ix. DISTINCTION.
1. Distinct (Distincta). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Lycæna Hippothoe.
2. Ordinate (Ordinata). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in rows. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.—Ex. Spots on the Abdomen of Spilosoma lubricipeda, erminea, &c.
3. Contiguous (Contigua). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.—Ex. Spots in the margin of the Wings of Argynnis Aglaia.
4. Confluent (Confluens). When spots, &c. run into each other.—Ex. Apex of the Primary Wings and Under side of the Secondary in Pontia Daplidice.
5. Obliterate (Obliterata). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.—Ex. Streak in the Wings of Hipparchus papilionarius, &c. Striæ in the Elytra of Sphodrus leucophthalmus.
6. Obsolete (Obsoleta). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex. Lycæna Hippothoe ♂ and ♀.—N.B. This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied.
7. Geminous (Gemina). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.—Ex. Head of one sex of Dorcus parallelopipedus. Upper Wings of Odenestis potatoria.
8. Didymous (Didyma). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.—Ex. Spots in Elytra of Tylostagmus quadrimaculatus.
9. Connivent (Connivens). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.—Ex. Streaks on the Under side of Secondary Wings of Thecla Pruni.
10. Common (Communis). Common to two. When a spot for instance is partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.—Ex. Coccinella septempunctata.
VIII. MARGIN.
1. Crisp (Crispa). When the Limb is disproportionably larger than the Disk, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.
2. Undulate (Undulata). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.—Ex. Margin of Wings of Hipparchia Semele.
3. Corrugate (Corrugata). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.—Ex. Acidalia luteata, &c.
4. Plicate (Plicata). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.—Ex. Abdomen of Staphylinus.
5. Dilatate (Dilatata). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.—Ex. Prothorax of Necrophorus.
6. Filate (Filata). When the edge is separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.—Ex. Elytra of Choleva.
7. Incrassate (Incrassata). When the margin is disproportionably thick.—Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of Chrysomela "thorace utrinque incrassato."
8. Intire (Integra). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.
9. Channel (Canalis). An impressed line more or less wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.
10. Edge (Acies). The extreme termination of the margin.
IX. TERMINATION.
1. Summit (Fastigium). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.
2. Apex (Apex). The top or upper termination of any part.
3. Bottom (Fundus). The extreme termination of the lower part.
4. Base (Basis). The lower termination of any part.
5. Acute (Acuta). Terminating in an acute angle. Plate XV. Fig. 17.
6. Obtuse (Obtusa). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. f.
7. Rotundate (Rotundata). Terminating in the segment of a circle.—Plate VI. Fig. 1. e.
8. Truncate (Truncata). Terminating in a transverse line. Plate XIII. Fig. 5. a´´´.
9. Premorse (Præmorsa). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.—Ex. Elytra of Lebia, Dromia, Lomechusa, &c.
10. Retuse (Retusa). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.—Ex. Back part of the Head in Cimbex.
11. Emarginate (Emarginata). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.—Ex. Nose of Pedinus arenosus.
12. Exscinded (Excisa). When the end has an angular notch taken out.—Ex. Nose of Opatrum sabulosum.
13. Producted (Producta). Disproportionably long.
14. Mucronate (Mucronata). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.—Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus. Abdomen of Sirex Gigas ♀.
15. Acuminate (Acuminata). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.—Ex. Abdomen of Sirex Juvencus ♀.
16. Apiculate (Apiculata). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.—Ex. Abdomen of Thelyphonus.
17. Cuspidate (Cuspidata). Terminating in a long setiform point.—Ex. Tail of Scorpio.
X. INCISION.
1. Incised (Incisa). Cut into equal marginal segments.
2. Cleft (Fissa). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base. Plate XIV. Fig. 3. a.
a. Bifid (Bifida). Cut into two segments.
b. Trifid (Trifida). Cut into three.
c. Quadrifid (Quadrifida). Cut into four.
d. Multifid (Multifida). Cut into more than four.
