Adams, Myron E., Children in American Street
Trades, in Proceedings of First Annual Meeting
of National Child Labor Committee, 1905, pp.
25-46.
—— Municipal Regulations of Street Trades, in Proceedings
of National Conference of Charities and
Correction, 1904, Vol. XXXI, pp. 294-300.
Alden, Margaret, Child Life and Labour.
Britton, James A., Child Labor and the Juvenile
Court, in Proceedings of Fifth Annual Meeting of
National Child Labor Committee, 1909, p. 111.
Brown, Emma E., Child Toilers of Boston Streets.
Buffalo Child Labor Problems, folder issued by
New York Child Labor Committee, 1911.
Campagnac and Russell, Education, Earnings and
Social Condition of Boys Engaged in Street
Trading in Manchester, Board of Education
Special Reports on Educational Subjects, 1902,
Vol. VIII, pp. 653-670.
Child Labor in Germany Outside of Factories, in
Report of United States Commissioner of Education,
1900-1901, Vol. I, pp. 54-80.
Child Labor on the Street—The Newsboy, leaflet
of New York Child Labor Committee, 1907.
Child Labor in the United States, Bulletin 69 of
Bureau of Census, 1907.
Clark, Davis W., American Child and Moloch of
To-day, 1907, p. 40.
Clark, Victor S., Woman and Child Wage Earners
in Great Britain, in Bulletin 80 of United States
Bureau of Labor, January, 1909.
Cloete, J. G., The Boy and his Work, in Studies of
Boy Life in Our Cities, edited by E. J. Urwick,
1904, pp. 129-133.
Clopper, Edward N., Children on the Streets of
Cincinnati, in Proceedings of Fourth Annual
Meeting of National Child Labor Committee,
1908, pp. 113-123.
—— Child Labor in Street Trades, in Proceedings of
Sixth Annual Meeting of National Child Labor
Committee, 1910, pp. 137-144.
Conant, Richard K., Street Trades and Reformatories,
in Proceedings of Seventh Annual Meeting
of National Child Labor Committee, 1911,
pp. 105-107.
Employment of Children Act, 1903, Great Britain,
in J. N. Larned's History for Ready Reference,
1910, Vol. VII, p. 87.
Davis, Philip, Child Life on the Street, National
Conference of Charities and Correction, 1909.
Fieser, James L., Causes of Truancy, in Indiana
Bulletin of Charities and Correction, June,
1910, p. 227.
Fleisher, Alexander,
The Newsboys of Milwaukee,
in Fifteenth Biennial Report, Part III, of Wisconsin
Bureau of Labor, 1911-1912, pp. 61-96.
Gibbs, S. P., Problem of Boy Work.
Great Britain, Elementary Schools (Children Working
for Wages), Parliament Sessional Papers
1899, Vol. 75.
—— Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of School Children, 1901.
—— Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Employment of Children during School Age in
Ireland, 1902.
—— Report of Interdepartmental Committee on
Physical Deterioration, 1904, Vol. II, Q. 2453-2479,
10,440, 12,757.
—— Report of Interdepartmental Committee on Partial
Exemption from School Attendance.
—— Report of Departmental Committee on Employment
of Children Act, 1903, 1910.
—— Report on By-laws made by London County
Council under Employment of Children Act,
1903, by Chester Jones, 1906.
—— Report of Education Committee of London
County Council, March 21, 1911, pp. 690-696.
Report of President of State Children Relief Board
of New South Wales for year ending April 5,
1910, pp. 39-40.
Citizens in the Making, Annual Report of Superintendent
of Neglected Children for Province
of Manitoba, Canada, 1910, pp. 31-34.
Greek Padrone System in United States, Abstract
of Immigration Commission's Report on,
1911.
Gunckel, J. E., Boyville, 1905.
Hall, George A., The Newsboy, in Proceedings of
Seventh Annual Meeting of National Child
Labor Committee, 1911, pp. 100-102.
Henderson, Charles R., Street Trading of Children,
in his Preventive Agencies and Methods, 1910,
Vol. III, pp. 97-100.
Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment,
Vol. VIII of Report on Condition of
Woman and Child Wage Earners in United
States, Senate Document 645, 61st Congress, 2d
Session.
Kelley, Florence, Children in Street Trades and
Telegraph and Messenger Boys, in her Some
Ethical Gains through Legislation, 1905, pp.
