INDEX.

• Aberdeen, burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 28. Linen manufacturers of, 180. The first county bank in Scotland established in, 181. Tyranny of the Kirk session of, 222
• Abyssinians, their superstition as to the hyæna, i. 126 note. Causes of the corruptions of the Christianity of the, i. 265 note
• Academies, why favoured in France, ii. 127 note
• Achenwall, considered to be the first writer on systematic statistics, i. 3333 note
• Acoustics, creation of the science of, ii. 190
• Adam of Bremen, cause of his error as to Turks in Finland, i. 299. His authority in Northern geography, 299 note
• Adanson, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397
• Addison, Joseph, his establishment of the easy and democratic style of writing, i. 437 note
• Advocates, Faculty of, great part of the, expelled from Edinburgh, iii. 145
• Africa, condition of, in the desert of Sahara, i. 47, 48. Causes of its stationary condition, 49
• Agassiz, his classification of fossil ichthyology, ii. 383, 384
• Ages, the Dark, ii. 108. Supremacy of the clergy at this period, 108
• Agricola, Roman invasion of Scotland under, iii. 7
• Agriculture, system of, of the Arabs of Spain, ii. 497
• Agriculturists, causes of the superstitions of, i. 376, 379
• Air, Boyle's discovery of the law of the elasticity of the, i. 368. Marriott's confirmation of this law, 368 note
• Albany, Regent of Scotland, his vigorous measures against the nobles, iii. 45. Leaves Scotland, 57
• Alberoni, his services to Spain, ii. 519, 522, 523
• Alexander IV., Pope, his the first formal call to the secular power to punish heretics, ii. 109 note
• Alexandrian doctrine of development in religion, ii. 21 note
• Alfred of Beverley, his abridgment of the history of Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324
• Alfred, King, causes of our admiration of, ii. 249 note. The institutions popularly ascribed to him, 249 note
• Alison, Sir A., his eulogy of William III., i. 403 note
• Almansa, battle of, ii. 516
• Alva, number of persons put to death by, in the Netherlands, ii. 451
• Amazon river, extent of the, i. 97 note. Area drained by the, 97 note. Origin of the name, i. 299 note
• Amazons, origin in the North of Europe of the fable of the nation of, i. 298, 299
• Amboise, conspiracy of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 10
• Ambrose, St., his statement of the doctrine of predestination, i. 13 note
• America, policy of the Spaniards in, in the eighteenth century, ii. 557
• America, Central, ancient civilization of, i. 93. Ruins and statues extant in, 93 note. Evidences of the unequal distribution of wealth in, 94. Question as to the races which formerly inhabited it, 94. Character of the national religion of, 147
• America, North, rivers of importance to be found almost wholly on the eastern side of, i. 97. Causes of this, 97 note. Extent of the Amazon alone, 97 note. Area drained by the Mississippi, 97. The Oregon the boundary of the Californian flora, 97 note. One of the main causes of the fertility of America, heat, 98. Difference between the heat of the eastern and western coasts, 98. Early state of the North American tribes, 99 note. Intercourse between the north-east of Asia and the north-west of America, 99 note. Another main cause of fertility of, irrigation, 97. Calvinism the popular creed of the republics of, ii. 339
• America, South, no great river on the western side of, i. 97, 98. Difference between the heat and moisture of the eastern and western coasts of, 100. Way in which the trade-wind is connected with the civilization of, 103. Physical condition of Brazil, 103–107. And of Peru, 107 et seq. Exuberance of the maize plant in Mexico and Peru, 109. And of the banana, 111. The Mexican and Peruvian kingdoms, and the effect of the physical laws under which they existed, 113–117
• America, United States of. See United States
• Anabaptists, number of, put to death in Holland, i. 189 note
• Anatomy, experiments of Descartes in, ii. 80. State of the study of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197 note. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy with geology, 371. Cuvier's system, 376, 377. Bichat's labours, 378. Results of the study of the tissues, 383. Value of the examination of the teeth of animals, 384
• Andrews, St., burnt by the English, iii. 14. The University of, founded, 4040 note
• Aneurism, Hunter's improvement in the practice of, iii. 456
• Anglo-Saxons, free men of the, all trained to the use of arms, i. 203 note. War and religion the absorbing subjects among the, 204 note
• Animal life, examination of Bichat's work on, ii. 390
• Anne, Queen, effects of her love for the clergy, i. 419. Her want of abilities, as shown in her letters, 419 note
• Antichrist, Audigier's statement respecting, ii. 281
• Antinomianism, principles of Calvin leading to, ii. 338
• Antiquities, study of, i. 2
• Antiquity, harm worked by veneration of, i. 134. Marvellous feats of the ancients as recorded in Sanscrit works, 135. The Hindu poets' statements as to the duration of life in the early age of the world, 135. Undue reverence for antiquity, ii. 139. Voltaire's attack on the admiration entertained for old writers, 306
• Antonio, Spanish bibliographer, ii. 480
• Apostates, number of, produced by religious persecution, i. 189
• Aquinas, Thomas, on the doctrine of providential interference, i. 19
• Arabs, causes of their permanent barbarism in Arabia, i. 45. Their foundation of empires in Europe and Asia, 46. Their cultivation of astronomy, 47 note. Their conquests in Spain, ii. 439. The struggles which ensued between the Spaniards and Arabians, 439. Re-establishment of the Spanish Christian monarchy, and extinction of the Arab power, 440. Their expulsion from Spain, 485 et seq. Number expelled, 494. Their manufactures and system of husbandry, 497
• Aranda, his attacks on the Inquisition, ii. 547
• Archery, attempts to revive, in the reign of Elizabeth, i. 205 note
• Architecture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209
• Argensola, Spanish poet, ii. 480
• Arian controversy, the, at the beginning of the last century, i. 427
• Arianism established in Spain by the Visigoths, ii. 434
• Aristocracy, commencement of hereditary, in Europe, ii. 112. Reason why the aristocracy possessed more power in France than in England, 113. Policy of William the Conqueror and of Henry II. in reducing the power of the nobles, 114 and note. Right of the nobles in France to wage private war, 115. But in England they were glad to ally themselves with the people against the Crown, 116. Instances of the power of the French nobles, 128. Effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the English nobles, 138. Aversion of the aristocracy to innovation, and reverence for antiquity, 139. Causes of the alliance between the nobles and clergy, 140. The noble class weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143, 145. Aristocratic characters of the rebellion of 1569, 144. Abeyance of the ducal order, 146. Attempts made by James I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles, 147. Conduct of the nobles in the Great English Rebellion, 152. Determination of the rebels as to the nobles, 153. The House of Peers abolished, 153. Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles, 162. Instances of this, 164 et seq. Arminianism always connected with aristocracy, 339. Reasons for this, 341. Causes of the power of the nobles of Scotland, iii. 19. Coalition of the Crown and clergy in Scotland against the nobles,34. Ignorance of the Scotch nobles, 40, 41. Causes of the decline of the power of the Scotch nobles, 162, 167
• Aristotle, authority of, overthrown by Descartes, ii. 91, 92
• Ark, the, of Auriol, i. 331
• Armada, the Spanish, ii. 453
• Armies, origin of standing, i. 206, 207, 397. And of the custom of employing mercenaries, 207. Computation of the proportion of soldiers to civilians which a country can bear, 208 note
• Arminianism, connexion of free will with, i. 14. Its feud with Calvinism, ii. 338. Arminianism always aristocratic, 339. Arminianism the popular creed in England at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 339, 340. This doctrine one for the rich, 340. Causes of this, 341, 342. Arminianism more favourable to the arts than to the sciences, 342
• Armorial bearings, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112
• Arran, Earl of, regent of Scotland, iii. 70
• Art, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 206–208
• Arthur, King, history of, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 321
• Aselli, his discovery of the lacteals, ii. 81
• Asia, region of, in which wealth and progress can alone exist, i. 44, 45. The birthplace of almost all the cruel diseases now prevalent in Europe, 130
• Asser, question of the genuineness of his Life of Alfred, ii. 249
• Astronomy, the only branch of knowledge raised to a science by the Arabs, i. 47 note. Success with which it was cultivated by the ancient Mexicans, 112. Encouraged by Louis XIV., ii. 191. His eminent astronomers not French but foreigners, 191. Newton's discoveries, 191. Practical astronomy unknown in Scotland in the seventeenth century, iii. 285 note
• Atomic theory, importance of the, ii. 364 note
• Atheism, rise and progress of, in France, ii. 351. Publication of the ‘Encyclopædia,’ 351. The ‘System of Nature,’ 351. French atheists in 1623, 95 note
• Atmosphere, consequences resulting from the weight of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 78
• Atomic doctrine, the natural precursor of Platonism, i. 10. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10
• Atterbury, Bishop, his remarks on the condition of the Church in the time of Anne and George I., i. 442 note
• Audigier, examination of his ‘Origin of the French,’ ii. 279
• Audra, his ‘Abridgment of General History,’ suppressed, ii. 238. His death, 239
• Augustin, St., the doctrine of predestination first systematically methodized by, i. 13
• Aurelius, Marcus, the Emperor, causes of his violent persecution of the Christians, i. 186
• Averages, doctrine of, its importance, i. 23 note
• Avocats-généraux, of the eighteenth century, their functions, ii. 245 note
•  
• Bacon, Lord, effect of his secular philosophy, i. 329. Translation of his works into French, ii. 218
• Baikal, dangers of the Lake of, and their effect on the Baikal sailors, i. 376 note
• Baillou, his advancement of pathology, ii. 195
• Bali, Javanese traditions preserved in the island of, i. 306
• Ballads the form and groundwork of early history, i. 291. National bards, 292 note. Antiquity of rhyme, 293 note. General accuracy of the early ballads, 295 note
• Balls forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70
• Banana, extraordinary reproductive powers of the, i. 111. Its nutritive powers as compared with those of potatoes and wheat, 111
• Bangorian controversy, effect of the, i. 427
• Bank, the first County, in Scotland, iii. 181
• Bannockburn, battle of, iii. 15
• Bards known in almost all nations, i. 292, 293. Those of Gaul, Scotland, and Ireland, 292 note. Cause of the extinction of the class of bards, 296
• Bargeton, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 238
• Bark, its discredit in France as a ‘remède anglais,’ ii. 214 note
• Baron, different meanings attached to the word, ii. 114
• Barrow, Isaac, his virtues and abilities, i. 393. Neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393
• Barter, misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, i. 210–212
• Bartholomew, St., massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11
• Basilides, his views of predestination, i. 13 note
• Baxter, Richard, persecution of, i. 398
• Beaton, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, compelled to resign his office of Chancellor, iii. 57. His conspiracy, 58
• Beaton, Cardinal, his persecution of the Protestants, iii. 63. Arrested, 70. Conspiracy to assassinate him, 73, 74
• Beaumarchais, his ‘Memoirs’ burned, ii. 237
• Beauvais, Bishop of, his proposal to the Dutch, ii. 38 note
• Bedford, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, but deserts them, ii. 151, 152
• Being, obscurities of our, solved by the doctrines of free will and predestination, i. 12
• Benares, cases of suicide by drowning at, i. 26 note
• Bentham, Jeremy, his demolition of the usury laws, i. 214 note. His method of investigating speculative jurisprudence, i. 426
• Bentley, Richard, his corrupt English style, ii. 307
• Berkeley, Bishop, his erroneous notions of trade, i. 212 note
• Berthault, his method of writing history, ii. 270
• Berwick, Duke of, appointed Generalissimo of the Spanish army, ii. 515. Gains the battle of Almansa, 516
• Berwick destroyed by the English, iii. 13
• Berwick, treaty of, iii. 81
• Berzelius, his attempts to reduce mineralogical phenomena, ii. 399
• Bichat, impetus given to the study of zoology by, ii. 376. Sketch of his method of investigation of the human frame, 379. His views respecting the tissues, 379. Publication of his great work, 380. Connexion between his views and subsequent discoveries, 380–388. Immense importance of his method of investigation, 388. Examination of his work on life, 390
• Birmingham, establishment of the first circulating library in, i. 431 note. Not a bookseller in the town in the reign of Anne, 422 note. First printing office in, 432 note
• Bishops, precarious tenure with which they hold their seats in the House of Lords, i. 418
• Black, David, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107. Thrown into prison, 108, 109
• Black, Joseph, examination of his theory of latent heat, iii. 367. And of his method of physical philosophy, 368
• Blackburne on ‘The Confessional’ ferment caused by, i. 428
• Blackstone, Sir W., his ‘Commentaries’ translated into French, ii. 219
• Blanca, Florida, prime minister of Spain, his reforms, ii. 548. Concludes a treaty with Turkey, 549
• Blood, discovery of the circulation of the, by Harvey, neglected by his contemporaries, ii. 80. But recognized by Descartes, 81. Hunter's discovery as to the red globules of the, iii. 436. Corroboration of his views after his death, 438
• Bodin, John, his character as a historian, i. 326
• Boileau, pensioned to write a History of France for Louis XIV., ii. 277
• Bombs, invention of, i. 206 note
• Boncerf, his treatise on ‘Feudal Law’ burned, ii. 237
• Book Clubs and Book Societies, establishment of, i. 433
• Books, only use of, i. 267
• Boots, the torture of the, iii. 148
• Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, character of his ‘Universal History,’ ii. 282. Connexion between his opinions and the despotism of Louis XIV., 289. Character of his writings, 290. His singular arrogance, 290. His works compared with those of Voltaire, 291
• Botany, importance of the study of, ii. 197, 198. First steps in the study of, 198. Discoveries of the seventeenth century, 199. Nothing done in France in botanical discovery during the reign of Louis XIV., 200. Labours of the French in, 395. Göthe's discoveries, 396. Number of known species, 396 note
• Botany. The natural method superseding the artificial one of Linnæus, ii. 397. Jussieu's generalizations, 397, 398. Phyllotaxis, 399 note
• Boucquet, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 208
• Boyle, Robert, his doubts as to the theological and scientific theories of diseases, i. 128 note. Influence of the spirit of opposition to unsupported authority on, 367. His great discoveries, 368. His view of the importance of individual experiments, and disregard of ancient authority, 369. His doubts and caution as shown in his works, 370