3. Laciniate (Laciniata). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.
4. Squarrose (Squarrosa). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.
5. Partite (Partita). Divided to the base. Plate XIV. Fig. 3. b.
a. Bipartite (Bipartita). Divided thus into two parts.
b. Tripartite (Tripartita). Divided into three parts.
c. Quadripartite (Quadripartita). Divided into four parts.
d. Multipartite (Multipartita). Divided into more than four parts.
6. Lobate (Lobata). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.—Ex. Acanthia paradoxa. Bilobate, with two lobes. Trilobate, with three lobes, &c.
7. Cruciate (Cruciata). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.—Ex. Prothorax of many Locustæ.
8. Sinuate (Sinuata). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays. Plate XIV. Fig. 1.
9. Erose (Erosa). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.—Ex. Wings of Vanessa C. album.
10. Crenate (Crenata). Cut into segments of small circles.
11. Serrate (Serrata). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.—Ex. External margin near the Apex of the Elytra of many species of Buprestis.
12. Dentate (Dentata). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.—Ex. The Wings of many Butterflies.
13. Repand (Repanda). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction. Plate XXII. Fig. 11. s.
XI. RAMIFICATION.
1. Dichotomous (Dichotoma). Dividing regularly in pairs.
2. Furcate (Furcata). Dividing into two. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11.
3. Ramose (Ramosa). Furnished with lateral branches. Plate XI. Fig. 18.
4. Decussate (Decussata). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.
5. Divaricate (Divaricata). Standing out very wide.
XII. DIVISION.
1. Segment (Segmentum). The great inosculating joints of the body.
2. Joint (Articulus). The joints of a limb or member.
3. Incisure (Incisura). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.
4. Suture (Sutura). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.
a. Spurious Suture (Sutura spuria). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.
XIII. DIRECTION.
1. Longitudinal (Longitudinalis). Running lengthwise.
2. Transverse (Transversa). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through at right angles.
3. Oblique (Obliqua). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through at acute angles.
4. Horizontal (Horizontalis). Parallel with the horizon.
5. Erect (Erecta). Nearly perpendicular.
6. Vertical (Verticalis). Perpendicular.
7. Sloping (Declivis). A gentle descent.
8. Descending (Descendens). A steeper descent.
9. Acclivous (Acclivis). A gentle ascent.
10. Ascending (Ascendens). A steeper ascent.
11. Reclined (Reclinata). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.
12. Recumbent (Recumbens). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.
13. Reflexed (Reflexa). Bent back or upwards.
14. Inflexed (Inflexa). Bent inwards.
15. Recurved (Recurva). Curving outwards.
16. Incurved (Incurva). Curving inwards.
17. Revolute (Revoluta). Rolled outwards.
18. Involute (Involuta). Rolled inwards.
19. Forwards (Antrorsum).
20. Backwards (Retrorsum).
21. Upwards (Sursum).
22. Downwards (Deorsum).
23. Outwards (Extrorsum).
24. Inwards (Introrsum).
25. Straight (Recta).
26. Porrect (Porrecta). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.
27. Broken (Fracta). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.
28. Converging (Convergens). Tending to one point from different parts.
29. Diverging (Divergens). Tending to different parts from one point.
XIV. SITUATION.
XV. CONNEXION.
1. Colligate (Colligata). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.
2. Free (Libera). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.
3. Connate (Connata). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.—Ex. Elytra of Gibbium.
4. Coalite (Coalita). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.—Ex. Trunk in Mutilla.
5. Distinct (Distincta). When parts are separated from each other by a suture.—Ex. Parts of the Trunk in Coleoptera, &c.
6. Distant (Distans). When they are separated by an incisure.—Ex. Head, Trunk, and Abdomen, in Hymenoptera.
7. Inosculating (Inosculans). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.—Ex. Head in Buprestis.
8. Suspended (Suspensa). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.—Ex. Legs of Orthoptera.
XVI. ARMS.
1. Tooth (Dens). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a tooth.
2. Horn (Cornu). A longer process, resembling a horn.
a. Laminate Horn (Cornu laminatum). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.—Ex. Onthophagus nutans.
b. Nodding Horn (Cornu nutans). When a horn bends forwards.—Ex. Onthophagus nutans.