11-26.
—— Street Trades, in Proceedings of Seventh Annual
Meeting of National Child Labor Committee,
1911, pp. 108-110.
Mangold, George B., Child Problems, 1910, p. 232.
Neill, Charles P., Child Labor at the National
Capital, in Proceedings of Second Annual Meeting
of National Child Labor Committee, 1905,
pp. 17-20.
New York Child Welfare Exhibit, Handbook of,
1911, p. 33.
Newsboys' Home Association of Washington, D.C.,
Report of, 1863-1864.
Newsboy Law, in Handbook of Child Labor Legislation,
1908, National Consumers' League,
p. 63.
Newsboys' and Children's Aid Society of Washington,
D.C., 1889.
Newsboy Life—What Superintendents of Reformatories
and Others Think about its Effects, Leaflet
32 of National Child Labor Committee, 1910.
North American Civic League for Immigrants,
Report of New York-New Jersey Committee,
December, 1909-March, 1911, pp. 33-34.
Peacock, Robert, Employment of Children with
Special Reference to Street Trading, in Proceedings
of Third International Congress for Welfare
and Protection of Children, 1902, pp. 191-202.
Plea to Take the Small Boy and Girl from the City
Streets, a folder issued by Chicago Board of
Education and a committee representing local
organizations, 1911.
Problems of Street Trading, in Proceedings of Fifth
Annual Meeting of National Child Labor Committee,
1909, pp. 230-240.
Saving the Barren Years, in The Child in the
City, Handbook of Chicago Child Welfare
Exhibit, 1911, pp. 25-27.
School Document No. 14, 1910, Boston Public
Schools, pp. 41-44.
School Document No. 10, 1910, Boston Public
Schools, pp. 132-138.
School Document No. 15, 1909, Boston Public
Schools, pp. 34-37.
Scott, Leroy, The Voice of the Street.
Sherard, Robert H., Child Slaves of Britain.
Smith, Constance, Report on Employment of Children
in United Kingdom.
The Social Evil in Chicago, Report of Chicago Vice
Commission, 1911, pp. 241-245.
Spargo, John, Street Trades in his Bitter Cry of the
Children, 1906, pp. 184-188, 258-259.
Stelzle, Charles, The Boy of the Street, New York,
1904, pp. 7, 41.
Urwick, E. J., editor of Studies of Boy Life in Our
Cities (England), 1904.
Veditz, C. W. A., Child Labor Legislation in Europe,
Bulletin 89 of United States Bureau of Labor,
July, 1910.
Watson, Elizabeth C., New York Newsboys and
their Work, 1911.
Whitin, E. S., Child Labor: Street Trades, in his
Factory Legislation in Maine, 1908, pp. 137-138.
Williams, M., The Street Boy: Who He is and
What to do with Him, National Conference of
Charities and Correction, 1903.
Williamson, E. E., The Street Arab, in Proceedings
of National Conference of Charities and Correction,
1898, Vol. XXV, pp. 358-361.
MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Child Labor, by Florence Kelley, Twentieth Century,
1911, Vol. V, pp. 30-34.
Child Laborers of the Street—The New York
Bills, Charities and Commons, 1903, Vol. X, pp.
205-206.
Child Labor and the Night Messenger Service, by
Owen R. Lovejoy, The Survey, Vol. XXIV, pp.
311-317.
Child Street Trades in London, Charities and Commons,
1903, Vol. X, pp. 149-150.
Children as Wage Earners—Street Sellers, Fortnightly
Review, 1903, Vol. LXXIX, pp. 921-922.
Committee on Wage-earning Children—Third
Annual Report, Economic Review, 1904, Vol.
XIV, pp. 208-211.
Convalescent Men for Newsboys, The Survey, 1910,
Vol. XXV, p. 809.
Enforcing the Newsboy Law in New York and
Newark, by J. K. Paulding, Charities and Commons,
1905, Vol. XIV, pp. 836-837.
Ethics of the Newsboy, by A. Saxby, Western,
Vol. CLVIII, pp. 575-578.
The Greek Bootblack, by Leola Benedict Terhune,
The Survey, 1911, Vol. XXVI, pp. 852-854.
The Greek Boy Who Shines Shoes, The Survey, 1911,
Vol. XXVI, p. 591.