• Brahmanism, remote period of its establishment in India, i. 301. Introduction of a form of, into China, 302
• Brain, amount of phosphorus in the, i. 57 note. Excretion of the phosphorus under certain circumstances, 57 note. Doctrines of the improvement of the human brain by transmission, 176 note
• Brazil, causes of the gorgeousness of the fauna and flora of, i. 103, 104 note. Description of the rainy season of, 103 note. Inveterate barbarism of the natives of, 105 note. Smallness of the population of, 107
• Brissot, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225. His admiration for the English Constitution, 229
• Bristol, Earl of, his notions of political economy, i. 212 note
• Brougham, Lord, his life of Robert Simson, i. 248 note
• Browne, Sir Thomas, influence of the spirit of opposition to unsupported authority on, i. 365. His ‘Vulgar and Common Errors’ and ‘Religio Medici,’ 365. His love of botany, 200
• Brunfels, his investigations in the vegetable kingdom, ii. 198 note
• Buchanan, George, character of his works, iii. 183
• Buffier, the only Jesuit whose name has a place in abstract philosophy, ii. 342
• Buffon, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His translations of Newton and Hales, 218. Compelled to publish a recantation of some of his views on geology, 236. His geological theory, 368
• Burgos, decay of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 503
• Burke's, Edmund, his remarks on the decline of the abilities of official men under George III., i. 449. His great ability and accomplishments, 455, 456. His practical political principles, 458. His view of the true end of legislation, 459 note. Effect which his profound views produced in the House of Commons, 460 note. His attack on the delusions of his time, 461. His opposition to the views of George III., and consequent neglect, 461. His anticipation and defence of most of the great measures of the present generation, 462, 463. His subsequent hallucinations and violence, 467. His rupture with Fox, 469. His hostility to Condorcet and La Fayette, 470, 471. Favoured in his degeneracy by George III., 476, 477
• Burnet, Bishop, offer to him of a pension for a history of France, ii. 277, 278
•  
• Caithness seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11
• Calderon, his fanaticism for the Inquisition, ii. 481
• Californian flora, the Oregon or Columbia river the boundary of the, i. 97 note
• Calonne, M., his attack on the church property, ii. 333
• Calvin, John, his doctrine of predestination, i. 13
• Calvinism, its feud with Arminianism, ii. 338. Calvinism always democratic, 339. This doctrine one for the poor, 340. Animosity of the Church of Rome against it, 341. Reasons why it is the doctrine of the poor, 341, 342. More favourable to the sciences than to the arts, 342. Reasons why the professors of this religion are likely to acquire habits of independent thinking, 342, 343. The doctrine of necessity, 343. Alliance of Jansenism with Calvinism, 343
• Campbell, Lord, character of his ‘Lives of the Chancellors,’ i. 441 note
• Camus, his Jansenism, ii. 345
• Cannibalism in Scotland, iii. 17
• Canons, invention of, i. 206 note
• Capital, Adam Smith's views as to, iii. 327
• Carbon, in food, i. 55 et seq.
• Carolan, the last Irish bard, i. 292 note
• Carra, his familiarity with the English language and literature, ii. 224
• Carrillo, Martin, Spanish jurisconsult and historian, ii. 480
• Cartaud, suppression of his ‘Essay on Taste,’ ii. 237
• Cartwright, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 note
• Cashmere, rent paid by the cultivator to the sovereign in, i. 76 note
• Casualties, diminution of, one cause of the increased duration of life, i. 153
• Catholics, Roman, their doctrines compared with those of Protestants, i. 261. Importance of the Toleration Act to them, 402 note. Causes which led to the feeling in favour of Catholic Emancipation, 426. Burke's advocacy of Roman Catholic claims, 462. Importance of the Emancipation Bill, 502. Obligations Europe is under to the Catholic clergy, ii. 5 note. Intolerance of Roman Catholics compared with that of Protestants, 51. Pliancy of the Roman Church against morals, and its inflexibility in regard to dogmas, 52 note. Theory of indulgences, 339. Animosity of the Church of Rome against Calvinism, ii. 341
• Causes, final, the study of, abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. And by Bacon and Auguste Comte, 91 note. Authorities for the injury it has wrought, 9191 note
• Caussin, ‘le petit père,’ exiled by Richelieu, ii. 29, 30
• Cavaliers, the name and the English civil war, ii. 149
• Cavendish, Henry, method employed by him in the discovery of the composition of water, iii. 403
• Celibacy of the clergy, opposed by the principle of hereditary rank, ii. 113. Period of the first general and decisive movement in its favour, 113 note
• Centralization, in France, the natural successor of feudality, ii. 122. Its baneful effects, 123. How the system actually works, 123 note. Its results in France compared with the freedom of England, 126, 127
• Certainty contrasted with precision in writing history, ii. 325
• Cervantes, becomes a monk, ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 note
• Chance, doctrine of, i. 8. Causes of its displacement by the doctrine of Necessary Connection, 9. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10
• Chancery, Court of, early exertion of its powers against persecution, i. 345 note
• Chantilly, the actress, story of, ii. 243
• Character, knowledge of, a key to results and action, i. 18, 19
• Charlemagne. His droves of pigs, i. 314 note. His history as related by Archbishop Turpin, 318
• Charles I., character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 359. This king's attempts to revive the power of the aristocracy, and adopt the superannuated theories of protection, ii. 147. How treated by his Scottish subjects, iii. 4, 134. Sold by the Scotch to the English, 135. His execution, 136. Character of the war against him in England compared with that of the Scotch, 197
• Charles II., frivolous form of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 362. His deism, 362 note. His last refuge in superstition, 362 note. Antagonism in his reign between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Legislative improvements of this reign in spite of political degradation, 381. Character of Charles II., and condition of the kingdom in his reign, 381, 382. Aid given by his vices to the comprehensive reforms of his reign, 388. And by his dislike of the clergy, 389. Character of this king's ecclesiastical appointments, 391. His inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466. Compelled by the Scotch to sign a public declaration, iii. 136. His oppressions of the Scotch, 137–139. His attempted despotism baffled by the Scotch, 140
• Charles II. of Spain, his character, ii. 468–470. Misery of Spain during his reign, 501–510. His death, 513
• Charles III. of Spain, vigour and success of his rule, ii. 552 et seq. His death, 571
• Charles IV. of Spain, his accession, ii. 571. Reaction begun by him, 571
• Charles V. the Emperor, his domestic and foreign policy, ii. 446. His humiliation of the Protestant princes in Germany, 446. His repulse of the Turks before Vienna, 446. Number of heretics put to death in the Netherlands during his reign, 447. His codicil to his will as to dealing with heretics, 448. Causes of his barbarous policy, 449
• Charles IX., his massacre of St. Bartholomew, ii. 13
• ‘Charles XII., History of,’ Voltaire's, ii. 292. Charles's only merits, 293. Voltaire's admiration of him, 293. His murder of Patkul, 293
• Charles the Bald, initiates a hereditary aristocracy in Europe, ii. 112
• Charron, Pierre, reputation of his ‘De la Sagesse,’ ii. 19. Its purity and systematic completeness, 19. Analysis of the work, 20, 21
• Charta, Magna, peculiar beauty of, ii. 117
• Chateaubriand, his method, ii. 389 note
• Chatillon, Marshal, ii. 43
• Chauvelin, his Jansenism, ii. 345
• Chemistry, the law of definite proportions in as laid down by Turner, i. 59 note. Boyle's discoveries in, 369. His ‘Sceptical Chemist,’ 370. Study of, forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69. State of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197. Causes of its great progress in modern times, 365. The existence of chemistry as a science due to France, 366. Discoveries of Lavoisier, 367. Formation of a chemical nomenclature, 368. Inability of chemistry to reduce mineralogical phenomena, 399. Popularity of Fourcroy's lectures, 407 note
• Childebert, King of the Franks, attacks the Arian Visigoths, ii. 435 note
• Chillingworth, William, his ‘Religion of Protestants,’ i. 347. His connexion and correspondence with Laud, 347. His work compared with those of Hooker and Jewel, 348. The right of private judgment held sacred by him, 349, 352. Popularity of his work, 352 note. His scepticism compared with that of Hooker, ii. 86
• China, gunpowder said to have been used at an early period in, i. 203 note. Causes of the trustworthiness of the early annals of, 302. Antiquity of the history of, 302 note. Early knowledge of printing in, 302 note
• Chivalry, origin of, ii. 131. Influence of, on the nobles, 132. Results of the institution of, 132. Origin of the orders of chivalry, 133. Merits ascribed to chivalry, 133 note. Small influence of chivalry in England, 134134. The ballad of the ‘Turnament of Tottenham,’ 136 note. Extinct in England in the fifteenth century, 135. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 136
• Choiseul, De, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 333. Openly protects the Jansenists, 345
• Cholera, attempts made to revive the theological theory of disease on the first outbreak of the, i. 128 note. And again in Scotland, iii. 473
• Christianity, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the early history of, i. 258. And by the history of Catholicism and Protestantism, 261. Baneful effects of the interference of governments with the opinions of the people, 261, 262. Causes of the corruptions of the Christianity of the Abyssinians and of the Oguiché Indians, 265 note. The crusade against Christianity one of the antecedents of the French Revolution, ii. 247–257. Causes of the Roman persecutions, i. 185
• Church property, Vattel's opinions respecting, quoted, ii. 31 note
• Church, the revenues of the, seized and appropriated by the contracting parties to the peace of Westphalia, ii. 41
• Church of England. See Clergy, English
• Chyle, discovery of the, ii. 194
• Circular progression, doctrine of, ii. 377
• Clanship, in Scotland, causes of the abolition of, iii. 167, 168
• Clarke, Adam, the last scholar of European repute amongst the Dissenters, i. 422
• Classes, the two, in France, before the Revolution, ii. 128 et seq. The Great Rebellion of England a war of, 150. Opposite character of the Fronde in France, 150
• Classical scholars and commentators, Locke and Voltaire's attacks on, ii. 306–308
• Clergy, the influence of the, the cause of the corruption of early history, i. 307. Their meddling, inquisitive, and vexatious spirit, ii. 72. Supremacy of the clergy in the Dark Ages, 108. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 108, 109. And when the clergy began to punish men for thinking for themselves, 109. The first constitution addressed ‘inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,’ 109 note. Connection between the feudal system and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Causes of the alliance between the clergy and the nobles, 140. The clergy weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143
• Clergy_English, attempts of the, in the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical science, i. 372. Reasons for their hostility, 373. Destruction of the privileges of the clergy to burn heretics and tax themselves, 383. The tender of the ex-officio oath prevented by law, 384. Dislike of Charles II. of the clergy, 389. Causes of this dislike, 389. Character of his ecclesiastical appointments, 391. Efforts of the clergy in this reign to revive the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right, 394. Good churchmen always bad citizens, 395 note. Alliance between the Protestant clergy and the Roman Catholic king James II., 395. Dissolution of this compact, 397. And union of the clergy with the Dissenters, 399. Which union produces the Revolution of 1688, 400. Sudden repentance of the clergy of their own act, 403. Hostility between them and William III., 405. Their growing unpopularity, 409. King William's deprivation of six of the prelates, 410. The consequent schism in the church, 411. Origin of the term ‘high church’ and ‘low church’ parties, 412 note. Adoption of the theory of the sovereign de facto and de jure, 413. Encouragement which the clergy thus give to scepticism, 414. The church avoided by the ablest men, who prefer secular professions, 415, 416. The most honourable and lucrative posts formerly occupied by ecclesiastics, 416. Loss of the clergy of all offices out of the church, and diminution of their number in both Houses of Parliament, 416, 417. The last ecclesiastic who held any of the high offices of state, 417 note. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons, 418. Temporary rally of the church in the reign of Anne, 419. The clergy weakened by the Dissenters, headed by Wesley and Whitefield, 419–424. Effects of the separation of theology from morals and from politics, 424–427. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies, 427. Diffusion of knowledge, and the popular form taken by it, 430. Opposition of the clergy to the establishment of Sunday schools, 431. Their factious and disloyal conduct during the reign of the first two Georges, 442. Joy of the clergy at the attachment of George III. to the church, 445. Their support of the policy of George III. against, and bitterness towards, the Americans, 479 note
• Clergy, the French, greater power possessed by them than by the English clergy, ii. 3, 4. Their endeavours to suppress the progress of secular enquiry, 22. Their alarm at the protection given to the Protestants by Henry IV., Catherine de Medici, and Louis XIII., 26. Richelieu's treatment of the Clergy, and of the Protestants, 28–31. Animosity between the clergy and the secular tribunals, 32. Archbishop Sourdis ignominiously beaten, 32. Reasons why French literary men attacked the Church and not the Government, 247. And therefore to assail Christianity, 247. Personal character of the hierarchy during the reign of Louis XIV., 252. And during the reign of his successor, 252. Attack of the Government on the clergy, 332. Machault's edict against mortmain, 332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Machault hated by the clergy, 333 note. The power of the clergy weakened by the two hostile parties among themselves, 335. Decline of the respect entertained for the clergy, 348. Reasons why their fall was averted for a time, 349, 350350