3. Spine (Spina). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.—Ex. Those on Elytra of many Hispæ, and the Posterior Tibiæ of Locusta.
4. Mucro (Mucro). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.—Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus.
5. Spur (Calcar). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.—Ex. Those on the lower side of the Tibiæ of Acrida.
XVII. APPENDAGES.
1. Auricle (Auricula). An appendage resembling an ear.—Ex. Thorax of Ledra aurita.
2. Caruncle (Caruncula). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.—Ex. Prothorax of Malachius.
XVIII. MOTION.
1. Vertical (Verticalis). When it is up and down.
2. Horizontal (Horizontalis). When it is from side to side.
3. Compound (Composita). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.
4. Versatile (Versatilis). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.—Ex. Head of Hymenoptera and Diptera.
5. Vibratile (Vibratilis). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.—Ex. Antennæ of the Chalcidites. Legs of Tipula when reposing.
6. Rotatory (Rotatoria). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.—Ex. Ants and Moths in a certain disease[1093].
XIX. SCENT.
1. Acid (Acidus). A pungent acid scent.—Ex. Many Formicæ.
2. Moschate (Moschatus). A scent of musk.
3. Alliaceous (Alliaceus). A scent of garlic.—Ex. Some Andrenæ.
4. Cimicine (Cimicinus). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.—Ex. Cimex.
5. Rosaceous (Rosaceus). A scent of roses.—Ex. Cerambyx moschatus.
6. Aromatic (Aromaticus). A pungent scent of spices.—Ex. Oxytelus rugosus.
7. Balm-scented (Melissæus).—Ex. The species of Prosopis (Apis *. b. K.).
8. Sweet-scented (Odoratus). An undefined sweet scent.—Ex. Philonthus suaveolens.
9. Fetid (Fœtidus). A disagreeable scent.—Ex. Goerius olens. Chrysopa Perla.
GENERAL RULES.
In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.
Rule I.
Terms in English ending in cle, ule, or let, and which in Latin add lus, la, or lum, to a word, diminish its sense. As, Denticle, a little tooth; Setule, a little bristle; Eyelet, a small eye: Denticulus, a little dens; Guttula, a little gutta; Punctulum, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineola, Lineolet, a short line; Striola, Striolet, a short stria; Fasciola, Fasciolet, a short fascia.
Rule II.
The preposition sub prefixed to any word reduces the sense of it. As, Subpunctate, not fully punctate; Subhirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.
Rule III.
The termination culus in Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexiusculus, rather convex than not; Majusculus, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the termination ish, or the adverb rather; as, largish, rather large, &c.
Rule IV.
The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a tendency to the quality expressed by it. As, Cinerascens, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.
Rule V.
The preposition ob prefixed to a term reverses it. As, Obconical, Obcordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest part is the base.
Rule VI.
In compound terms the last member indicates the preponderating character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is nigro-æneous, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if, vice versâ, it is termed æneo-nigrous, the black tint is predominant.—N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.
Exception 1.
Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.
Exception 2.
Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.
Rule VII.
When the term ordinary (ordinarius) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of Scarabæidæ; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (Eutrechina), and the spots in the primary wings of Xylina Polyodon and affinities[1094].
SYMBOLS.
Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⚲. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].
B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. BODY (corpus).
1. Disjunct (Disjunctum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by a deep incisure.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera. Plate IV. Fig. 2, 3, 5.
2. Compact (Compactum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are not separated by a deep incisure, but inosculate in each other.—Ex. Buprestis, Elater, and many other Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera.
3. Bisect (Bisectum). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only of two pieces.—Ex. Araneidea. Plate V. Fig. 4.
4. Coalite (Coalitum). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.—Ex. Many Acari L., Phalangium, &c.
5. Multisect (Multisectum). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.—Ex. Scolopendra; Iulus, &c. Plate V. Fig. 6.
6. Cymbiform (Cymbiforme). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of a boat.—Ex. Heleus, Cossyphus.
II. HEAD (caput).
i. DIRECTION.