Hartford Regulates Child Street Trades,
The Survey,
1910, Vol. XXV, p. 511.
Industrial Democracy: A Newsboys' Labor Union
and What It Thinks of a College Education,
by R. W. Bruère, Outlook, 1906, Vol. LXXXIV,
pp. 878-883.
John E. Gunckel of Toledo: the Newsboys' Evangelist,
by A. E. Winship, World To-day, 1908,
Vol. XV, pp. 1169-1173.
De Kid Wot Works at Night, by William Hard,
Everybody's, 1908, Vol. XVIII, pp. 25-37.
Milwaukee Regulates Its Street Trades—Other
Wisconsin Child Labor Advances, Survey, 1909,
Vol. XXII, p. 589.
New Jersey Children in Street Trades by E. B.
Butler, Charities and Commons, 1907, Vol. XVII,
pp. 1062-1064.
New Rules for Street Trades in Boston, with a
Comparison of Regulations in Liverpool, Charities
and Commons, 1909, Vol. XXI, pp. 953-954.
New York's Newsboy Lodging House, Charities and
Commons, 1908, Vol. XXI, pp. 147-148.
New York's Newsboys Licensed, Charities and Commons,
1903, Vol. XI, pp. 188-189.
The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia, by Scott
Nearing, Charities and Commons, 1907, Vol.
XVII, pp. 778-784.
The Newsboy Breadwinner Story, Charities and
Commons, 1903, Vol. XI, pp. 482, 568.
Newsboy Wanderers are Tramps in the Making, by
Ernest Poole,
Charities and Commons, 1903,
Vol. X, pp. 160-162.
Newsboys Elect Their Own Judge, Survey, 1910, Vol.
XXV, p. 312.
Night Messenger Service, by Owen R. Lovejoy,
Survey, Vol. XXV, p. 504.
The Press and its Newsboys, by John Ihlder,
World To-day, 1907, Vol. XIII, pp. 737-739.
Sale of Goods on Sidewalks (in France), Daily Consular
and Trade Reports, 14th Year, No. 106, p. 566.
School Children as Wage Earners, by E. F. Hogg,
Nineteenth Century, 1897, Vol. XLII, pp. 235-244.
School Children as Wage Earners—Street Trading
in Liverpool, by J. E. Gorst, Nineteenth Century,
1899, Vol. XLVI, p. 16.
Street Children, by Benjamin Waugh, Contemporary
Review, 1888, Vol. LIII, pp. 825-835.
Street Labor and Juvenile Delinquency, by Josephine
C. Goldmark, Political Science Quarterly, 1904,
Vol. XIX, pp. 417-438.
Street Trades and Delinquency, Survey, 1911, Vol.
XXVI, p. 285.
The Street-trading Children of Liverpool, by
Thomas Burke, Contemporary Review, 1900, Vol.
LXXVIII, pp. 720-726.
Street Trading by Children (Bradford, England),
Daily Consular and Trade Reports, 14th Year,
No. 89, p. 246.
Two O'clock Sunday Morning, by Scott Nearing,
The Independent, 1912, Vol. LXXII, No. 3297,
pp. 288-289.
A Western Newspaper and its Newsboys, by W. B.
Forbush, Charities and Commons, 1907, Vol.
XIX, pp. 798-802.
Waifs of the Street, by Ernest Poole, McClure's,
Vol. XXI, pp. 40-48.
What Boston Has Done in Regulating the Street
Trades for Children, by Pauline Goldmark,
Charities and Commons, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 159-160.
What of the Newsboy of the Second Cities? Investigations
carried on in Buffalo, Charities and
Commons, 1903, Vol. X, pp. 368-371.
APPENDIX A
LAWS
The law of Wisconsin relative to street trading,
as amended in 1911, is given below in its entirety,
because it is the most advanced law of its kind in
the United States.
Wisconsin
Section 1728 p. The term "street trade," as
used in this act, shall mean any business or occupation
in which any street, alley, court, square or
other public place is used for the sale, display or
offering for sale of any articles, goods or merchandise.
No boy under the age of twelve years, and
no girl under the age of eighteen years, shall in any
city of the first class distribute, sell or expose or
offer for sale newspapers, magazines or periodicals
in any street or public place.