• Clergy, Scottish, causes of the union of the Crown and the, iii. 34. Causes of the flourishing state of the clergy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 38. And of their great influence, 43. The Church favoured by James I., 46. Struggle between the Crown and clergy on one side and the nobles on the other, 55 et seq. Destruction of the Church, and supremacy of the nobles, 81. Abolition of episcopacy, 94. Struggle between the upper classes and the clergy as to episcopacy, 100. Violence of the clergy, 105 et seq. Boons conferred by them upon their country, 112112. Attempts of the King to subjugate the clergy, 115. His cruel treatment of them, 117–123. Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The bishops overthrown, 133. But again forced upon the people, 141. Alliance between the Crown and the clergy, and its consequences, 147. The struggle of the clergy with Cromwell, 194. And with Charles I., 197. Causes which produced the Solemn League and Covenant, 198. Character of the sermons and zeal of the people in hearing them in the seventeenth century, 203 et seq. The consequent extension and consolidation of the authority of the clergy, 206. Their great engine of power, the Kirk-session, and its tyranny, 206–210. Cases in which it was believed that their pretensions were upheld and vindicated by miracles, 212, 229. Their consequent arrogance, 220. Effect of their advocacy of horrible notions concerning evil spirits and future punishments, 232. And concerning the Deity, 239. Harmless and praiseworthy actions declared to be sinful, 252. Specimens of the sins invented by them, 261, 263. Their arbitrary regulations for punishing disobedience, 262. Their deductive method in philosophy, 286
• Clergy, Spanish, rise of the influence of the, ii. 436–444. Proofs of their power, 437, 438. Consequences of the reverence for them, 461 et seq. Causes of their increasing influence, 472. Hold of the Church over all, high or low, 478–481. Use made by the clergy of their power in obtaining the expulsion of the whole of the Spanish Moors, 483. Forced to contribute to the support of the state, 522, 523. Deprived of their wealth by Mendizabal, 590. But re-endowed soon after, 591. The Concordat of 1851, 591, 592
• Climate, its influence on the condition of the human race, i. 40. Its effect on the regularity and energy with which labour is conducted, 42, 43. Tartary, 45. Arabia, 45. The civilization of Europe governed by climate, 50. Influence of climate on the kind of food necessary for man, 56. And on his ease or difficulty in procuring it, 58. Modes in which the average temperature of a country affects its civilization, 95. Difference between the eastern and western coasts of North America, 97. Character of the climate of Spain, ii. 427
• Clotaire, his attacks of the Visigoth Arians, ii. 435 note
• Clovis, King of the Franks, his attack of the Visigoths, ii. 435
• Clubs, establishment of, in France, at the end of the last century, ii. 412, 414
• Cobbett, William, his racy and idiomatic English, ii. 307 note
• Codification, causes of the French love of, ii. 127 note
• Coffee, its discredit in France as an English drink, ii. 214 note
• Colours, Boyle's experiments in, i. 368 note
• Comedies of Racine, character of the period in which they appeared, ii. 208
• Comets, feelings of terror inspired by the presence of, i. 376, 377 note
• Comines, Philip de, credulity shown in his history, i. 327; ii. 265 note
• Commerce. See Trade
• Commerce; Rise of trading interests in Scotland in the eighteenth century, iii. 171. See Trade; Trade, Free
• Commission, High Court of, established in Scotland, iii. 125. Cruelty of the, 142 note
• Commons, House of, origin of the, ii. 117. Causes of the increase of the authority of the, 121
• Comte, M., remarks on his ‘Philosophie Positive,’ i. 5 note
• Condillac, his metaphysical work, the ‘Traité des Sensations,’ ii. 357. Essential positions upon which the work is based, 358
• Condorcet, his character and abilities, i. 470. Burke's remarks on, 471. His proposal of English criminal jurisprudence as a model for France, ii. 226226. His professed atheism, 352
• Conjurors, tricks of, forbidden to be seen by the French Protestants, ii. 70
• Conquest, Norman, Sir F. Palgrave on the results produced by the, ii. 116 note
• Consciousness, faculty or state of the mind so called, i. 14. Different opinions respecting, 14 note. Its fallibility, 15. Authorities as to the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, 17 note
• Constant, M., his adoption of a remark of Voltaire, ii. 303
• Converts, fickleness of, i. 255, 256
• Convocation, falls into general contempt, i. 414. Final prorogation of, by an act of the Crown, 415. Permitted recently to re-assemble, 415
• Copyhold rights in England, ii. 119. Not recognised by the French laws, 120
• Coquereau, suppression of his ‘Memoirs of Terrai,’ ii. 238
• Corn, free trade in, proposed by Stafford in 1581, i. 213 note. The real cause of the abolition of the, 273. Merits of the Anti-Corn-Law League, 274. Importance of the repeal of the Corn-laws, 502
• Corneille, period in which his tragedies appeared, ii. 209
• Cornwall, hardly a bookseller in, in 1780, i. 432 note
• Corporation Act, i. 396. Suspended by James II., i. 397
• Corvée, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the, 129 note
• Coulumb, his experiments on electrical phenomena, ii. 362
• Councils, authority of, despised by Chillingworth, i. 349
• Courrayeur, suppression of the ‘Dissertations’ of, ii. 237
• Cousin, M., on free will, quoted, i. 14 note
• Covenant, Solemn League and, framed, iii. 132. Causes which produced the, 198
• Coyer, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219
• Credulity of Asiatics as compared with that of Europeans, i. 134. Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This credulity the natural result of the state of the age, 333
• Crime, uniform reproduction of, i. 24, 25, 31 notes. Crime the result of the state of society into which the criminal is thrown, 29. Rawson on the possibility of arriving at certain constants with regard to crime, quoted, 31 note. Mode of preventing crime in France, ii. 125
• Criminals, mode of examining, in France, ii. 124
• Cromwell, Oliver, his alliance with Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98. Irritation of the orthodox with their union, 98. His hostility to the Church not theological, but political, 361 note. His plebeian origin, ii. 156. Capacity of his lieutenants, 156, 157. His chain of fortresses in Scotland, iii. 194. His treatment of the Scotch people, 195 note
• Crusades, theological feeling of the English as to the, ii. 6 note
• Crystallography, discoveries of De Lisle and Haüy in, ii. 400, 401. Power of crystals, in common with animals, of repairing their own injuries, 403 note. Hunter's inquiries into the malformation of crystals, iii. 443
• Cudworth, comparison of the method employed by Hume in his ‘Natural History of Religion’ compared with that of Cudworth's ‘Intellectual System,’ iii. 348
• Cullen, William, account of his generalizations respecting pathology, iii. 413. His love of theory, 414. His method of studying pathology compared with that of Adam Smith, 417. His theory of the solids, 418. Character of his premisses and conclusions, 418–421. His theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426
• Culloden, results of the battle of, to the Highland Chieftains, iii. 168 note
• Cumberland, Dr., Bishop of Peterborough, his system of morals without the aid of theology, i. 425. Relation between Hume and Cumberland, 426 note
• Cuvier, Baron, his labours in geology, ii. 369. Impetus given by him to the study of zoology, 376. His overthrow of the Linnæan system, 376, 377
•  
• D'Alembert, his professed atheism, ii. 352
• D'Alibard, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362
• Damiens, his attempted assassination of Louis XV., ii. 345
• Dancing forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69, 70. And by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258
• Darigrand, suppression of his work on ‘Finance,’ ii. 238
• Dates, effect of the cheapness and abundance of, in Egypt, i. 83
• David IV. of Scotland, his imprisonment by the English, iii. 20
• Daubenton, his application of the principles of comparative anatomy to the study of fossil bones, ii. 371
• Dead, adoration of the, i. 145 note
• Death, influence of the fear of, on the imagination, i. 127
• Debating clubs, establishment of, i. 433. Authorities as to, 433 note
• Deccan, bards of the, i. 292 note
• Dedications, servility of the, in books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, i. 438. Abolition of mean and crouching, 438
• Defender of the Faith, title of the, conferred on James V. of Scotland, iii. 6
• De Grana, entrusted by the King of Spain with the defence of the Netherlands, ii. 515
• De Lisles, Romé, his studies in crystallography, ii. 400
• Deluge, the predicted, of Stœffler, i. 330
• De Maistre, his method, ii. 389 note
• Democracy, Calvinism always connected with, ii. 339. Physical science essentially democratic, 409. Democratic tendency, observable in France in the change of dress just before the Revolution, 410. And in the establishment of clubs, 412
• Denmark, Mallet's ‘History’ of, ii. 299
• Desaguliers, Dr., his success in popularizing physical truths, i. 432 note
• Descartes, Réné, his military genius and learning, i. 200. Effect of his secular philosophy, 329. His profundity, ii. 77. His physical discoveries and speculations, 78, 79. Recognizes Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood and Aselli's discovery of the lacteals, 81. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82. Reasons why he deserves the gratitude of posterity, 82. Account of his philosophy as showing its analogy with the anti-theological policy of Richelieu, 83, 92. His words of wisdom addressed to his countrymen, 85. Compared with Montaigne, 86. Eminent characteristic of his philosophy, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Mischief done by his principles to the old theology, 90. And to the inordinate respect with which antiquity was regarded, 91. Period in which he flourished, 189
• Desfontaines, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397
• Desforges, imprisoned for his work respecting the Pretender, ii. 238
• Desmarest, his geological labours, ii. 368
• Desmoulins, Camille, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224
• De Thou, raised to the presidency of parliament in France, ii. 26. His great French historical work, 266
• Devil, horrible notions of the Scotch clergy concerning, iii. 232
• Dhourra of Upper Egypt, its cheapness and abundance, i. 86
• Diderot, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His talents, 240. His imprisonment in Vincennes, 242. His professed atheism, 352
• Diogenes Laertius, on the physical which preceded metaphysical inquiries, i. 10 note. On the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, 17 note
• Diplomacy, commencement of a purely secular era in the history of, ii. 41
• Disease, theological theory of, in the middle ages and in our own times, i. 127, 128 note. Authorities as to the nature and treatment of a disease and the belief that such disease is caused by supernatural power, and is to be cured by it, 129 note. The origin of almost all the cruel diseases of Europe to be found in Asia, 130. Hunter's theories of diseases, iii. 448
• Dissenters, persecution of the, in England, in the reign of James II., i. 397. Union of the clergy and dissenters and its result, 399, 400. Authorities for the cruelties inflicted upon them in the reign of Charles II. and James II., 419. Principles avowed by the clergy in justification of the persecution, 419 note. Persecutions in the reign of Anne, 419, 420. Repeal of the laws against them, 420. The Toleration Act regarded by the Dissenters as their Magna Charta, 402 note. Favour shown to them by William III., 405, 406. Their struggle with the clergy, 420. Wesley and Whitefield, 421. Loss of their intellectual vigour, 422. Causes of their recent mental penury, 422. Nonconformist statistics, from the reign of William III. to the present time, 423 note. Treatment which the Wesleyans received from the clergy, 423 note, 424 note. Combination of the Dissenters with the Government against the clergy and the Pretender, 443 note. Passing of the Schism Bill, 452. Burke's support of measures for the relief of the, 463
• Divine right of Kings, results of the abandonment of the theological fiction of, ii. 182
• Dolben, John, his character as Archbishop of York, i. 392
• Dolomieu, his geological labours, ii. 368
• ‘Domat, Life of,’ by Prévost de la Jannes, suppressed, ii. 237
• Douglas, Earls of, treacherously murdered by James II., iii. 49–52. Subsequent power of the family, 57. Driven into exile, 60. Harboured by Henry VIII. in England, 64. Return home, 69
• Dramas, French, of the seventeenth century, ii. 208
• Dreams, Plato's conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of, i. 16 note
• Dress, interference of the French Protestants with, ii. 60, 71. Dress of the French during the reign of Louis XIV., Louis XV., and just before the Revolution, 411
• Droughts, frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427
• Dryburgh Abbey, burnt by the English, iii. 15
• Dryden, John, little effect of the intellect of France on his works, i. 235. His satires, 235 note
• Duclos, his ‘History of Louis XI.’ suppressed, ii. 238. His method of writing history, 300
• Duellings, causes of the greater popularity of, in France than in England, ii. 136. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 137 note
• Duhamel de Monceau, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397
• Dukes, the order of, in abeyance in England for fifty years, ii. 146
• Dumouriez, his familiarity with the English language and literature, ii. 224
• Dunbar, town of, iii. 32 note. Scotch presbyterian view of the battle of, 201 note
• Dundee burnt by the English, iii. 16
• Dunfermline burnt by the English, iii. 16. Scanty population of the town up to the seventeenth century, 27
• Dupleix, Scipio, his new method of writing history, ii. 268. His system of philosophy, 269
• Dury, John, opposes episcopacy in Scotland, iii. 95. Banished from Edinburgh, 102. Brought back in triumph, 103. Preaches in favour of the Ruthven conspiracy, 104
• Duvernet, his punishment for having written a history of the Sorbonnes, ii. 237
•  
• Earthquakes, tendency of the fear of, to inflame the imagination, i. 122. Effect of the atmospherical changes preceding earthquakes upon the nervous system of man, 122. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes, 122, 123. Effect of earthquakes in encouraging superstition, 123. The great earthquake at Sumbawa in 1815, 126 note. Frequency of earthquakes in Spain, ii. 428
• Eclipses, feelings with which our fathers regarded, i. 376. Authorities as to the superstition excited by, 377
• Edda, compilation of the elder and younger, i. 301
• Edinburgh burnt by Richard II., iii. 16. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 30. Houses of the poorer classes at this time, 31 note. Riot of 1637, 132. Foundation of the ‘Edinburgh Society’ for the improvement of manufactures, 181 note
• Edward I. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 12
• Edward III. of England, his attacks on Scotland, iii. 16. His cruelty there, 16
• Egypt, causes of its wealth and civilization, i. 48, 49. Area of the cultivable land of, 49 note. Science unknown to the Egyptians, 49. Causes of their civilization as compared with the condition of the other races in Africa, 82. Fertility of the soil, and abundance of the national food, dates, 83–86. Cheapness of the dhourra of Upper Egypt, 86. Lotos bread, 87. The κὑαμος of Herodotus, 87 note. Encouragement given to the increase of Egyptian population by the fertility of the Nile, 87 note. Evidence of Diodorus Siculus and Herodotus, 88, 89. Testimony of the condition of the people afforded by the existing costly and stupendous ruins, 90, 92. The two ranks of society in Egypt, 91. Tenacity with which old manners and customs were adhered to by them, 116. Forms of the incarnation of the Deity presented by their artists, 143 note. Fifty-three cities of Egypt bearing the same name, 298 note
