palpi of Lepidoptera. Antennæ of some Diptera. Plate XII. Fig. 23.
9. Pilose (Pilosa). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.—Ex. Thorax of Vespa Crabro.
10. Villose (Villosa). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.—Ex. Prothorax of Amphimalla solstitialis.
11. Lanate (Lanata). Covered with fine, very long, flexible and rather curling hairs like wool.—Ex. Melolontha lanigera F.
12. Lanuginose (Lanuginosa). Covered with longish very soft fine down.—Ex. Prothorax of Trichius fasciatus. Thorax and base of the Abdomen of Megachile circumcincta (Apis **. c. 2. α K.).
13. Hirsute (Hirsuta). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.—Ex. Bombus.
14. Plumulose (Plumulosa). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.—Ex. Hair on the base of the Maxilla of Eucera (Apis ** d. 1. K.).
15. Hairy (Hirta). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.—Ex. Genus Lagria.
16. Tomentose (Tomentosa). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.—Ex. Acanthocinus Ædilis.
17. Pubescent (Pubescens). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.—Ex. Harpalus ruficornis, &c.
18. Stupulose (Stupulosa). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.—Ex. Elytra of Melolontha vulgaris.
19. Velutinous (Velutina). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resembling velvet.—Ex. Trombidium holosericeum. Scutellum of Staphylinus hybridus.
20. Holosericeous (Holosericea). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resembling satin[1089].—Ex. Under side of the body of Elophorus stagnalis, Argyroneta aquatica, &c.
21. Setose (Setosa). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.—Ex. Echinomyia grossa.
22. Setulose (Setulosa). Setose with the bristles truncated.—Ex. Thylacites setosus.
23. Hispid (Hispida). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.—Ex. Hispa atra. Phoberus horridus, &c.
24. Rough (Aspera). Rough from pubescence in general.
25. Bald (Calva). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.—Ex. Vertex of Melitta and Apis Kirby.
26. Glabrous (Glabra). Without any hair or pubescence.
27. Lubricous (Lubrica). Slippery as if lubricated.—Ex. Dynastes Centaurus.
b. partial.
1. Cirrus (Cirrus). A lock of curling hair.
2. Cirrose (Cirrosa). Having one or more cirri.—Ex. Antennæ of Acanthocinus araneiformis.
3. Fascicule (Fasciculus). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex. Plate XIX. Fig. 6. c.
4. Fasciculate (Fasciculata). Having one or more fascicules.—Ex. Catenulated lines in the Elytra of Trox arenosus. Buprestis fascicularis.
5. Penicil (Penicillus). A small bundle of diverging hairs. Plate XIX. Fig. 6. a.
6. Penicillate (Penicillata). Having one or more penicils.—Ex. Larva of Orgyia antiqua.
7. Verricule (Verriculum). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs. Plate XIX. Fig. 6. b.
8. Verriculate (Verriculata). Having one or more verricules.—Ex. Larva of Dasychira pudibunda. Under side of Abdomen of Megachile ♀. (Apis **. c. 2. α. K.).
9. Barbate (Barbata). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling a beard.—Ex. Anus of Macroglossa stellatarum. Antennæ of Cerambyx Ammiralis L. Plate XII. Fig. 26.
10. Ciliate (Ciliata). When the margin is fringed with a row of parallel hairs.—Ex. The base and apex of the Prothorax of Lucanus Cervus.
11. Fimbriate (Fimbriata). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.—Ex. Anus of many Andrenæ[1090]. (Melitta **. c. K.).
12. Comate (Comata). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.
13. Crinite (Crinita). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.
14. Jubate (Jubata). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.—Ex. Intermediate Legs of Anthophora pilipes (Apis **. d. 2. α. K.).
15. Furred (Pellita). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in the Bombyces dorso cristato L.
v. COLOUR.
1. Niveous (Niveus). The pure unblended white of snow.—Ex. Arctia chrysorhea.
2. White (Albus). White less intense than niveous. The colour of chalk.—Ex. Spilosoma mendica ♀.
3. Lacteous (Lacteus). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour of milk.—Ex. Minoa lactearia.
4. Cream-coloured (Lactifloreus). White with a proportion of yellow.—Ex. Pale part of the Primary wings of Euprepia Caja.