Section 1728 q. No boy under fourteen years of
age, shall, in any city of the first class, work at any
time, or be employed or permitted to work at any
time, as a bootblack or in any other street trade,
or shall sell or offer any goods or merchandise for
sale or distribute hand bills or circulars or any
other articles, except newspapers, magazines or
periodicals as hereinafter provided.
Section 1728 r. No girl under eighteen years of
age shall, in any city of the first class, work at any
time, or be employed or permitted to work at any
time, as a bootblack or at any other street trades or in
the sale or distribution of hand bills or circulars or
any other articles upon the street or from house to
house.
Section 1728 s. No boy under sixteen years of
age shall, in any city of the first class, distribute,
sell or expose or offer for sale any newspapers,
magazines or periodicals in any street or public
place or work as a bootblack, or in any other street
or public trade or sell or offer for sale or distribute
any hand bills or other articles, unless he complies
with all the legal requirements concerning school
attendance, and unless a permit and badge, as
hereinafter provided, shall have been issued to him
by the state factory inspector. No such permit
and badge shall be issued until the officer issuing
the same shall have received an application in
writing therefor, signed by the parent or guardian
or other person having the custody of the child,
desiring such permit and badge, and until such
officer shall have received, examined and placed on
file the written statement of the principal or chief
executive officer of the public, private or parochial
school, which the said child is attending, stating
that such child is an attendant at such school with
the grade such child shall have attained, and provided
that no such permit and badge shall be issued,
unless such officer issuing it is satisfied that such
child is mentally and physically able to do such
work besides his regular school work as required
by law.
Section 1728 t. Before any such permit is issued,
the state factory inspector shall demand and be
furnished with proof of such child's age by the production
of a verified baptismal certificate or a duly
attested birth certificate, or, in case such certificates
cannot be secured, by the record of age stated in
the first school enrollment of such child. Whenever
it appears that a permit was obtained by wrong
or false statements as to any child's age, the officer
who granted such permit shall forthwith revoke the
same. After having received, examined and placed
on file such papers, the officer shall issue to the
child a permit and badge. The principal or chief
executive officer of schools, in which children under
fourteen years of age are pupils, shall keep a complete
list of all children in their school to whom a
permit and badge has been issued, as herein provided.
Section 1728 u. Such permit shall state the place
and date of birth of the child, the name and address
of its parents, guardian, custodian or next friend,
as the case may be, and describe the color of hair
and eyes, the height and weight and any distinguishing
facial marks of such child, and shall further
state that the papers required by the preceding
section have been duly examined and filed; and
that the child named in such permit has appeared
before the officer issuing the permit. The badge
furnished by the officer issuing the permit shall
bear on its face a number corresponding to the
number of the permit, and the name of the child.
Every such permit, and every such badge on its
reverse side, shall be signed in the presence of the
officer issuing the same by the child in whose name
it is issued. Provided, that in case of carrier boys
working on salary for newspaper publishers delivering
papers, a card of identification shall be issued
to such carriers by the factory inspector, which
they shall carry on their person, and exhibit to any
officer authorized under this act, who may accost
them for a disclosure of their right to serve as such
carriers.
Section 1728 v. The badge provided for herein
shall be such as the state factory inspector shall
designate, and shall be worn conspicuously in sight
at all times in such position as may be designated
by the said factory inspector by such child while
so working. No child to whom such permit and
badge or identification card are issued shall transfer
the same to any other person.
Section 1728 w. No boy under fourteen years of
age shall, in any city of the first class, sell, expose
or offer for sale any newspapers, magazines or
periodicals after the hour of six-thirty o'clock in the
evening, between the first day of October and the
first day of April, nor after seven-thirty o'clock in
the evening between the first day of April and the
first day of October, or before five o'clock in the
morning; and no child under sixteen years of age
shall distribute, sell, expose or offer for sale any
newspapers, magazines or periodicals or shall work
as a bootblack or in any street or public trades or
distribute hand bills or shall be employed or permitted
to work in the distribution or sale or exposing
or offering for sale of any newspapers, magazines
or periodicals or as a bootblack or in other street
or public trades or in the distribution of hand bills
during the hours when the public schools of the
city where such child shall reside are in session.
Provided, that any boy between the ages of fourteen
and sixteen years, who is complying and shall
continue to comply with all the legal requirements
concerning school attendance, and who is mentally
and physically able to do such delivery besides his
regular school work, shall be authorized to deliver
newspapers between the hours of four and six in the
morning.