1. Prominent (Prominens). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.—Ex. Carabus. Plate I. Fig. 1.
2. Porrected (Porrectum). When the head is prominent and elongate.—Ex. Cychrus.
3. Nutant (Nutans). When the head forms downwards an obtuse angle with the horizontal line, or trunk.—Ex. Harpalus.
4. Cernuous (Cernuum). When the head forms downwards a right angle with the trunk.—Ex. Most Gryllina and Locustina.
5. Inflexed (Inflexum). When the head forms inwards an acute angle with the trunk.—Ex. Blatta. Plate II. Fig. 3.
6. Turreted (Turritum). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.—Ex. Truxalis.
ii. INSERTION.
1. Retracted (Retractum). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Parnus.
2. Intruded (Intrusum). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Melasis.
3. Inserted (Insertum). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Buprestis.
4. Exserted (Exsertum). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.—Ex. Tenebrio, Blaps.
5. Amplected (Amplexum). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.—Ex. Hister.
6. Recondite (Reconditum). When the head is wholly covered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex. Cassida, Lampyris.
7. Semirecondite (Semireconditum). When the head is half covered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex. Silpha, Cyphon.
8. Retractile (Retractile). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.—Ex. Hister, Larva of Lampyris.
9. Versatile (Versatile). When the head can turn nearly round.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera.
10. Pedunculate (Pedunculatum). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.—Ex. Apoderus Coryli, &c.
11. Sessile (Sessile). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera.
iii. TERMINATION.
1. Clypeate (Clypeatum). When the Nasus, Genæ, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.—Ex. Scarabæus, Copris, &c. Plate XIII. Fig. 14.
2. Capistrate (Capistratum). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind of flat rostrum or muzzle.—Ex. Nitidula. Plate XIII. Fig. 13.
3. Rostrate (Rostratum). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into a cylindrical or many-sided rostrum or beak.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora). Plate XIII. Fig. 12.
4. Buccate (Buccatum). When the Nasus and anterior part of the head are inflated.—Ex. Conops and other Diptera. Plate XIII. Fig. 16.
iv. APPENDAGES.
1. Umbraculate (Umbraculatum). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.—Ex. Gryllus umbraculatus.
2. Lychnidiate (Lychnidiatum). When the Vertex, Frons, and Postnasus are porrected so as to form a kind of rostrum which gives light in the night.—Ex. Fulgora. Plate XIII. Fig. 15.
v. MOUTH (os).
1. Terminal (Terminale). When the mouth terminates the head.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.
2. Prone (Pronum). When the mouth is wholly under the head.—Ex. Truxalis, Proscopia.
3. Perfect (Perfectum). When the mouth is furnished with all the Trophi. Viz. Labrum; Labium; Mandibulæ; Maxillæ; Maxillary and Labial Palpi; and Tongue.—Ex. The Masticating Orders.
a. Feeders retracted (Trophi retracti). When, in a perfect mouth, the Trophi are not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.—Ex. Most Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.
b. Feeders retractile (Trophi retractiles). When, in a perfect mouth, the Trophi can be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.—Ex. Stenus, Apis, &c.
4. Imperfect (Imperfectum). When the mouth wants any of the Trophi, or they exist in it only as rudiments.—Ex. The Suctorious Orders.
5. Elabrate (Elabratum). When an imperfect mouth has Mandibulæ, Maxillæ, Labium, and Maxillary Palpi, or what perform their office, but no Labrum.—Ex. Araneidea.
6. Emandibulate (Emandibulatum). When an imperfect mouth has all the Trophi but the Mandibulæ.—Ex. Trichoptera.
7. Bipalpate (Bipalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has only either Labial or Maxillary Palpi.—Ex. Tabanus, &c.
8. Expalpate (Expalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has no Palpi.—Ex. Hemiptera.
9. Stomapodous (Stomapodum). When the Legs and Sternum act the part of Maxillæ, Labium, and Palpi.—Ex. Araneidea, Scolopendra, &c.
a. upper lip (Labrum).
1. Whiskered (Mystacinum). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (Mystax), or bearded.—Ex. Creophilus hirtus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 30.
b. upper jaws (Mandibulæ).