5. Flesh-coloured (Carneus). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthy flesh.—Ex. Secondary wings of Sphinx Ligustri.
6. Hoary (Incanus). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of a gray head. N.B. This term is usually confined to pubescence.—Ex. Curculio sulcirostris.
7. Cinereous (Cinereus). White with a shade of brown.—Ex. Sitona diffinis, Dasychira pudibunda.
8. Griseous (Griseus). White mottled with black or brown.—Ex. Curculio nebulosus.
9. Yellow (Flavus). Pure yellow.—Ex. Bands on the Abdomen of Nomada (Apis *. b. K.), Crabro, &c.
10. Straw-coloured (Stramineus). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.—Ex. Ennomos cratægata.
11. Sulphureous (Sulphureus). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour of brimstone.—Ex. Gonepteryx Rhamni ♂.
12. Luteous (Luteus). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of the yolk of an egg.—Ex. Primary wings of Colias Edusa.
13. Orange (Aurantius). Equal parts of red and yellow.—Ex. Apex of Wings of Pontia Cardamines.
14. Saffron-coloured (Croceus). The colour of saffron.—Ex. Yellow in the Elytra of Trichius fasciatus.
15. Miniatous (Miniatus). The colour of red lead.—Ex. Secondary wings of Euprepia Caja.
16. Fulgid (Fulgidus). A bright fiery red.—Ex. Lycæna Virgaureæ and Hippothoe.
17. Rufous (Rufus). A pale red.—Ex. Apion frumentarium.
18. Testaceous (Testaceus). The colour of a tile, a dull red.—Ex. Chrysomela Populi.
19. Scarlet (Coccineus). A bright pale red.—Ex. Elytra of Pyrochroa coccinea.
20. Red (Ruber). Pure red.—Ex. Under Wings of Hypercampa Dominula.
21. Sanguineous (Sanguineus). Red with a tint of black. The colour of blood.—Ex. Spots in Chilocorus Cacti, and Prothorax of Locusta morbillosa.
22. Rose-coloured (Roseus). Colour of the rose.—Ex. Parts of the Wings and Body of Deilephila Elpenor.
23. Crimson (Puniceus). A bright red with a tint of blue.—Ex. Base of the Under Wings of Catocala Sponsa.
24. Purple (Purpureus). Equal parts of blue and red.—Ex. Sagra purpurea. Vitta on the Elytra of Donacia fasciata.
25. Violet (Violaceus). Blue with some red. The colour of Viola odorata.—Ex. Chrysomela Goettingensis, Abdomen of Geotrupes vernalis.
26. Lilac (Lilacinus). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.—Ex. Part of the Iris of the Ocellus, in the Wings of Vanessa Io.
27. Blue (Cyaneus). Pure blue. Colour of Centaurea Cyanus.—Ex. Disk of the Wings of Papilio Ulysses. Callidium violaceum.
28. Azure (Azureus). A paler and more brilliant blue.—Ex. Wings of Morpho Menelaus, Telemachus, &c.
29. Sky-Blue (Cæruleus). A paler blue. The colour of the sky.—Ex. Polyommatus Adonis.
30. Cæsious (Cæsius). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour of blue eyes.—Ex. Under side of the Wings of Polyommatus Argiolus.
31. Green (Viridis). Equal parts of blue and yellow.—Ex. Cicindela campestris.
32. Æruginous (Æruginosus). Green with a blue tint. The colour of the rust of copper, verdigris.—Ex. Polydrosus Cnides.
33. Prasinous (Prasinus). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves of leeks or onions.—Ex. Pentatoma prasina. Under side of Wings of Thecla Rubi.
34. Glaucous (Glaucus). Pale blueish green. Sea green.—Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules, Alcides, Tityus, &c.
35. Mouse-coloured (Murinus). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the common mouse.—Ex. Base of the abdominal segments of Cossus ligniperda.
36. Lurid (Luridus). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.—Ex. Elytra of Aphodius luridus and nigrosulcatus.