• Election, doctrine of. See Predestination
• Electricity, experiments of Œpinus, D'Alibard, and Coulumb, ii. 362. Popularity of electricity in France at the latter part of the last century, 407 note
• Elizabeth, Queen, feelings of the nobility in the reign of, ii. 139. Her conduct towards the nobility and clergy, 143. Character of her government, 146
• Emilius, Paulus, his ‘Actions of the French,’ ii. 264
• ‘Encylopædia,’ publication of the, in France, ii. 351
• Encylopædias, invention of, i. 433. Harris's ‘Dictionary’ the first, 433 note
• England, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross produce in, i. 75. Causes of the extinction of the love of war in, 198. The military classes in the twelfth century, 205 note. And in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 205 note. Reasons why the present history is confined to that of England, 231. Characteristics of the history of England compared with those of France, 232–236. With those of Germany, 237. And with those of America, 240. Reasons why the history of England is more valuable than any other to the philosopher, 242, 252. England less interfered with by Government, and therefore more prosperous than other nations, 286. Popular belief in the Trojan descent of the English Kings, 309 note. Secular philosophy of the seventeenth century, 329. Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of the political degradation of the age, 381–386. These improvements due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. And to the vices and prejudices of Charles II., 388, 389. Proximate causes of the Revolution of 1688, 399, 400. Importance of this Revolution, 402. War between England and the American Colonies, 477–481. Importance of the success of the Americans to the preservation of the liberties of England, 482, 483. The unjust war against France in 1793, 486. And its effect in England in producing arbitrary laws, 487. Obligations England is under to the Roman Catholic clergy, ii. 5 note. Feeling of the English people as to theological disputes in the twelfth as compared with the sixteenth centuries 6, 7. Secular character of the civil wars in England, 7. Indifference of the people to the rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 7. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 note. Importance of the press in England in the middle of the seventeenth century, 99. Analogy between the great Civil war and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of toleration in England, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 et seq. The first instance in England of the execution of an apostate, 109, 110 note. Reasons why the aristocracy in France were more powerful than in England, 113. Period of the union of Normans and Saxons, 116. Union of the nobles and people in forcing the Crown to concede popular privileges, 116, 117. Origin of the House of Commons, 117. Sources whence the people imbibed their tone of independence, 118. Consequences of the social divergence between France and England in the fourteenth century, 119. The three most important guarantees for the liberties of England, 119, 120. The state of France under centralization contrasted with that of England under municipal government, 126, 127. Extinction of villenage in England, 128. Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and England, 131. Feeble influence of chivalry in England, 134. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Effect of the Wars of the Roses upon the nobles, 138. The clergy and nobles both weakened by Elizabeth, 143. Aristocratic character of the rebellion of 1569, 144. Character of the reign of Elizabeth, 146. Attempts of James I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles and the old protective spirit, 147. Difference between the great English Rebellion and the Fronde, 140, 150. Abolition of the house of Peers, 153. The self-denying ordinance, 153. The leaders of the Rebellion, 155, 159. Barbarism and ferocity of the English people of the seventeenth century, according to the French writers, 214, 215. The results of the suppression of religious scepticism in England and France compared, 257. Prejudice existing in England against Voltaire, 313. Arminianism the popular creed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 340. But it gives way to Calvinism at the death of Charles I., 340. Singular dearth of great thinkers in England during the eighteenth century, 374. Progress of England, notwithstanding the unskilfulness of her rulers, 466. Amazement of Frenchmen at the liberty enjoyed by Englishmen at the beginning of the eighteenth century, 237
• Enlistment for life, Burke's opposition to, i. 463. Enlistment for a term of years first authorized, 463 note
• Ensenada, his endeavours to improve the state of Spain, ii. 535
• Episcopacy, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 94 et seq. Andrew Melville called ἑπισκοπομαστιξ, 97 note. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100, 191
• Erskine, Lord, his idiomatic English, ii. 307 note
• Essex, Earl of, joins the parliamentary forces, but suspected by the democrats, ii. 151, 152
• Europe, the civilization of, governed by climates, i. 50. Social and political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Influence of physical causes in accelerating the progress of man in Europe, 82. Differences between the civilizations in and out of, 152. The energies of nature tamed by man in, 154. The country outstripped by the populations of the towns in, 156. Mental laws more important than physical for the history of, 156. Contrast between ancient and modern military genius in, 199–202
• Europe, remarks on the origin of the ecclesiastical establishments of, 259–263. Benefits conferred by literature on, 267. Condition of the mind of, from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269
• Excommunication, a French Protestant, ii. 59. Notions of theologians respecting, 59 note. Contempt into which excommunication fell in England, 59 note
• Expediency, doctrine of, i. 425, 426. Its gradual diffusion amongst us, 426 note
• Eye, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78
•  
• Fables, Voltaire's demolition of the belief in national, ii. 312
• Falkirk, first printing office in, i. 432 note
• Famines, impossibility of the return of, in Europe, i. 155. List of, 155 note. Frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427
• Fathers, authority of the, according to Jewel and Hooker, i. 340. Chillingworth's contempt for their authority, 349. Exposure of the gross absurdities of the, 428
• Favart, Madame, story of, ii. 243
• Fear, special tendency of, to inflame the imagination, i. 120
• Fenacute, story of the giant, i. 320
• Fénelon, treatment of, by Louis XIV., ii. 276. His ‘Telemachus,’ 276
• Ferdousi, his ‘Shah Nameh,’ and its authority in Persian history, i. 303
• Fermat, his services to geometry, ii. 190
• Fernel, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195
• Ferrier, excommunicated by the French Protestants, ii. 58. Result of this measure, 59, 60
• Fetichism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Comte, i. 251 note
• Feud, feudum, first use of the words, ii. 110 note
• Feudal incidents, destruction of, in England, i. 386
• Feudal system, origin of the, in Europe, ii. 110. Connexion between it and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Does not destroy the spirit of protection, but only compels it to assume a new form, 111. Commencement of the European hereditary aristocracy, 112. The power of the English and French aristocracy compared, 113 et seq. Sub-infeudation in France and in England, 119. Boncerf's treatise on feudal law, 237. Voltaire's, the first historical endeavour to explain the origin of feudality, 302
• Fever, Cullen's theory of, iii. 424
• Finance, suppression of the works of Darigrand and Le Trosne on, ii. 238. Sudden eagerness in France in the eighteenth century for inquiries relating to, 328, 329. Necker's celebrated Report, 329. Burke's the first financial reforms, 464
• Fire-arms, invention of, i. 206
• Flanders, exports from, into Scotland, iii. 24
• Food, effect of the supply of, among wandering and agricultural tribes, i. 8. Moral consequences of diminishing the precariousness of food, 9. Influence of food on the human race, 40. The two effects of food necessary to existence, 55. Influence of climate on the necessary kind of food, 56, 60. Connexion between food and the laws of population, 57, 66, 88. Carbon and oxygen in food, 60–62. Amount of carbon required in food in summer and in winter, 63. The potato, the principal food of the labouring class in Ireland, 65. Countries asserted to be more populous when the ordinary food is vegetable than when it is animal, 68 note. Character of the general food of the people of India, rice, 70. And of that of Egypt, dates, 83. Extraordinary fecundity of the maize and banana plants in America, 109–111. Instances from the animal kingdom, proving the connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, 148. French and German discoveries as to the functions of food, 367
• Forbes, James, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 203 note
• Force, indestructibility of, iii. 363
• Forces, theory of the parallelogram of, i. 30
• Forestalling and regrating, Burke's attack of the laws against, i. 462
• Forgetfulness, laws regulating, i. 32
• Fornication made a felony by the English Commonwealth, i. 361 note. Repeal of the law by Charles II., 362 note
• Fossils, Daubenton's labours respecting fossil bones, ii. 371. Previous opinions as to, 371 note. Researches of Agassiz in fossil ichthyology, 383
• Fourcroy, popularity of his lectures on chemistry, ii. 407 note
• Fourier, his views as to the laws of the conduction of heat, ii. 362. His mathematical theory, 362
• Fox, Charles James, his remark on good churchmen, i. 395 note. His declaration in the House of Commons against the arbitrary laws proposed for extinguishing the liberties of the country, 493
• Fox, Henry his eminent statesmanship, i. 450. Causes of George III.'s dislike of him, 450. Burke's character of Fox, 450 note. Burke's rupture with him, 469
• France, rent paid by the cultivator, in proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. French notions of the English people previous to the application of steam to purposes of travelling, 219. The history of England compared with that of France, 234. Debt which French owes to English civilization, 236. Effects of the interference of the government with the people, 236. The results of the suppression of scepticism in France compared with the exercise of individual judgment in England, 257. How and when the political institutions of France might have been saved, 258. Condition of historical literature in France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 261–273. Proximate causes of the French Revolution after the middle of the eighteenth century, 325 et seq. The social changes of the French people immediately preceding the Revolution, 405. Instances of this, 406–412. Tolerance and freedom from superstition of the French, 263. Great numbers of smugglers in France in the last century, 279. The bards of ancient Gaul, 292 note. Corruption of Druidical traditions in Gaul by Christian priests, 306. Popular belief in the middle ages of the Trojan descent of the French kings, 309. Pork a common food in France in the time of Charlemagne, 314 note. Effects of the writings of Descartes, 329. Detestation of George III. of the French people, 448. Burke's epithets applied to France and the French at the time of the Revolution, 472. Effects produced by the French Revolution upon the policy of the English government, 484. First step towards an open rupture between England and France, 485. Effects of the execution of Louis XVI., 485
• France, Causes which gave rise to the civil wars of the seventeenth century, ii. 56 et seq. Condé's rebellion in 1615, 61. Rebellion of the Protestants in Béarn, 61, 62. And at La Rochelle, 63–66. Results which would have happened if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 67–72. Breaking out of the war of the Fronde, 99. Importance of the press in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95. Analogy between the great civil war of England and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of toleration in France, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 et seq. Reasons why the feudal aristocracy were more powerful in France than in England, 113–118. In France every man either a tyrant or a slave, 119. System of subinfeudation, 119. Consequences of the early social divergence between England and France in the fourteenth century, 119–121. Futility of French municipal institutions, 121. Feebleness of the States-General, 121. Beginning of the tendency to centralization in France, 122. Its baneful effects, 122, 123. Machinery by which it is worked, 123. Number of civil functionaries in the country, 123 note. Mode of examining criminals in France, 124. And of preventing crime, 125. The education of the people controlled by the government, 125. The worst kind of monopoly established by the government, and its effects on the people, 126. The great power and tyranny of the nobles, 128. Slavery in France, 129. The inequality of taxation, 129. Privileges reserved to themselves by the nobles, 130. Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and England, from the history of chivalry, 131–134. From the vanity of the French, 136. And from the practice of duelling, 136. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion, 149. Objects of the Fronde, 149, 150. Causes why a war of classes was impossible, 150. Results of the energy of the protective spirit and power of the nobles on the issue of the Fronde, 160. Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles, 162, 163. Examination of the consequences of the protective spirit being carried into literature by Louis XIV., 176. Servility of the people at this period, 177. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., 178. The subsequent dragonnades, 179. And their disastrous effects on the prosperity of France, 181. Universal decline of France during the latter part of the reign of Louis XIV., 210. Joy of the people at his death, 213. Indignities to which French literary men were subject in the eighteenth century, one of the precursors of the revolution, 230–242. Outrages committed by the upper classes in the same period, 243. Stringent cruelty of the French laws, 244. Proposal of the French avocat-general in 1780 respecting new books, 245. The crusade against Christianity in the last century, 247. Causes of the excessive loyalty of the French people, 249. War of opinion between France and Spain in the fifth and sixth centuries, 435
• Francis I. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12
• Franks, their conversion to Christianity and attack of their Visigoth neighbours, ii. 435
• Frauds and Perjuries, security to private property effected by the Statute of, i. 385
• Frederick the Great, contrast between his warlike and domestic policy, i. 201201
• Free Trade. See Trade.