1. Chelate (Chelatæ). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with a chela or thumb.—Ex. Scorpio, Phalangium.
2. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they are armed with a moveable claw.—Ex. Araneidea. Plate VII. Fig. 10. c´.
3. Buried (Sepultæ). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex. Colliuris.
4. Open (Apertæ). When they are not quite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.
5. Toothless (Edentulæ). When they are not armed with teeth.—Ex. Apogonia gemellata. Plate XXVI. Fig. 22.
6. Toothed (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex. Cicindela. Plate XXVI. Fig. 19.
7. Suctorious (Suctoriæ). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.—Ex. Larva of Dytiscus, Myrmeleon, &c. Plate XIII. Fig. 6.
c. under jaws (Maxillæ).
1. Simple (Simplices). When the under jaws have but one lobe.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 2, 3. d´.
2. Compound (Compositæ). When they have more than one lobe.—Ex. Staphylinus and many other Coleoptera. Plate XXVI. Fig. 9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.
3. Adnate (Adnatæ). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.—Ex. Trichoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 1. d´.
4. Adherent (Adhærentes). When they adhere to it only at their base.—Ex. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, &c. Plate VI. VII. Fig. 3. d´.
5. Spinose (Spinosæ). When they are armed at the apex with spines.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate VI. Fig. 12. f´´´.
6. Dentate (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex. Melolonthidæ. Plate XXVI. Fig. 15. g´´.
7. Pectunculate (Pectunculatæ). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.—Ex. Apis[1096].
8. Disengaged (Liberæ). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.—Ex. Apis, &c. Plate VII. Fig. 3. d´.
9. Mandibuliform (Mandibuliformes). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.—Ex. Melolonthidæ, Anoplognathidæ, &c. Plate XXVI. Fig. 13, 15.
10. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a moveable claw.—Ex. Cicindela.
d. feelers (Palpi).
1. Maniform (Maniformes). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.—Ex. Scorpio, Chelifer. Plate XV. Fig. 7.
2. Pediform (Pediformes). When they resemble the legs either in structure or use.—Ex. Araneidea, Acarina. Plate VII. Fig. 10. h´´.
3. Antenniform (Antenniformes). When they are very long resembling antennæ.—Ex. Hydrophilus, Bryaxis, Culex ♂.
4. Unguiculate (Unguiculati). When they are armed with a claw at the end.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate XIII. Fig. 1.
5. Securiform (Securiformes). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.—Ex. Cleridæ. Plate XIII. Fig. 2. a.
6. Lunulate (Lunulati). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.—Ex. Oxyporus. Plate XIII. Fig. 4. a.
7. Fasciculate (Fasciculati). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.—Ex. Lymexylon flavipes. Plate XXVI. Fig. 3.
8. Lamellate (Lamellati). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.—Ex. Atractocerus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 1.
9. Inflated (Inflati). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.—Ex. Araneidea ♂. Plate XIII. Fig. 3.
10. Appendiculate (Appendiculati). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.—Ex. Atractocerus, Trombidium. Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. a. Plate XXIII. Fig. 13. a.
11. Mammillate (Mammillati). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.—Ex. Pæderus[1097].
12. Subulate (Subulati). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.—Ex. Bembidium, Aleochara. Plate XXVI. Fig. 7.
13. Fusiform (Fusiformes). When the two last joints are conical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.—Ex. Trechus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 8.
14. Heteromorphous (Heteromorphi). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.—Ex. Cerocoma ♂. Plate XXVI. Fig. 2.
e. tongue (Lingua).
1. Linguiform (Linguiformis). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.—Ex. Gryllina, Libellulina. Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. e´.
2. Liguliform (Liguliformis). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.—Ex. Vespa and many Hymenoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 2. e'.
3. Tubulose (Tubulosa). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.—Ex. Apis. Plate VII. Fig. 3. e´.
4. Setiform (Setiformis). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between the scalpella of a promuscis.—Ex. Cimex L. Plate VII. Fig. 14. e´.
5. Palatiform (Palatiformis). When the tongue forms the inner surface of the Labium, but is not separate from it.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.
vi. NOSE (nasus).