37. Livid (Lividus). A pale purplish brown. The colour of a bruise.—Ex. Berosus luridus.
38. Tawny (Fulvus). A pale dirty orange.—Ex. The pale parts of the Wings of Hipparchia Pamphilus.
39. Fawn-coloured (Cervinus). A reddish brown.—Ex. Lasiocampa Rubi.
40. Olive (Olivaceus). A brownish green. The colour of olives.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.
41. Fuscous (Fuscus). A dull brown.—Ex. Hipparchia Semele. Prionus scabricornis.
42. Ferruginous (Ferrugineus). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of the rust of iron.—Ex. Base of Under Wings of Smerinthus Populi. Gastropacha quercifolia.
43. Cinnamon-coloured (Cinnamomeus). A yellowish brown. The colour of cinnamon.—Ex. Prionus cinnamomeus.
44. Brown (Brunneus). Pure brown.—Ex. Dark parts in the Primary Wings of Euprepia Caja.
45. Bay (Badius). Bright red brown of the chestnut.—Ex. Elytra of Melolontha vulgaris when the hairs are rubbed off.
46. Chestnut (Castaneus). Colour of the dark part of the chestnut.—Ex. Elytra of Lucanus Cervus.
47. Piceous (Piceus). Shining reddish black. The colour of pitch.—Ex. Prionus coriarius.
48. Fuliginous (Fuliginosus). The opaque black of soot.—Ex. Wings of Lithosia rubricollis.
49. Black (Niger). A dull black with some brown.—Ex. Pachygaster niger.
50. Atrous (Ater). Pure black of the deepest tint.—Ex. Liparus anglicanus.
vi. SPLENDOUR.
a. gemmeous.
1. Margaritaceous (Margaritaceus). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue. The splendour of pearls.—Ex. The drums in Cicada capensis.
2. Opaline (Opalinus). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of the opal.—Ex. Wings of Notonecta glauca and some Nepæ.
3. Crystalline (Crystallinus). The white splendour of crystal or glass.—Ex. Stemmata of many Hymenoptera, &c.
4. Topazine (Topazinus). The yellow splendour of the topaz.—Ex. Many Stemmata of Hymenoptera, and Eyes of Spiders.
5. Rubineous (Rubineus). The red splendour of the ruby.
6. Smaragdine (Smaragdinus). The green splendour of the emerald.
7. Amethystine (Amethystinus). The purple splendour of the amethyst.
b. metallic.
1. Argent (Argenteus). The splendour of silver.—Ex. The spots on the under side of the Wings in Argynnis Lathonia, &c.
2. Golden (Aureus). The splendour of gold.—Ex. Entimus imperialis. Spot in the Wings of Plusia Festucæ.
3. Orichalceous (Orichalceus). A splendour intermediate between that of gold and brass.—Ex. Upper Wings of Plusia Chrysitis.
4. Æneous (Æneus). The splendour of brass.—Ex. Elytra of Carabus clathratus.
5. Cupreous (Cupreus). The reddening splendour of copper.—Ex. Carabus nitens.
6. Chalybeous (Chalybeus). The blue splendour of steel case-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.—Ex. Helops chalybeus. Legs of Lithosia Quadra.
7. Plumbeous (Plumbeus). The colour of lead.—Ex. Prothorax of Clytra dentata?
8. Inaurate (Inauratus). When striæ or other impressed parts have a metallic splendour.—Ex. Margin of Prothorax and Elytra of Carabus violaceus. Striæ of Elytra &c. of Phanæus Mimas.
9. Deaurate (Deauratus). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.—Ex. Donacia ænea, &c.
c. bombycine.
1. Sericeous (Sericeus). The splendour of silk.—Ex. Cryptocephalus sericeus.
2. Tramosericeous (Tramosericeus). The splendour of satin.—Ex. Chlamys Bacca, monstrosa, &c.
d. reflected.
1. Resplendent (Splendens). Reflecting the light intensely.—Ex. The Head and Thorax of Philonthus splendens, æneus, politus, &c.
2. Shining (Nitidus). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.
3. Pruinose (Pruinosus). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but which cannot be rubbed off[1091].—Ex. Elytra of Serica ruricola and brunnea.
4. Obscure (Obscurus). A surface which reflects the light but little.—Ex. Pælobius Hermanni.
5, Opaque (Opacus). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.—Ex. Trox sabulosus, arenarius. Silpha opaca.
vii. TRANSPARENCE.