• Free will, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the theory of, 13. Connexion of free will with Arminianism, 14
• Féret, causes of his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235
• Fresnel, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362
• Frewen, Dr., Archbishop of York, his character, i. 392
• Froissart, his the earliest instance in the Middle Ages of an improvement in writing history, i. 325
• Fronde, war of the, analogy between it and the civil war in England, ii. 99. Difference between the Fronde and the great English Rebellion, 149. Character and position of the leaders of the Fronde, 160. And consequent failure of the rebellion, 168–173
• Fruit, amount of carbon in, i. 61
• Fuch's, his investigations in the vegetable kingdom, ii. 198 note
•  
• Gaimar, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey Monmouth's history, i. 325
• Garlon, suppression of the ‘Therapeutics’ of, ii. 238
• Garrows, cause of their superstitions respecting the tiger, i. 125 note
• Gascoigne, his invention of the micrometer, ii. 192
• Gassion, raised to the dignity of French marshal, ii. 98. Authorities respecting him, 98 note
• Gaul, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311
• Génard, suppression of his ‘School of Man,’ ii. 238
• Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Monmouth, his history of King Arthur, i. 321. Translations of the work, 324, 325
• Geography, physical, study of, i. 2
• Geology, first exhibition of the sceptical character of, i. 429 note. Views of Dr. Arnold and Mr. Baden Powell, 430 note. Buffon's recantation of some of his views on, ii. 236. Causes of its great progress in modern times, 365. Labours of French geologists at the latter part of the last century, 368. Cuvier's foundation of palæontological science, 369 note. Remains of organic and inorganic life in the secondary and tertiary strata, 370. The doctrine of universal changes, 369, 371. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy with geology, 371. Character of Hutton's geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Causes which have altered and are still altering the crust of the earth, 388. The deductive and inductive methods of studying geology, 390. William Smith's foundation of English geology, 391. Werner's foundation of the German school, 393. Hall's verification of Hutton's views, 401
• Geometry, algebra first successfully applied to, by Descartes, ii. 77. Who is regarded as the first geometrician of the age, 80. Ages of Descartes and Fermat, 189, 190. Hypothetical arguments as exhibited by, iii. 306
• George I., his utter ignorance of the English language, i. 441
• George II., his indifferent knowledge of the English language, i. 441. His ignorance of English politics, 442. His highest ambition, 442 note
• George III., fortunate circumstances which surrounded his accession, i. 444. Revival of the doctrine of divine right, 445. The king's respect for church ceremonies, 445 note. Alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 445. The king's ignorance, 446. And hatred of great statesmen, 446, 447. Favour with which he regarded slavery, 447. His hatred of the French, 448. The ‘King's Friends,’ 448, 449. Notorious incapacity of his ministers, 449. His hatred of the elder Pitt and of Fox, 449, 450. Mode in which he brought the House of Lords into disrepute, 453. His hatred of the Americans, 466. Favours Burke in his violent old age, 476, 477477. His policy respecting the American colonies, 477, 479. Reaction of this policy upon England, 481, 482. His policy towards the French republic, 484 et seq. His monstrous principles, 466. His inability however, to do harm to English institutions, 466
• George IV., his character, ii. 466
• Germany, Comparison of the history of England and, i. 237. Interference of the German governments with the people, 237. Origin of German literature, 237. Character of German intellect among the highest and lowest minds, 238, 239. Process through which the esoteric literature of Germany is passing at the present time, 267. Cultivation of metaphysics in Germany in the latter part of the last century, ii. 373
• Gervaise, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 237
• Gibbon, Edward, fame of his ‘Decline and Fall,’ i. 429 note. His fifteenth and sixteenth chapters, 429
• Gipsies, origin of the, according to the writers of the middle ages, i. 312
• Glasgow in the fifteenth century, iii. 26, 27. Rise and progress of, 175. The first bank at, 181
• Gloves, Spanish manufacture of, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, ii. 502
• Goblets, game of, forbidden to be seen by French Protestants, ii. 70
• God, Cartesian method of the ultimate proof of the existence of, ii. 89. Horrible notions of the Scotch clergy respecting, iii. 239
• Gomberville, his refutation of the idle stories as to the extreme antiquity of the French, ii. 270
• Gongora, the Spanish poet, ii. 480
• Göthe, his obligations to Mallet's ‘History of Denmark,’ ii. 299
• Gordon, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 note
• Government, inquiry into the influence of, on the progress of society, i. 272. Illustrated by the abolition of the corn laws, 273. The most important measures of modern British legislation the result of pressure from without, 275. The best legislation the result of the abrogation of former legislation, 275. Injuries caused to trade by the interference of politicians, 276. Smuggling, with all its attendant crimes, caused by legislation, 277. Baneful effects of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth, and discourage religious error, 281. Consequent increase of hypocrisy and perjury, 281, 282. And of usury by the laws against usury, 283. Effects of legislation in hindering the advance of knowledge, 284. England less interfered with by government than other nations, 286. True duties of legislators, 287. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326–328. Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of political degradation, 381
• Gowrie conspiracy, the, iii. 110
• Gracian, the Spanish Jesuit and prose writer, ii. 480
• Granada, capture of, from the Arabs, ii. 440
• Gravitation, Newton's discovery of the law of, ii. 191. Tardy reception of the law in France, 191, 192
• Greece, condition of, contrasted with that of India, i. 138. Its area, 138. Its material phenomena, 139. Comparison of the Greek and Hindu divinities, 140. The hero-worship of the Greeks, 144. Statesmen, orators, and authors of ancient, 199. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient Greece, 267
• Greek language forbidden by the French Protestants to be taught, ii. 69
• Greek Church, cause of the small amount of authority possessed by the head of the, compared with that of the Latin Church, ii. 303
• Greenock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 174
• Grenobles, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60
• Grew, Dr. Nathaniel, his botanical discoveries, ii. 199, 200
• Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl), his remarks in the House on the subservient conduct of Pitt, i. 447 note
• Grimaldi, prime minister of Spain, ii. 545
• Grosley, his admiration for England, ii. 228. Suppression of his ‘Memoirs on Troyes,’ 238
• Grotius, his principles of foreign policy compared with those of Vattel, ii. 40 note
• Guibert, suppression of his work on ‘Military Tactics,’ ii. 238
• Guise, the murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11
• Guises, their influence in Scotland, iii. 77, 78
• Guizot, his republication of Mably's ‘Observations,’ ii. 236
• Gunpowder, invention of, i. 203. And of fire-arms, 204. Gunpowder first used in mining towns, 206 note. Influence of the invention of, in lessening the warlike spirit, 206–209
• Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, his domestic and warlike policy contrasted, i. 200
• Guthrie, the Scotch preacher, iii. 202 note, 204 note
•  
• Habeas Corpus Act, passing of the, i. 385. Effect of the suspension of the, in 1794, 496
• Haco, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 11
• Haillan, Du, his the first history of France, ii. 264. Character of his work, 264, 265
• Hajin tribe, cause of their worship of the tiger, i. 125 note
• Hall, Chief Baron, his charge to the jury in a case of witchcraft in 1665, i. 363 note
• Hall, Sir James, his verification of the geological speculations of Hutton, iii. 401
• Hardwicke, Lord, his notions of political economy, i. 211 note
• Harris, his account of the extinction of feudalism, i. 386
• Harriss's ‘Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,’ the origin of Encyclopædias, i. 433 note
• Harvey, his discovery of the circulation of the blood, ii. 80. Denies the existence of the lacteals, 81 note
• Haüy, his studies in crystallography, ii. 401
• Heat, together with moisture, the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, i. 96. Difference between the heat of the eastern and western coasts of North America, 98; and of South America, 100. French researches on the phenomena of heat in the last century, ii. 361. The laws of heat, iii. 362. The indestructibility of force and interchange of forces, 363. Black's theory of latent heat, 367. Leslie's philosophy, 383
• Heat, animal food necessary for keeping up the, i. 55, 58. The blood-corpuscles and animal heat, 58 note. Heat disengaged by the union of carbon and oxygen, 58, 59 note
• Heavenly witnesses, controversy on the text of the, i. 429
• Helvétius, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His admiration for England, 229. Persecuted by the government, 236. His professed atheism, 352. Analysis of his essay ‘On the Mind,’ 353
• Hénault, his method of writing history, ii. 300
• Henrion, his views as to fossil bones, ii. 371 note
• Henry II. of England, his destruction of the baronial castles, ii. 114 note
• Henry II. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12
• Henry III. of England, his inability to do permanent harm to English institutions, ii. 466
• Henry III. of France, murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11. His zeal against heresy, 13. His affection for monks, 29 note
• Henry IV. of France, his accession, ii. 12. His character as a ruler, 12. His apostasies, 13, 14. Publishes the Edict of Nantes, 14. Refuses to accede to the pope's request to punish the Protestants, 22, 23. His measures for their protection, 23, 24. His death, 24. Henry the first French sovereign stained with the imputation of heresy, 267
• Henry IV. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 18 note
• Henry VII. of England, his establishment of the Yeomen of the Guard, ii. 7 note
• Henry VIII. of England, indifference of the people to his arrangement of the formularies of the Church, ii. 7. His bodyguard, 7 note. Character of his reign, 138
• Henshaw, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199
• Herculaes, origin of the story of the exploits of, i. 297
• Hereditary descent connected with the formation of character, question of, i. 176 note. Hereditary talents, vices, and virtues, 177 note
• Heresies, the great religious, founded on previous philosophies, i. 11 note. Destruction by the legislature of the writ ‘De Hæretico Comburendo,’ 383. The first papal call on the secular power to punish, ii. 109 note. Harshness of the early Spanish laws for the punishment of heresy, 438
• Hero-worship, ancient Greek, causes of the, i. 144
• ‘High-church’ and ‘low-church,’ origin of the terms, i. 412 note
• Highlanders, their ferocity, iii. 21, 22. Let loose upon the Lowlanders in 1678, 145. The only powerful friends of James II., 151. Their love of war and rapine, 151, 152. Reasons which induced them to rebel in favour of the exiled Stuarts, 152. Their rebellions of 1715 and 1745 not the result of loyalty, 153. Their veneration for their chieftains, 156 note. Their insignificance after 1745, 157, 168
• Hill, Sir John, his the first publication of popular scientific works in numbers, i. 432 note. His great success, 432 note
• Hilton, Laird of, story of the, and the minister, iii. 217
• Hindostan, Persian origin of the word, i. 69 note
• History, statement of the resources for investigating, i. 1. Confidence in the value of, 1. Use made of the materials for investigating, 3. Instances of endeavours to remedy the backwardness of history, 4. Present prospects of historical literature, 5. Inferiority of the most celebrated historians to the most successful cultivators of physical science, 7. Materials from which a philosophic history can alone be composed, 20, 33. Reasons why historians have not yet collected materials for writing history, 229. Reasons why the present history is restricted to that of England, 231, 242. Hume's method of treating history, 251 note. Why the history of England is eminently valuable, 252. Origin of history, and state of historical literature during the Middle Ages, 288. Value of historical inquiries in throwing light on the changes in society, 290, 291. The ballad form of the earliest histories, 291. Error in history caused by the invention of writing, 296. Corruptions in early history caused by changes in religion, 300. Illustration of this from Scandinavian history, 301. Trustworthiness of histories where there has been no change in religion, 301–304. The influence of the clergy the most active cause of the corruption of early history, 307. Absurdities believed in consequence, 309–325. Beginning of the first improvement in writing modern history, 325. Prevalence of credulity in the time of Comines, 326, 327. Character of Bodin's historical work, 326. Intellectual regeneration of the seventeenth century, 329. Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This absurd way of writing history the natural result of the spirit of the age, 333. The history of every civilized country the history of its intellectual development, 387. Importance to history of the question whether normal phenomena should or should not precede the study of abnormal ones, ii. 1, 2 note. Condition of historical literature in France before the end of the sixteenth century, 261. The Middle Age historians of France merely annalists, 263. Du Haillan's the first French history, 264. De Thou's work, 266. Sully's history, 266. Serres' view of the importance of correct dates in history, 267267. Dupleix's ‘History of France,’ 268. La Popelinière's ‘History of Histories,’ 269. Improvement in the method of writing history in the seventeenth century, 270. De Rubis's work, 270. Gomberville's, 270. Berthault's, 270. Mezeray's great work, 271. The retrograde movement under Louis XIV., 273. As illustrated in the works of Audigier and Bossuet, 279. Reasons why history is superior to theology, 289. Bossuet's method of writing history compared with that of Voltaire, 291. Other historians by whom Voltaire's views were adopted, 299 et seq. His opinions as to feudality, 302. As to free trade, 304. As to political economy, 304. His demolition of the admiration entertained for classical works, and for the fables of early history, 306–312. Value of Montesquieu's method, 315. History separated from biography by him, 316, 317. Turgot's views of the duties of a historian, 321. Difference between certainty and precision in writing history, 325. The first and most essential quality of an historian, iii. 186