1. Included (Inclusus). When the nose is included between the two sides of the Postnasus which run towards the upper lip.—Ex. Geocorisæ.
2. Vaulted (Fornicatus). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.—Ex. Vespa.
vii. CANTHUS.
1. Entering (Intrans). When the Canthus takes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.—Ex. The Capricorn beetles, Mylabris. Plate VI. Fig. 1. h´.
2. Cleaving (Findens). When the Canthus cleaves the eye half through or more.—Ex. The Petalocerous beetles.
3. Dividing (Dividens). When the Canthus passes right through the eye and divides it into two.—Ex. Gyrinus, Tetraopes.[1098] Plate XXVI. Fig. 36.
4. Septiform (Septiformis). When the Canthus forms an elevated ridge or septum.—Ex. Many Petalocerous beetles.
viii. EYES (oculi).
1. Simple (Simplices). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex. Araneidæ, Scorpio, Phalangium. Plate VII. Fig. 9. h.
a. Scattered (Sparsi). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.—Ex. Eyes of Caterpillars, and some Scolopendræ.
b. Ordinate (Ordinati). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.—Ex. Araneidea. Plate XXVI. Fig. 37.
c. Conglomerate (Conglomerati). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.—Ex. Iulus. Plate XIII. Fig. 11.
d. Dorsal (Dorsales). When they are placed on the back.—Ex. Phalangium. Plate XXVI. Fig. 43. h.
2. Compound (Compositi). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex. All the Winged Orders. Plate XIII. Fig. 10. and XXVI. Fig. 38-42. h.
a. Sessile (Sessiles). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.—Ex. Most insects. Plate XXVI. Fig. 40, 41.
α. Superior (Superiores). When they are placed in the upper part of the head.—Ex. Libellulina.
β. Lateral (Laterales). When they are placed in the side of the head.—Ex. Apis.
γ. Inferior (Inferiores). When they are placed in the lower side of the head.—Ex. The lower pair in Gyrinus.
δ. Posterior (Posteriores). When placed in the posterior part of the head.—Ex. Locusta.
ε. Anterior (Anteriores). When placed in the anterior part of the head.—Ex. Crabro, Goerius olens, &c.
ζ. Medial (Medii). When placed in the middle part of the head.—Ex. Harpalus, &c.
η. Belting (Cingentes). When the eyes nearly meet both above and below the head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.—Ex. Culex pipiens, Cordylia Palmarum.
θ. Immersed (Immersi). When they are quite imbedded in the head.—Ex. The Melasoma or Darkling beetles.
ι. Prominent (Prominuli). When they stand out from the head.—Ex. Cicindela.
b. Columnar (Columnares). When they sit upon a short footstalk or pillar.—Ex. Strepsiptera, Ephemera ♂. Plate XXVI. Fig. 38, 39. h.
c. Pedunculate (Pedunculati). When they sit upon a long footstalk which also bears the antennæ.—Ex. Diopsis. Plate XIII. Fig. 9.
d. Operculate (Operculati). When the eyes are covered by an operculum.—Ex. Xylina conspicillaris[1099].
e. Ciliate (Ciliati). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble an eyelash.—Ex. Apion vernale and Malvarum.
ix. STEMMATA.
1. Vertical (Verticalia). When they are placed in the Vertex.—Ex. Reduvius personatus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 40. i.
2. Frontal (Frontalia). When placed in the Frons.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 2. i.
3. Intraocular (Intraocularia). When placed in the space between the eyes.—Ex. Cercopis, Ledra, &c. Plate XXVI. Fig. 42. i.
4. Subocular (Subocularia). When placed in the space below the eyes.—Ex. Fulgora laternaria. Plate XXVI. Fig. 41. i.
5. Spurious (Spuria). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.—Ex. Blatta, Gryllus.
x. ANTENNÆ.
a. number.
b. situation.