1. Hyaline (Hyalina). The clear transparency of glass.—Ex. The Wings of many Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera.
2. Diaphanous (Diaphana). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.—Ex. The Wings of many Coleoptera.
3. Adiaphanous (Adiaphana). Which does not transmit the light at all.—Ex. Elytra of Coleoptera.
viii. PAINTING.
1. Atom (Atomus). A very minute dot.
2. Irrorate (Irrorata). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.—Ex. Onthophagus Vacca. Papilio Paris.
3. Gutta (Gutta[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between an atom and a macula.
4. Guttate (Guttata). Sprinkled with guttæ.—Ex. Coccinella.
5. Macula (Macula). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.
6. Maculate (Maculata). Painted with such spots.—Ex. Abraxas grossulariata.
7. Litura (Litura). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.
8. Liturate (Liturata). A surface painted with one or more such spots.—Ex. Aphodius conflagratus.
9. Plaga (Plaga). A long and large spot.—Ex. Aphodius plagiatus.
10. Islet (Insula). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.—Ex. The Ocelli in the Primary Wings of Hipparchia Semele. A spot in the middle fascia of the under side of the Primary Wing in Papilio Podalirius.
11. Crepera (Crepera). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.—Ex. Elytra of Dytiscus marginalis.
12. Shadow (Umbra). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.—Ex. Elytra of Acanthocinus Ædilis. Wings of Plutella asperella.
13. Signatures (Signaturæ). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.
14. Signate (Signatus). Marked with signatures.—Ex. Elytra of Acrocinus longimanus.
15. Inscribed (Inscriptus). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.—Ex. Plusia Gamma. Vanessa C. album.
16. Hieroglyphic (Hieroglyphicus). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.—Ex. Acrocinus longimanus. Schizorhina Australasiæ.
17. Annulet (Annulus). A ring-shaped spot.—Ex. Cyclophora omicronaria, &c. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. o.
18. Lunulet (Lunula). A small crescent-shaped spot.—Ex. Marginal spots above and below the Secondary Wings in Melitæa Artemis, &c.
19. Reniculus (Reniculus). A small kidney-shaped spot.—Ex. Upper Wings of Mamestra Persicaria.
20. Ocellus (Ocellus). An eye-like spot in the Wings of many Lepidoptera, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.
a. Pupil (Pupilla). The central spot of the ocellus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. t. An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.—Ex. Primary Wing of Hipparchia Tithonus, &c. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. p.
a. Hastate Pupil (Pupilla hastata). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.—Ex. Pupil of Ocellus of Aglia Tau. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. k.
b. Suffulted Pupil (Pupilla suffulta). When the pupil shades into another colour.—Ex. Primary Wing of Vanessa Io.
b. Iris (Iris). The circle which incloses the pupil. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. u.
c. Atmosphere (Atmosphæra). The exterior circle of the ocellus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. v.
21. Blind Ocellus (Ocellus cæcus). An ocellus without the pupil.—Ex. Hipparchia Davus.
22. Spurious Ocellus (Ocellus spurius). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.—Ex. Spot in the Disk of the Primary Wings of Colias Helice.
23. Simple Ocellus (Ocellus simplex). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.—Ex. Ocelli on the under side of Primary Wings of Hipparchia Semele. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. t, n, u.
24. Compound Ocellus (Ocellus complexus). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.—Ex. Saturnia Spini. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. l.
25. Nictitant Ocellus (Ocellus nictitans). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Morpho Perseus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. m.
26. Fenestrate Ocellus (Ocellus fenestratus). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.—Ex. Attacus Paphia and Cytherea.
27. Dioptrate Ocellus (Ocellus dioptratus). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.—Ex. Attacus Polyphemus.
28. Double Ocellus (Ocellus geminatus). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Morpho Perseus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. r, v.
29. Twin Ocellus (Ocellus didymus). When such ocelli join each other.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Hipparchia Hyperanthus.
30. Sesquialterous Ocellus (Ocellus sesquialterus). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called also Sesquiocellus.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Colias Edusa. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. q.
31. Supercilium (Supercilium). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Morpho Achilles. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. i.