• Hobbes, Thomas, his works, i. 390. Animosity of the clergy against him, 390. Encouraged by Charles II., 391. Popularity of his works at this time, 391 note
• Hogg, Thomas, story of, and the ‘factour,’ iii. 214
• Holbach, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219
• Holcus arundinaceus, use of, as food by the Egyptians, i. 87
• Holland, rescued by man from the grasp of the sea, i. 154. Number of Anabaptists put to death in, 186 note. The Dutch fleet in the Thames and Medway, 382. Proposal of the Bishop of Beauvais, ii. 38 note. Calvinism the popular creed of, 339. The war carried on by Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of heretics put to death by Alva, 451
• Holyrood robbed by the English, iii. 15
• Homer, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 note
• Hooke, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199
• Hooker, Richard, his ‘Ecclesiastical Polity’ compared with Jewel's ‘Apology for the Church of England,’ i. 339, 340. And with Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 348. Connexion between the Reformation and the views advocated by Hooker, 351. Locke's opinion of his philosophy, 351. Compared with Chillingworth, ii. 86. His scepticism, 86
• Horst, Dr., his work on the Golden tooth, i. 332
• Howe, John, his exile, i. 398
• Huguenots. See Protestants, French
• Humber, origin of the name of the, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311
• Hume, David, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 250, 426 note. His ‘Natural History of Religion’ and ‘History of England,’ 251. His views as to monotheism, 251 note. His ‘Political Discourses’ translated into French by Le Blanc, ii. 219. Examination of his philosophy, iii. 331. His want of imagination, 331. Importance and novelty of his doctrines, 333. His disregard of facts, 337. His method, 338. His injustice to Bacon, 338. His ‘Natural History of Religion,’ 343. Comparison between his method and that employed by Cudworth, 348
• Humidity, together with heat, the causes which regulate fertility, i. 96. Difference between the humidity of the eastern and western coasts of North America, 98. And of South America, 100. Relation between the amount of rain and the extent of coast, 99. The heavy rains of Brazil, 103
• Hungary, disease in, from eating pork, i. 314 note
• Hunter, John, account of his generalizations, iii. 428. His grandeur and obscurity of language, 428. Conflict of the methods employed by him, and the consequent result, 429–432. His industry in collecting facts, 433. His discovery as to the red globules of the blood, 436. His inquiries as to the movements of animals and vegetables, 439. His idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. His inquiry into the malformation of crystals, 443. His physiological and pathological inquiries, 447. His pathological speculations respecting the principles of action and the principles of sympathy, 450 et seq. Causes of the little influence which he exercised over his English contemporaries, 457
• Hutcheson, Francis, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 248. Remarks of Sir J. Mackintosh and M. Cousin, 248 note. Notice of him, iii. 292. Examination of his philosophy, 292. Its results, tendency, and method, 295–300
• Hutton, James, his attempts to explain the former changes of the earth's crust by reference solely to natural causes, i. 429 note. Establishes the first library in Birmingham, 431 note. Character of his geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Verification of his views, 401
• Hyænas regarded by the Abyssinians as enchanters, i. 126 note
• Hydrostatics, Boyle's discoveries in, i. 368 note
• Hypocrisy, cause of the increase of, due to evil legislation, i. 281
•  
• Idolatry, the natural fruit of ignorance, i. 258
• Ichthyology, fossil, researches of Agassiz in, ii. 383
• Ignorance and idolatry, i. 258. The ‘learned ignorance’ for which many men are remarkable, 269
• Imagination, special tendency of fear to inflame the, i. 120. Triumph of the imagination in the tropics, from this cause, 121. Instances in the case of earthquakes, 122. And in disease, 127. Imaginative character of the literature of ancient India, 132. The imagination controlled by the understanding in Greece 138–146
• Imbert, his French translation of Clarke's ‘Letters on Spain’ suppressed, ii. 234
• Impeachments, general effect of the abolition of, i. 386
• Independence, personal, idea of, takes root, i. 436. First occurrence of the word ‘independence,’ in the modern acceptation of the word, 436 note
• India, fertility and civilization of, i. 69. Character of the food of the people of, 70, 71. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in India in all ages, 72. Amount of rent paid by the cultivator in India in proportion to the gross produce of the land, 76. Testimony of Bishop Heber to the poverty of the labouring classes, 77 note. Provisions of the native laws respecting the caste of the Sudras, 78. And of the Brahmins, 79, 80. Character of the ancient Indian literature, 132. And of the religion and art of, 137. Contrasted with Greece in these conditions, 137. Absence of harbours in India, 138. Antiquity of the worship of Siva in, 141. The bards of, 292 note. Causes of trustworthiness in the early history of, 301 note. Antiquity of the history of, 302 note. Cause of the existence of this history, 303 note
• ‘Individualisme,’ De Tocqueville on the word, i. 436 note
• Indulgence, Declaration of, of James II., i. 397. Refusal of the clergy to read it in their churches, 399
• Indulgences, theory of, of the Church of Rome, ii. 339
• Innovation, aversion of the aristocracy for, ii. 139
• Inquisition in Spain, character of the founders of the, i. 187. Establishment of the, in Spain, ii. 446. The different punishments for heresy, 448. Attacked by Aranda, 547. The last heretic burned by the Inquisition, 548
• ‘Inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,’ the first constitution addressed, ii. 109
• Insanity, former notions respecting, ii. 404. Pinel's views of the aberrations of the human mind, 404
• Insects, incredible number of, in Brazil, i. 106
• Insolvents, Burke's opposition to the cruel laws against, i. 463
• Intellect, English; English literature unknown in France in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 213. Causes of the junction of English and French intellects after this king's death, 214. Essential difference between the civilization of England and Spain, 465. Outline of the history of the English intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 333. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. Hooker contrasted with Jewel, 339, 340. Theology and persecution, 344. Scepticism and the spirit of inquiry on other subjects, 340. Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 347. The rapid increase of heresy in the middle of the seventeenth century, 347 note. Increasing indifference to theological matters, 350. The work of Chillingworth a vindication of religious dissent, 352. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Its frivolous form in the reign of Charles II., 362. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth century towards shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Destruction of the old notions as to witchcraft, 363 note. Sir Thomas Browne's works, 365. Boyle's discoveries, 368. Foundation of the Royal Society, 371. Ecclesiastical opposition to physical science in the reign of Charles II., 372. Popular belief in supernatural causation, 373. Improvements in legislation in the reign of Charles II., and the causes which produced them, 388, 389. Hobbists, 390. Effects of the alliance of the clergy with James II., 395. Dissolution of this alliance, 396. Union of the clergy and dissenters, 399. Causes which produced the revolution of 1688, 400. Effects of the expulsion of the Stuarts on English civilization, 402. Struggle between William III. and the clergy, 405. Loss of the clergy of all power out of the Church, 416–418. The clergy weakened by the founders of Wesleyanism, 419–424. Loss of the intellectual vigour of the dissenters, 422. But increase in their numbers, 423 note. Final separation of theology from morals and politics, 424–427. Discoveries of geologists, 429. Diffusion of knowledge among the people, 430. Sunday schools, 430. Sunday newspapers, 431. Country printing offices, 431. Popular works on physical truth first published, 432. Invention of encyclopædias, 433. Literary periodical reviews, 433. Reading clubs, 433. Debating societies, 433. Right of public meeting, and publication of parliamentary debates, 434, 435. Doctrine of personal representation and of personal independence, 436. Change in the style of authors, 436. Review of the reactionary and retrogressive period of English history, 441. Political degeneracy of England during the reign of George III., 446–455. Sketch of the career of Edmund Burke, 455 et seq. Arbitrary laws of George III. against the liberties of his country, 487, 488. Gloomy prospects of the people late in the eighteenth century, 494. Secret imprisonment of opponents of the government, 494. Effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus act in 1794, 496. Preparation for a counter reaction, owing to the progress of knowledge, 498. To which, and to the power of public opinion, England owes her reforms of the present century, 498. The Scotch and English methods of philosophy contrasted, iii. 290.
• Intellect, French, outline of the history of the, from the middle of the sixteenth century to the accession to power of Louis XIV., ii. 1. Greater power of the Church in France than in England, 4. As shown by the successful efforts of the clergy to withstand the Reformation, 4. This influence greater in France than in England during the sixteenth century, 6. Hence the impossibility of toleration in France, 7, 8. The civil wars in France conducted in the name of Christianity, 8. Internal condition of the country before the accession of Henry IV., 11. Beginning of toleration by the publication of the Edict of Nantes, 14. Appearance of scepticism, 14, 15. Rabelais and Montaigne, 15. Charron, 19. The party of the ‘Politiques’, 22 note. Decline of the ecclesiastical power in France, 26. Richelieu's endeavours to humble the French nobles, 28. Fails, but effectually humbles the clergy, 29. Favour shown by Richelieu to the Protestants, 37–39. Causes of the religious feuds of the seventeenth century, 55. Character of the civil war raised by the Protestants, 63–66. Efforts of the Protestants to suppress the thirst for knowledge, 69, 70. And to hamper and vex the people, 71, 72. The liberal policy of Richelieu only part of a much larger movement, 76. Illustration of this from the philosophy of Descartes, 77. Who is regarded as one of the founders of French prose, 80. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82. Progress of the French mind as shown in the very existence of the ideas of Descartes and Richelieu, 93. Spread of scepticism in France in the reign of Louis XIII. and during the minority of Louis XIV., 95. The anti-ecclesiastical spirit exhibited by Mazarin, 96. Injurious effects of the protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, 176–188. Proof that the literary splendour of his reign was not his work, 188. Effect of his protection in stopping the progress of science, 190. In mathematics, 191. And in astronomy, 191. Newton's discoveries neglected for forty-five years, 191. Absence of mere practical ingenuity in the reign of Louis XIV., 192. Few and insignificant improvements effected during this period in manufactures, 193. Decline at the same time in physiology, surgery, and medicine, 194–196. In zoology and chemistry, 197. And in botany, 197. Results which followed the decline of the national intellect in the reign of Louis XIV., 203 et seq. Reaction against the protective spirit on the death of Louis XIV., and preparations for the French Revolution, 213. Ignorance of the English language and literature at the end of the seventeenth century, 214. Causes of the junction of the French and English intellect after the death of Louis XIV., 215. Voltaire and his works, 216. Other authors, 216 et seq. Admiration for England expressed by Frenchmen, 222. Who disseminate liberal opinions which the government attempts to stifle, 228, 229. Persecution of literary men, 230–242. The avocat-general's proposition as to the publication of new works, 245. Reasons why French literary men at first attacked the Church and not the government, 247–251. Effects of the hostility of the French intellect against the state, 258. Rise and extent of scepticism in France, 261 et seq. The two epochs through which the French intellect passed during the eighteenth century, 327. Inquiries respecting political economy, 327–329. Eagerness of the French for economical and financial inquiries, 329. Influence of Rousseau, 330–332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault and his successors, 332–334. Concession of civil rights to Protestants, 335. Revival of Jansenism, and consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. Destruction of the French Church, 347. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions, 351. Tendency of the French intellect during the latter half of the eighteenth century to withdraw from the internal, and concentrate attention upon the external world, 351–353. Works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353–360. Researches as to the laws of heat, light, and electricity, 361–363. And in chemistry and geology, 364. The study of physical phenomena in connexion with the French Revolution, 375. Impetus given to zoology by Cuvier, 375. And by Bichat, 376. Reaction in France at the commencement of the present century, 388, 389. Researches in botany and mineralogy at the end of the last century, 395. And in the aberrations of the human mind, 404
• Intellect, German. The Scotch method of philosophy compared with that of Germany, iii. 289
• Intellect, human, sole source of the, ii. 89
• Intellect, Scotch, examination of the, during the seventeenth century, iii. 191–280. And during the eighteenth century, 281–482. Barrenness of the Scotch mind in science in the seventeenth century, 284. Causes of this, 287. Results of the ignorance of the inductive or analytical method, 289. Scotland in this respect compared and contrasted with Germany and England, 288. Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Hume, and Reid, 292–360. Examination of Scotch physical philosophy, 361 et seq. Difference between the results achieved by Scotchmen in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 458. The deductive method supreme in both centuries, 462. Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century affected the nation so little, 465. Superstition and illiberality still existing in Scotland, 471 et seq.