1. Preocular (Præoculares). When antennæ are inserted before the eyes.—Ex. Chrysis.
2. Interocular (Interoculares). When inserted any where between the eyes.—Ex. Leptura, Haliplus.
3. Inocular (Inoculares). When inserted in the Canthus of the eyes.—Ex. The Capricorn beetles.
4. Subocular (Suboculares). When inserted under the eyes.—Ex. Fulgora, Nepa. Plate XXVI. Fig. 41. k.
5. Extraocular (Extraoculares). When inserted without the eyes.—Ex. Notonecta, Delphax.
6. Rostral (Rostrales). When seated on a rostrum.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.
7. Superior (Superiores). When inserted in the upper surface of the head.—Ex. Most insects.
8. Inferior (Inferiores). When inserted under the head.—Ex. Copris, &c.
c. approximation.
1. Distant (Distantes). When remote at their base.—Ex. Buprestis rustica.
2. Approximate (Approximatæ). When they approach each other at their base.—Ex. Donacia, Galeruca.
3. Contiguous (Contiguæ). When they nearly or altogether touch each other at their base.—Ex. Imatidium MacLeayanum.
4. Connate (Connatæ). When united at their base.—Ex. Ceria. Plate XII. Fig. 13.
d. proportion.
1. Very short (Brevissimæ). When shorter than the head.—Ex. The Muscidæ, &c.
2. Short (Breves). When as long as the head.—Ex. Hister.
3. Shorter (Breviores). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.—Ex. Dytiscus.
4. Mediocral (Mediocres). When of the length of the body.—Ex. Callidium violaceum.
5. Longer (Longiores). When longer than the body.—Ex. Monochamus Sutor.
6. Very long (Longissimæ). When much longer than the body.—Ex. Acanthocinus ædilis.
e. direction.
1. Intire (Integræ). When they have no elbow or angle.—Ex. Antennæ of most Coleoptera.
2. Broken (Fractæ). When the Clavola forms an angle with the Scapus.—Ex. Curculio, Apis, &c. Plate XXV. Fig. 15.
3. Geniculate (Geniculatæ). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with the Scapus.—Ex. Meloe. Plate XII. Fig. 7.
4. Straight (Rectæ). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature. Plate XI. Fig. 5.
5. Porrect (Porrectæ). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.—Ex. Trichoptera in flight.
6. Excurved (Excurvæ). When they curve outwards.
7. Incurved (Incurvæ). When they curve inwards.
8. Decurved (Decurvæ). When they curve downwards.
9. Recurved (Recurvæ). When they curve upwards.
10. Reflexed (Reflexæ). When they are bent back over the body.
11. Deflexed (Deflexæ). When they are bent downwards.
12. Convolute (Convolutæ). When they roll inwards. Plate XII. Fig. 6.
13. Revolute (Revolutæ). When they roll outwards.
14. Spiral (Spirales). When they are convoluted spirally. Plate XXV. Fig. 31.
15. Rigid (Rigidæ). When they are very stiff and inflexible.—Ex. Libellulina, Fulgora. Plate XII. Fig. 12, 15.
f. reposition.
1. Hidden (Receptæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.—Ex. The Lamellicorns, Elater, Belostoma.
2. Exposed (Apertæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.—Ex. Cerambyx.
g. figure and size.
1. Setaceous (Setaceæ). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex. Plate XI. Fig. 1.
2. Setiform (Setiformes). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 14-16.
3. Capillary (Capillares). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair. Plate XI Fig. 2.
4. Filiform (Filiformes). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness. Plate XI. Fig. 3.
5. Thick (Crassæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick. Plate XII. Fig. 29.
6. Incrassate (Incrassatæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at the base, middle, or apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 34, 19, 7.
a. Gradually Incrassate (Sensim Incrassatæ). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 10.
b. Suddenly Incrassate (Subito Incrassatæ). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part. Plate XXV. Fig. 18, 19, 24.
7. Broad (Latæ). Antennæ disproportionably wide. Plate XXV. Fig. 24.
8. Dilated (Dilatatæ). When they are disproportionably wide in any part; base, middle, or apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 12. Plate XII. Fig. 1, 20.