32. Nebulose (Nebulosus). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of clouds.—Ex. Curculio sulcirostris, nebulosus; Catocala nupta.
33. Testudinarious (Testudinarius). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.—Ex. Elytra of Aphodius testudinarius.
34. Consperse (Conspersus). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.—Ex. Biston Betularia.
35. Achatine (Achatinus). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.—Ex. Cossus labyrinthicus. Cerura vinula.
36. Ustulate (Ustulata). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of being scorched.—Ex. Wings of Ennomos dolabraria.
37. Marmorate (Marmorata). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemble marble.—Ex. Under side of the Wings of Vanessa Io. Marmarina marmorata.
38. Tessellate (Tessellata). Painted in checquerwork.—Ex. Abdomen of Sarcophaga carnaria and Musca maculata.
39. Fascia (Fascia). A broad transverse band.
a. Pyramidate Fascia (Fascia pyramidata). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.—Ex. Wing of Apatura Iris. Argynnis Paphia. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. h.
b. Macular Fascia (Fascia macularis). A band consisting of distinct spots.—Ex. Wings of Abraxas grossulariata. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. b.
c. Articulate Fascia (Fascia articulata). A band consisting of contiguous spots.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Melitæa Dictynna. Upper side of Primary Wing of Morpho Menelaus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. a.
d. Dimidiate Fascia (Fascia dimidiata). A band traversing only half the wing.—Ex. Primary Wing of Papilio Turnus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. f.
e. Abbreviate Fascia (Fascia abbreviata). A band traversing less than half the wing.—Ex. Primary Wing of Papilio Podalirius, Ajax, &c. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. g.
f. Sesquialterous Fascia (Fascia sesquialtera). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.—Ex. Endromis versicolor. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. d, c.
g. Sesquitertious Fascia (Fascia sesquitertia). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.—Ex. Tortrix Avellana. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. d, e.
40. Striga (Striga). A narrow transverse streak.
41. Strigose (Strigosa). Painted with several such streaks.—Ex. Ennomos prunaria.
42. Line (Linea). A narrow longitudinal stripe.
43. Lineate (Lineata). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we say bilineata, with three, trilineata, &c.—Ex. Elater lineatus.
44. Vitta (Vitta). A broad longitudinal stripe.
45. Vittate (Vittata). Painted with several such stripes.—Ex. Chrysomela fastuosa, cerealis, &c.
46. Undulate (Undulata). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.
47. Sinuato-Undulate (Sinuato-Undulata). When the sinuses are obtuse.—Ex. Boarmia repandaria.
48. Anguloso-Undulate (Anguloso-Undulata). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.—Ex. Acidalia undulata.
49. Radiate (Radiata). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.—Ex. The large blue area common to all the Wings of Papilio Ulysses.
50. Venose (Venosa). Painted with lines that branch like veins.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Pontia Napi.
51. Cancellate (Cancellata). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.—Ex. Macaria clathrata.
52. Areolate (Areolata). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.—Ex. Wings of Tetanocera marginata and Cossus ligniperda.
53. Limbate (Limbata). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.
54. Armillate (Armillata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a broad ring of a different colour.—Ex. Posterior Tibia of Prosopis annulata (Melitta * b. K.).
55. Annulate (Annulata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a narrow ring of a different colour.—Ex. Antennæ of many Ichneumons.
56. Cingulate (Cingulata). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different colour.—Ex. Abdomen of many Nomadæ (Apis *. b. K.).
57. Decolorate (Decolor). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.—Ex. Margin of the Abdominal segments in Stelis punctulatissima Latr. (Apis ** c. 1. β. K.).
58. Unicolorate (Unicolor). When a surface is of one colour.
59. Concolorate (Concolor). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking of Lepidoptera, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.—Ex. Hesperia Linea, Paniscus.
60. Discolorate (Discolor). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of Lepidoptera are of a different colour.—Ex. Polyommatus Corydon, Argiolus, &c.
61. Versicolorate (Versicolor). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.—Ex. Apatura Iris ♂.
62. Iridescent (Iricolor). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.—Ex. Mesothorax of Xylocopa iricolor. Wings of Hymenoptera, &c.
63. Infuscate (Infuscata). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.—Ex. Apex of the Upper Wings of Cossus ligniperda.