Section 1728 x. The commissioner of labor or
any factory inspector acting under his direction
shall enforce the provisions of this law, and he is
hereby vested with all powers requisite therefor.
Section 1728 y. The permit of any child, who
in any city of the first class distributes, sells or
offers for sale any newspapers, magazines or periodicals
in any street or public place or works as a
bootblack or in any other street trade, or sells or
offers for sale or distributes any hand bills or other
articles in violation of the provisions of this act, or
who becomes delinquent or fails to comply with all
the legal requirements concerning school attendances
shall forthwith be revoked for a period of six
months and his badge taken from said child. The
refusal of any child to surrender such permit, and
the distribution, sale or offering for sale of newspapers,
magazines or periodicals or any goods or
merchandise, or the working by such child as a
bootblack or in any other street or public trade, or
in distributing hand bills or other articles, after
notice, by any officer authorized to grant permits
under this law of the revocation of such permit and
a demand for the return of the badge, shall be
deemed a violation of this act. The permit of said
child may also be revoked by the officer who issued
such permit, and the badge taken from such child,
upon the complaint of any police officer or other
attendance officer or probation officer of a juvenile
court, and such child shall surrender his permit
and badge upon the demand of any police officer,
truancy or other attendance officer or probation
officer of a juvenile court or other officer charged
with the duty of enforcing this act. In case of a
second violation of this act by any child, he shall be
brought before the juvenile court, if there shall be
any juvenile court in the city where such child
resides, or, if not, before any court or magistrate
having jurisdiction of offenses committed by minors
and be dealt with according to law.
Section 1728 z. Any parent or other person who
employs a minor under the age of sixteen years in
peddling without a license or who, having the care
or custody of such minor, suffers or permits the
child to engage in such employment, or to violate
sections 1728 p to 1728 za, inclusive, shall be punished
by a fine not to exceed one hundred dollars nor less
than twenty-five dollars, or by commitment to the
county jail for not more than sixty days or less
than ten days.
Section 1728 za. Providing that no badge shall
be issued for a boy selling papers between the ages
of twelve and sixteen years by the state factory
inspector, except upon certificate of the principal of
either public, parochial or other private school
attended by said boy, stating and setting forth that
said boy is a regular attendant upon said school.
No boy under the age of sixteen years shall be permitted
by any newspaper publisher or printer or
persons having for sale newspapers or periodicals of
any character, to loiter or remain around any salesroom,
assembly room, circulation room or office for
the sale of newspapers, between the hours of nine
in the forenoon and three in the afternoon, on days
when school is in session. Any newspaper publisher,
printer, circulation agent or seller of newspapers
shall upon conviction for permitting newsboys to
loiter or hang around any assembly room, circulation
room, salesroom or office where papers are
distributed or sold, shall be punished by a fine not
to exceed one hundred dollars nor less than twenty-five
dollars, or by commitment to the county jail
for not more than sixty days or less than ten days.
London, England
By-laws adopted by the London County Council
and put in Force on June 3, 1911
By-laws 1-9 concern the employment of children
generally.
10. No girl under the age of 16 years shall be
employed in or carry on street trading.
11. No boy under the age of 14 years shall be
employed in or carry on street trading.
12. No boy under the age of 16 years shall be
employed in or carry on street trading before 6 in
the morning or after 9 in the evening.
13. No boy under the age of 16 years shall at any
time be employed in or carry on street trading unless
(1) He is exempt from school attendance, and
(2) He first procures a badge from the London
County Council, which he shall wear whilst engaged
in street trading on the upper part of the right arm
in such a manner as to be conspicuous.
The badge shall be deemed to be a license to
trade, and may be withheld or withdrawn for such
period as the London County Council think fit in
any of the following cases—
(a) If the boy has, after the issue of the badge to
him, been convicted of any offense.
(b) If it is proved to the satisfaction of the London
County Council that the boy has used his
badge for the purpose of begging or receiving alms,
or for any immoral purpose, or for the purpose of
imposition, or for any other improper purpose.
(c) If the boy fails to notify the London County
Council within one week of any change in his place
of residence.
(d) If the boy commits a breach of any of the
conditions under which such badge is issued; such
conditions to be stated on such badge or delivered to
the boy in writing.