• Intellect, Spanish, outline of the history of the, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, ii. 425 et seq. Influence of the clergy over the Spanish intellect, high and low, 479
• Intellectual progress of man, i. 174. Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Mischievousness of ignorant men in proportion to their sincerity, 183
• Interest, in what it consists, i. 52. Rate of interest in India in 900 b.c., 74. And in 1810 a.d., 75
• Inverness burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22
• Ireland, the potato the principal food of the people of, for above two hundred years, i. 65. Period of its introduction into that country, 65 note. Potato crops as compared with those of wheat, 65. Daily average consumption of potatoes in Ireland, 66 note. Evil consequences of the cheapness and abundance of food, 67. Idleness of the Irish at home compared with their industry abroad, 68 note. The bards of Ireland, 292 note. Their contributions to the early history of their country, 292 note. Injuries done to the traditions of the bards of, by clerical historians, 306. Pork the chief food of the Irish in the twelfth century, 314 note. Causes which have produced the present superstition of the Irish Catholics, ii. 53, 54. The Irish invasion of Scotland, iii. 9
• Irritability, Glisson's anticipation of the truth respecting, ii. 196 note
• Isomorphism, Mitscherlich's discovery of, in minerals, ii. 400
• Italy, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Triumph of the imaginative and small proportion of scientific men in, 124
•  
• Jacobites, extinction of the hopes of the, i. 444
• James I., political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reign of, i. 359. His attempts to revive the power of the nobles, ii. 147. His imprisonment in Scotland, iii. 103. Recovers his liberty, 104. Bearded by the ministers, 104. The Gowrie Conspiracy, 110. Ascends the throne of England, 115. Attempts to subjugate the Scotch Church, 115. His cruelties, 117. Forces episcopacy upon Scotland, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125
• James I. of Scotland, attacks the nobles, and favours the Church, iii. 46, 47. Causes of his failure, 47, 48. Put to death by his aristocracy, 49
• James II. of England, his accession, i. 395. Attempts of Archbishop Sancroft to convert him to Protestantism, 395 note. Services rendered to him by the Protestant clergy, 396. Alliance between the Roman Catholic King and the Protestant clergy, 396. Causes of the dissolution of this alliance, 397. His declaration of indulgence, 397. Establishes the first standing army in England, 397 note. Persecutions in his reign, 397, 398. Union of the Churchmen and Dissenters, and production of the revolution, 400. His character, iii. 147. His fiendish cruelty, 147–149. His ignominious flight, 151
• James II. of Scotland, his treachery, iii. 49–52
• James IV. of Scotland, his policy, iii. 56
• James V. of Scotland, seized by the Douglases, iii. 57. His escape, 58, 59. Favours the Church, and punishes the nobles, 59, 60. Who bring about the Reformation, 62. Accepts the title of ‘Defender of the Faith,’ 62. His marriage with Mary of Guise, 63. Cause of his death, 69
• Jamin's ‘Thoughts,’ suppression of, ii. 238
• Jansenism, tenets of, ii. 343. Its introduction into France, previous to the time of Louis XIV., but suppression by him, 344. Its revival in the eighteenth century, and its effect on the democratic movement, 344. Its overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345
• Java, early civilization of, i. 305. Causes of the loss of the historical traditions of, 305. Establishment of Mohammedanism in, 305 note. Period of the Indian colonization of, 305 note. Traditions of Java preserved in the island of Bali, 306
• Jefferson, Thomas, his part in the French Revolution, ii. 418
• Jeffreys, Lord, his cruelty, i. 397
• Jehangueir, the emperor, his extraordinary wealth, i. 77 note
• Jerusalem, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311
• Jesuits, the, banished from France by Henry IV., ii. 23. Recalled, 23, 24 note. Services of the early Jesuits to civilization, 336. Their system of education, 336. Their incompatibility with the opinions of the eighteenth century, 337. Buffier the only Jesuit name in the history of abstract philosophy, 342 note. The order overthrown in France in the last century, 345, 346. Regarded as the instigators of Damiens' attempted assassination of Louis XV., 345. Expelled from Spain, 546
• Jewel, Bishop, his ‘Apology for the Church of England’ compared with Hooker's ‘Ecclesiastical Polity,’ 340. And with Chillingworth's ‘Religion of Protestants,’ 348
• Jews, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the history of the, i. 257, 258. Importance of the history of the, according to Bossuet, ii. 285. Harshness of the early Spanish laws against them, 438. Decree of expulsion of Ferdinand and Isabella, 445. Number of Jews expelled from Spain, 446 note
• Johnson, Dr., on free will, i. 14 note
• Joubert, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195
• Jousse, suppression of his ‘Treatise on Presidial jurisdiction,’ ii. 238
• Joyce, Cornet, his origin, ii. 155
• Judas, history of, according to Matthew of Westminster, i. 316
• Judges in France, ii. 124. Period when judges were first knighted in England, 135 note
• Julian, the emperor, causes of his persecution of the Christians, i. 186
• Jurisdictions, hereditary, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 161, 169
• Jury, origin of trial by, ii. 117 note
• Jussieu, his botanical generalizations, ii. 397
• Justice, permanent improvement in the administration of, in England, i. 402
• Juxon, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391
•  
• Kamtschatkans, religious regard they pay to some animals, i. 126 note
• Kant, his views as to the scientific conception of the understanding, i. 18 note; quoted, 35–38
• Ken, Bishop, deprived, i. 408, 410. Refuses to admit in the secular power the right of deprivation, 410
• Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrew's, his power in Scotland, iii. 53. His counsel to the king, 53, 54
• Kilmarnock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise of the manufactures of, 180
• ‘King's Friends,’ the party so called, i. 448
• Kings, causes of the diminution of the respect formerly felt for, ii. 182. Reasons why their information is inaccurate, and their prejudices numerous, 183. Their nonsensical or blasphemous titles, 183 note
• Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, i. 397
• Kirk-sessions in Scotland, in the seventeenth century, iii. 206, 207. Their tyranny, 209, 210
• Knights Templars, discourse of St. Bernard on the, quoted, ii. 133 note
• Knighthood, bane of the order of, in France, ii. 133, 134. Little respect paid to it in England, 135. Compulsory knighthood in that country, 135
• Knowledge, influence of the progress of, in diminishing religious persecution, i. 189. And in diminishing war, 190. The three ways in which the progress of knowledge has lessened the warlike spirit, 203–223. The totality of human actions governed by the totality of human knowledge, 229. Remarkable diffusion of knowledge in the United States, 243. Books the storehouse of knowledge, 267. In what the knowledge in which all civilization consists is based, 268. The ‘learned ignorance’ for which many men are remarkable, 269. Condition and results of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269. Endeavours of governments to hinder the advance of knowledge, 284. Craving of the people after knowledge, 430. Popular form taken by the diffusion of knowledge, 430, 431. Simplicity of the style of the authors of the last century, 437. The increase and diffusion of knowledge in England at the latter part of the eighteenth century antagonistic to the political events of the same period, 498. Efforts of the French Protestant clergy to suppress the pursuit of knowledge, ii. 70. Sudden craving after knowledge in France at the latter part of the last century, 407
• Knox, John, commencement of his career, iii. 74, 75. His influence in promoting the Reformation, 75. His part in the murder of Beaton, 76. Goes to Geneva, 76. Returns, 79. His petition to Parliament as to the Church revenues, 84, 85. His death, 93
• Konigseg, his services to Spain, ii. 519
•  
• La Bletterie, cause of his expulsion from the French Academy, ii. 235
• Labour, effect of climate on the energy and regularity with which it is conducted, i. 42, 43. See Wages
• Labourers and employers, their wages and profits, i. 52. Effect of the supply of food on the labouring classes, 54. Native laws respecting the Sudras or labourers of India, 79, 80
• La Bruyère, his ‘Charactères,’ ii. 209
• Lacteals, Aselli's discovery of the, ii. 81. Recognized by Descartes, but denied by Harvey, 81 and note
• La Fayette, character and abilities of, i. 470. Burke's hostility to, 471. His familiarity with English language and literature, ii. 224. His introduction of democratic opinions into France, 417
• La Fontaine, ‘Fables’ of, ii. 209
• La Force, Marshal, ii. 43
• La Harpe, his ‘Éloge sur Fénelon’ suppressed, ii. 237
• Laing, Mr., his remarks on the German literary class, quoted, i. 239 note
• Laland, his advocacy of atheism, ii. 352
• Lamplugh, translated from Exeter to the see of York, i. 404
• Lanjuinais, his work on Joseph II. ordered to be burned, ii. 236
• Lanthenás, his familiarity with the English language and literature, ii. 224
• Laplace, his professed atheism, ii. 352
• La Popelinière, his French historical works, ii. 269
• Lateran, Matthew of Westminster's etymology of the name, i. 317
• Latin, a vernacular dialect in the Middle Ages, i. 271. Results of Latin being colloquially employed by the monks, 271 note
• Laverdy, openly protects the Jansenists, ii. 345
• Lavoisier, his discoveries in chemistry, ii. 367
• Law courts, first publication of the proceedings in the, i. 434
• Layamon, his translation into English of the history of Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324
• Le Blanc, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219. His admiration for England, 228
• Le Brun, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225
• Legat, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions, i. 345 note
• Legislation, main object of, i. 23. Burke's views as to the true end of, 459. The safest course for a legislator to pursue, 504. See Government
• Leicester, Earl of, the founder of the House of Commons, ii. 117
• Lenglet du Fresnoy, his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235
• Lens, the crystalline, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78
• Leprosy, superstitions respecting, i. 127. The leprosy of the Middle Ages extirpated from modern Europe, 155
• Lerma, Duque de, prime minister of Spain, ii. 473, 474. His alliance with the clergy, 474. And its consequences, 475–477. His part in the expulsion of the Moriscoes, 493
• Lesdiguières, Marshal, ii. 43. His apostacy, 48
• Leslie, his philosophy of heat, iii. 383. Aid which he derived from poetry, 385. His injustice to Bacon, 388
• Le Trosne, suppression of his work on ‘Finance,’ ii. 238
• Lettes, their fondness for pork, i. 314 note
• Le Vassor, his ‘Histoire de Louis XIII.,’ ii. 30 note
• L'Hopital, his recommendation of religious toleration, ii. 10. His failure to effect any of his noble schemes, 10
• Libel, Burke's attack of the power exercised by judges in trials for, i. 464
• Libraries, circulating, first establishment of, i. 431. Licences required by Act of Parliament for keeping reading-rooms or circulating libraries, i. 490
• Lichfield, first printing office in, i. 432 note
• Life, statements of Hindu poets as to the ancient duration of, i. 135. Active causes of the increased duration of, 153. Examination of Bichat's work on Life, ii. 390
• Light, French researches as to the phenomena of, in the eighteenth century, ii. 362
• Lindsey, Mr. his establishment of Sunday schools, i. 430 note
• Linen, manufacture, rise of in Glasgow, iii. 176, 179. And in other parts of Scotland, 180
• Linguet, his works suppressed and their author imprisoned, ii. 236, 237
• Linnæus, his artificial botanical system superseded by the French natural method, ii. 376, 397
• Literature, American, characteristics of, i. 241
• Literature, influence of on the progress of society, i. 266. Result which is sure to happen to a literature above the level of its age, 266, 267. Illustrations from Greece, Rome, and Germany, 267. In what real knowledge consists, 268. Men and countries where erudition merely ministers to ignorance, 269. Condition and effects of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269, 270. Effect of the monopoly of literature by the clergy, 307. Character of the literature of India, 132. And of ancient Greece, 137
• Literature, English—characteristics of, in the reign of Charles II., i. 234. Influence of the intellect of France on Dryden's plays, 235 note. Causes which have maintained the independence, and increased the value of English literature, 235 note. Change in the form and make of English literature in the last century, 436. Coleridge's lamentations of this change, 437 note. Addison's establishment of the easy and democratic style, 437. Failure of an attempt to revive the pedantic style, 437 note. Abolition of servile dedications, 438. Introduction of the plan of publishing books by subscription, 439. First instance of a popular writer attacking public men by name, 439. English literature unknown to the French at the end of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note. But begun to be studied after the death of Louis XIV., 215. Its services to French, and thence to European liberty, 227
• Literature, French, effect of, on English writings, i. 235. Characteristics of French literature at the time of Descartes and Richelieu, ii. 93, 94. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, 176. Result in an alliance between literature and government, 176, 177. Servility of men of letters at this time, 177. Injurious effects of the protective system of Louis XIV. upon literature, 182. And of pensions to literary men, 183, 187. The literary splendour of the reign of Louis XIV. not of his creation, 188, 189. Causes of its decay in his reign, 208. Causes of the junction of English and French intellects after the death of Louis XIV. Systematic and prolonged persecution to which literature was exposed in the eighteenth century, 230–242. Proposal of the avocat-general as to the publication of new works, 245. Why the Church, and not the government, was first attacked by literary men, 247. State of French historical literature from the end of the sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 261 et seq.