9. Slender (Tenues). When they are disproportionably slender. Plate XI. Fig. 2.
10. Attenuate (Attenuatæ). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part; base, middle, or apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 8, 21, 34.
a. Gradually Attenuate (Sensim Attenuatæ). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex. Plate XI. Fig. 7.
b. Suddenly Attenuate (Subito Attenuatæ). When they grow suddenly slender in any part. Plate XII. Fig. 1. Plate XXV. Fig. 18, 34.
11. Fusiform (Fusiformes). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards each extremity. Plate XI. Fig. 5. Plate XXV. Fig. 8.
12. Prismatic (Prismaticales). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides. Plate XI. Fig. 6.
13. Ensiform (Ensiformes). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others. Plate XI. Fig. 7.
14. Falciform (Falciformes). When the Clavola of the Antennæ grows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble a sickle. Plate XI. Fig. 8.
15. Nodose (Nodosæ). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them. Plate XII. Fig. 5.
16. Moniliform (Moniliformes). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads. Plate XI. Fig. 9.
17. Dentate (Dentatæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides are equal. Plate XI. Fig. 10.
18. Serrate (Serratæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides are unequal like those of a saw. Plate XI. Fig. 11. Plate XXV. Fig. 8.
19. Biserrate (Biserratæ). So toothed on each side. Plate XXV. Fig. 18.
20. Imbricate (Imbricatæ). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it. Plate XI. Fig. 12.
21. Distichous (Distichæ). When the joints in general terminate in a fork. Plate XI. Fig. 13.
22. Cirrate (Cirratæ). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resembling tendrils. Plate XXV. Fig. 4.
23. Flabellate (Flabellatæ). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of a fan. Plate XI. Fig. 17.
24. Biflabellate (Biflabellatæ). When they are flabellate on both sides. Plate XXV. Fig. 11.
25. Pectinate (Pectinatæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of a comb. Plate XXV. Fig. 25. Plate XI. Fig. 14.
26. Bipectinate (Bipectinatæ). Pectinate on both sides. Plate XXV. Fig. 22.
27. Duplicato-pectinate (Duplicato-pectinatæ). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short. Plate XI. Fig. 15.
28. Ramose (Ramosæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches. Plate XI. Fig. 18.
29. Furcate (Furcatæ). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches. Plate XI. Fig. 19. Plate V. Fig. 3.
30. Bipartite (Bipartitæ). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches. Plate XXV. Fig. 20.
31. Palmate (Palmatæ). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of a hand. Plate XI. Fig. 24.
32. Irregular (Irregulares). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined. Plate XI. Fig. 22.
h. termination.
α. versatile antennæ.
1. Subulate (Subulatæ). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one. Plate XII. Fig. 16.
2. Setigerous (Setigeræ). When they terminate in a bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 14, 15. Plate XXV. Fig. 29.
3. Capillaceous (Capillaceæ). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint. Plate XII. Fig. 1.
4. Mucronate (Mucronatæ). When they terminate in a short point or mucro. Plate XII. Fig. 2.
5. Uncinate (Uncinatæ). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind of hook. Plate XII. Fig. 3.
6. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharp claw resembling those of the tarsi of insects. Plate XXV. Fig. 16. a.
7. Clavate (Clavatæ). When their apex grows gradually thicker. Plate XII. Fig. 4. Plate XXV. Fig. 7, 14.
8. Capitate (Capitatæ). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints. Plate XII. Fig. 8-10, and XXV. 1-3, 5, 6.
a. Fissile Knob (Capitulum fissile). When it is divided into several laminæ which the insect can open and shut. Plate XXV. Fig. 1-3, 5.
b. Tunicate Knob (Capitulum tunicatum). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculate or to be imbedded in each other. Plate XII. Fig. 8. Plate XXV. Fig. 5, 6.
c. Perfoliate Knob (Capitulum perfoliatum). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them. Plate XII. Fig. 10.
d. Solid Knob (Capitulum solidum). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation. Plate XII. Fig. 9. Plate XXV. Fig. 33.
e. Inflated Knob (Capitulum inflatum). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out. Plate XII. Fig. 28. Plate XXV. Fig. 9.