14. A boy to whom a badge has been issued by
the London County Council shall in no way alter,
lend, sell, pawn, transfer, or otherwise dispose of,
or wilfully deface, or injure such badge, which shall
remain the property of the London County Council,
and he shall, on receiving notice in writing from the
London County Council (which may be served by
post) that the badge has been withdrawn, deliver
up the same forthwith to the London County
Council.
15. A boy under the age of 16 years, whilst engaged
in street trading, shall not enter any premises
used for public entertainment or licensed for the
sale of intoxicating liquor for consumption on the
premises for the purpose of trading.
16. A boy under the age of 16 years, whilst engaged
in street trading, shall not annoy any person
by importuning.
17. Nothing in these by-laws contained shall restrict
the employment of children in the occupations
specified in section 3 (a) of the Prevention of
Cruelty to Children Act, 1904, further than such
employment is already restricted by statute.
APPENDIX B
TWO TYPES OF NEWSBOY BADGES.
APPENDIX C
CARDS FOR INVESTIGATIONS
The cards used in the inquiries into the newsboy
situations of Philadelphia and Milwaukee are reproduced
here, in the hope that they will be of use
in furnishing suggestions to any organization or
individual who contemplates making such an investigation
elsewhere. It will be observed that
these cards are practically confined to questions
affecting newsboys only, and would have to be considerably
amplified, if intended for use in a general
study of street work by children.
Cards used by Boston School Committee for Issuance of Licenses
Form of Application for License used in Hartford, Conn.
Form used in Obtaining Information before the Issuing of
a Badge in Province of Manitoba, Canada.
Sample of Card used in Investigation of Street Trades in Philadelphia
Sample of Card used in Investigation of Newsboys in Milwaukee
- Addams, Jane, on Illinois child labor law, 15.
- Age limit (see Laws and Ordinances), 194-196.
- Austria, investigation of 1907, 49-51.
- Begging, 38, 69, 96, 220.
- Berlin regulations, 240.
- Bootblacks, 83, 93.
- Ages, 84.
- Delinquency, 165.
- Diseases, 87, 88.
- Earnings, 84, 89, 95.
- Environment, 86, 87.
- Home conditions, 85.
- Hours, 84, 85, 94, 95.
- Padrone System, report by Immigration Commission, 86-92.
- Report by North American Civic League for Immigrants, 83, 84.
- Boston, license statistics, 33.
- Regulations of street work, 196.
- Boston Newsboys' Court, 79-81.
- Boston Newsboys' Republic, 212.
- Buffalo conditions, report on, 132, 133.
- Canada, 238.
- Chicago Child Welfare Exhibit, 14, 29.
- Chicago statistics of local studies, 28, 29.
- Chicago Vice Commission's report, 30, 67, 96, 118.
- Child Welfare Exhibit, 14.
- Chicago, 29.
- New York, 60.
- Cincinnati, license statistics, 35, 71.
- Market children, 97.
- Newsboy conditions, 54.
- Regulations of street work, 196.
- Delinquency, relation to street work, report of Dr. Charles P. Neill, 159.
- Chicago juvenile court records, 178.
- Connection between occupation and offense, 171.
- Records of Indiana Boys' School, 179-187.
- Delivery Service, 68, 161-174.
- Detroit, regulations of street work, 193.
- Edinburgh, conditions in, 44, 125, 224.
- Effects of street work, classified, 128.
- In Buffalo, 132, 133.
- In physical deterioration, 142-145.
- Opinions of superintendents of reformatories, 131, 132.
- Employment distinguished from independent work, 2, 192.
- Enforcement of regulations, 132, 208, 211.
- Errand running, 202.
- France, regulations, 241.
- Germany, inquiry of 1898, 45-48.
- Girls as newspaper sellers, 31, 65, 200.
- Great Britain, Departmental Committee of 1910, 76, 138, 147, 197, 223, 237.
- Employment of Children Act, 1903, 221.
- Interdepartmental Committee of 1901, 43, 73, 145, 203, 217.
- Interdepartmental Committee of 1902 on Ireland, 150, 204, 220.
- Interdepartmental Committee of 1904 on Physical Deterioration, 125, 142.
- Parliamentary return of 1899, 39-42, 215.
- Hartford, regulations of street work, 196.
- Housing problem's relation to street trading, 20.
- Illinois, effort to regulate street trading, 14, 198.
- Immigration Commission, report on Padrone System, 36, 86-92.
- Ireland, report of Interdepartmental Committee of 1902, 150, 204, 220.
- Kelley, Florence, on street trading, 52, 70, 127, 207.
- Laws, table of state, 194.
- Licenses for street work required, 197, 209.
- License statistics, of Boston, 33.
- Of Cincinnati, 35, 71.
- Of New York, 16, 34.
- Liverpool, conditions, 230.
- London County Council bylaws, 233-236, 264.
- Lovejoy, Owen R., on messenger service, 123.
- Manchester regulations, 236.
- Market children, 21, 96.
- Ages, 97.
- Earnings, 96.
- Home conditions, 99, 100.
- Hours, 99.
- Nationalities, 97, 98.
- Orphanage, 100.
- Retardation, 98, 99.
- Merchandise, distinction between newspapers and, 189.
- Messenger boys, 101.
- Ages, 106-117.
- Character of work, 101-104.
- Chicago Vice Commission's report, 118-121.
- Delinquency, 104, 165, 169.
- Diseases, 111, 112, 113.
- Earnings, 106, 112, 113, 114.
- Environment, 102, 103.
- Hours, 108, 113, 115, 119.
- Investigation in Ohio Valley, 106-117.
- Lack of prospects, 104, 126.
- Poverty as excuse for work, 122.
- Use of men instead of boys, 105, 123-125.
- Nationality of street workers, 33, 97.
- Nearing, Scott, conditions in Philadelphia, 69, 135.
- Neill, Charles P., on newsboys' work, 64.
- On messenger service, 117.
- Report on Juvenile Delinquency and its Relation to Employment, 159.
- Newark, regulations of street work, 196.
- New York, report of newsboy investigation, 16, 34, 148.
- Child Welfare Exhibit, 60.
- Regulations of street work, 195.
- Newsboys, ages, 54-60.
- Associations, 66.
- Character of work, 56-58.
- Classified, 52.
- Delinquency, 165.
- Diseases, 136.
- Earnings compared with factory wages, 58.
- Environment, 60, 135.
- Home conditions, 70-72.
- Hours, 65-70.
- Irregularity of meals, 61.
- Orphanage, 71, 168.
- Retardation, 147-156.
- Substitutes, 75-79.
- Tricks of the trade, 63-64.
- Newsboys' Court of Boston, 79-81.
- Newsboys' Republic of Boston, 212.
- New South Wales, license statistics, 45.
- Newspapers, as merchandise, 189.
- Attitude toward regulation, 28, 199.
- Night work, of messengers, 101, 169.
- Ordinances, table of city, 196.
- Padrone System, report, of Immigration Commission, 36, 86-92.
- North American Civic League for Immigrants, 83, 84.
- Peddlers, findings of Chicago Vice Commission, 96.
- Cincinnati statistics, 97.
- Delinquency, 165.
- Immigration Commission's report, 36.
- Philadelphia conditions, 69.
- Playgrounds, 22.
- Poverty as an excuse for street work, 70-73, 136-138.
- Prohibition, of night work, 208.
- Of street work by children, 224, 227.
- Regulation, by municipality or state, 205.
- Retardation in school of street workers, 98, 147-156.
- Rochester, method of enforcement, 211.
- St. Louis statistics, 146, 151.
- School, as social center, 21.
- Retardation of street workers, 98, 147-156.
- Scotland, conditions, 44, 225.
- Spargo, John, on effects of street work, 135.
- Statistics, of U.S. Census, 24, 25.
- Austria, 49-51.
- Boston, 33.
- Chicago, 28, 29.
- Cincinnati, 35, 71.
- Germany, 45-48.
- Great Britain, 40-44, 143-145.
- New York, 16, 34, 148.
- Street as a social agent, 17.
- Street employments, distinction between, 5.
- Street occupations, of minor importance, 38.
- Classified, 4.
- Contrasted with regular work, 73, 139.
- Street trading defined, 3.
- Neglected in legislation, 7, 12, 192.
- Street trading problem related to other problems, 20.
- Toledo, retardation of street workers, 152-156.
- Vagrants, Chicago report on, 32.
- Vice Commission of Chicago, report, 30, 67, 96, 118.
- Wisconsin, law, 257.