• Literature, German, since the middle of the eighteenth century, i. 237. Origin of, 237. Remarks on Mr. Kay's picture of German education, 238 note. Mr. Laing's observations on the German literary class, 239 note
• Literature, Scotch, poverty of, down to the commencement of the eighteenth century, iii. 183. Buchanan and Napier, 183. Character of the Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281. Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century was unable to affect the nation, iii. 465
• Literature, Spanish, causes which gave it its adventurous and romantic tone, ii. 433, 434. Hold retained by the Spanish Church over the highest and lowest intellects, 479
• Liver, business of the, i. 148. The liver and lungs always compensatory, 148. Size of the fœtal liver, 149 note
• Locke, John, his views as to the use of money in trade, i. 212 note. Causes of his Socinian views, 363. His death, ii. 374
• Locomotion, effect of improved means of, in weakening the love of war, i. 221–223
• Logarithms, discovery of, iii. 183
• Logos, influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the, ii. 286
• London, the Great Plague and Fire of, i. 387
• Lords, House of, abandons its pretensions to an original jurisdiction in civil suits, i. 384. Origin of the disrepute into which the, fell in the reign of George III., 451–453. Abolished, ii. 153
• Lotos bread of Egypt, i. 87. Herodotus on the lotos, quoted, 87 note
• Loudun, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 61
• Louis, Saint, of France, his etymology of the word Tartar, i. 313 note
• Louis, suppression of his thesis on ‘Generation,’ ii. 238
• Louis IX. of France, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private war, ii. 116
• Louis XIII., his protection of the French protestants, ii. 25. Le Vassor's ‘Histoire de Louis XIII.,’ 30 note. Heretics not only protected during his reign, but openly rewarded, 43. Illtreated by the Protestants whom he had protected, 57, 58, 60
• Louis XIV., his accession, ii. 96. The protective spirit carried into literature during his reign, 176. Character of the King's private life and public career, 178. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the results, 178–181. His reign notwithstanding held up by some to admiration, 181. Gratitude of men of letters to him, 181. Injurious effect of his system of protection upon literature, 182–187. The literary glory of his reign not his work, 188. Scarcely anything added during his reign to the sum of human knowledge, 189–202. Causes of this intellectual decay, 202. Universal decline of France in every department during the latter part of his reign, 210–212. His death, 213. The retrograde movement in historical literature in the reign of, 273. Causes of this, 273. His treatment of literary men, 274–277. His thirst for glory, 277. Voltaire's ‘Age of Louis XIV.,’ 296. His disposition to favour the King, 297
• Louis XVI., rupture between England and France caused by the execution of, i. 485. His edict granting civil rights to the Huguenots, ii. 335
• Loyalty, causes which weakened, in the reign of Charles II., i. 388. Origin of the deep feelings of loyalty among the French people, ii. 249. And among the Spaniards, 249 note. The loyalty of the English and French compared, 250, 251. Causes of the loyalty of the Spaniards, 455 et seq. Connexion between loyalty and superstition, 455. Old punishments for disloyalty in Spain, 458. The loyalty of Spain contrasted with that of Scotland, iii. 2
• Lulli, the French musician, ii. 207
• Lungs, connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, i. 148. The lungs and liver always compensatory, 148
•  
• Mably, his admiration for England, ii. 229. Suppression of his ‘Observations on the History of France,’ 236. Guizot's edition of this work, 236. Character of his ‘History of France,’ 300
• Macaulay, Mr., character of his ‘History of England,’ i. 394 note
• Macchiavelli, his views as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314 note
• Machault, controller-general of France, his edict against mortmain, ii. 332. Dislike of the clergy for him, 333. Favour with which he regarded the Jansenists, 344
• Madden, Sir F., his edition of Wace's ‘Brut,’ i. 325 note
• Madrid, decline in the population of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501. Starving condition of the people of, 505, 509. Scenes of robbery and murder in consequence, 509–511. No public library in, in 1679, 527. Beautified by Charles III., 561
• Magendie, his division of food into azotized and non-azotized, i. 55 note
• Maize, its extraordinary fecundity in Mexico and Peru, i. 109. Most probably peculiar to the American continent, 109
• Malaga captured from the Arabs, ii. 440
• Malayo-Polynesian race, causes of the corruption of the early histories of the, i. 305. Eastern and western limits of the, 304, 305 note
• Malebranches, his ‘Inquiry respecting Truth,’ ii. 209
• Malesherbes, M., his attack on church property in France, ii. 333
• Mallet, character of his ‘History of Denmark,’ ii. 299
• Malus, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362
• Malthus, principle of his work anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 304
• Man modified by nature and nature modified by man, i. 20. Inquiry into the laws of this double modification, 20. Inferences respecting human actions, 21. Two classes of actions, 22. The powers of man unlimited, 51. Modes in which his energies are checked by the energies of nature, 119. Laws of the process by which the mind of man is influenced by the aspects of nature, 119. Effects of the force and majesty of nature in the tropics, 120. Causes which give birth to superstition, 122, 123. Fictions in Sanscrit literature as to the longevity of the human race at an early period of the world, 135. Moral and intellectual progress of man, 174. No evidence of the improvement of the natural faculties of man, 176. Dependence of his progress on an improvement of the circumstances under which his faculties come into play, 178. The standard of action having varied in every age, the causes of action must be variable, 179. Stationary character of moral principles, 180. Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Ignorant men always mischievous in proportion to their sincerity, 183. Religious persecutions in Rome and Spain, 185–188. More virtue than vice in every country, 221. Inferences to be drawn as to the causes of social progress, 224. The totality of human actions governed by the totality of human knowledge, 229
• Manchester, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, ii. 151
• Manichæans, their doctrine of predestination, i. 13
• Manrent, in Scotland, iii. 65 note
• Mansfield, Lord, his speech on the Theological Society, i. 436 note
• Manufactures, few and insignificant improvements made in, in France during the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 193. Sudden rise of the manufactures in Scotland, in 1707, iii. 171, 172
• Marat, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224
• Marchand, Prosper, his ‘Dictionnaire Historique,’ ii. 267 note
• Margat, suppression of his ‘History of Tamerlane,’ ii. 235
• Marlborough, Duke of, character of, i. 201
• Marmontel, how treated by a French noble, ii. 239, 240
• Marriages, determined by uniformity of sequence, and not by the temper and wishes of individuals, i. 32. Effects of the price of food upon marriages, 32
• Marsy, his ‘Analysis of Bayle’ suppressed, ii. 236
• Martin, bishop of Tours, Bossuet's estimate of, ii. 287. The Benedictines' life of, 288. His miracles, 288 note
• Martyrs, adoration of, in the early ages of the Church, i. 145 note
• Mary, Queen, restores England to Catholicism, ii. 7. But fails to effect a restoration of church property, 7 note
• Mary of Guise, her marriage with James V. of Scotland, iii. 63. Her attempt to establish a standing army, 77. Becomes regent, 77. Deposed, 80
• Masillon, the last of the great French pulpit orators, ii. 348
• Masquerades forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70
• Mathematicians, their pretence to certainty in their own pursuits, ii. 326. The study of mathematics in France in the seventeenth century, 189
• Mathew of Westminster, his history of Judas, i. 316. His origin of the custom of kissing the Pope's toe, 317. His etymology of the Lateran, 317
• Maxwell, Lord, iii. 71. His venality, 71 note
• Mazarin, Cardinal, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 96. His toleration, 96, 97. His alliance with Oliver Cromwell, 98. Signs the treaty of the Pyrenees, 98
• Mechanics, why less superstitious than agriculturists, i. 376–379
• Medici, Catherine de', her protection of the French Protestants, ii. 25. Her foreign policy, 35
• Medicine, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 195, 196
• Meetings, public political, establishment of the right of, i. 434. Passing of an Act intended to stifle religious or political meetings, 489
• Melrose Abbey robbed by the English, iii. 15
• Melville, Andrew, takes the lead of the Scotch reformed church, iii. 93. Begins a struggle with the State, which lasted for sixty years, 94. His name of επισκοπομαστιξ, 97 note. Appointed moderator at St. Andrew's in 1582, 101. His personal insult to the king, 110. Summoned by the king to England, 124. Imprisoned in the Tower, 124
• Memory, aberrations of, the laws respecting the, i. 32
• Mental laws, examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for discovering, i. 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Mental laws either moral or intellectual, 168. Comparison between moral and intellectual laws, 168, 175. Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental laws of intellectual progress, 242. Advantages to be gained in that respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France, Spain, and Scotland, 243
• ‘Mence, Institutes of,’ authority of in India, i. 75. Vast antiquity of the, according to the Hindu writers, 137
• Menzies, John, the Aberdeen preacher, iii. 203 note
• Mercenaries employed by William the Conqueror and his immediate successors, ii. 114
• Mercury, mine of, at Almaden, ii. 540
• Mescua, Mira de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479
• Metaphysics; metaphysical inquiry preceded and often controlled by the physical, i. 10 note. The only successful mode of prosecuting the study of metaphysics, 17. Examination of the two metaphysical methods of generalizing mental laws, 156. Definition of the term metaphysics, 164 note. The English inductive and the Scotch deductive methods, 245 et seq. Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Adam Smith, 249. David Hume, 250. Examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for discovering mental laws, 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Descartes, the originator of the modern method of philosophy, ii. 81, 82. Analogy of his philosophy with the anti-theological policy of Richelieu, 83. The eminent characteristic of the philosophy of Descartes, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Services which metaphysicians formerly rendered to the Church, 262. Analysis of the works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353–360. Rise of the reactionary party in France at the beginning of the present century, 389. See also Philosophy
• Meteorology, causes which have retarded the progress of, i. 377 note. Supernatural causes attributed by ignorance to changes in the weather, 378 note
• Method, importance of the philosophy of, ii. 387
• Mey, suppression of his treatise on ‘French Law,’ ii. 237
• Mexico, authentic existing materials for forming an opinion on the ancient state of, i. 95. Characteristics of the climate of, and reasons for its early civilization, 99. Exuberance of the maize plant in, 109. The potato introduced by the Spaniards into, 110, 111. Extraordinary fecundity of the banana in, 111. Success with which astronomy was cultivated in, 112. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the inhabitants of, when discovered by the Europeans, 114. Custom of caste in Mexico, 115. Frivolous waste of labour of the Mexicans, 116. Their immense buildings, 117
• Mezeray, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 270, 271. How treated by Louis XIV., 274, 275. His ‘Abrégé Chronologique,’ 275 note
• Michael, St., foundation of the order of, i. 313 note
• Micrometer, discovery of the, ii. 192
• Microscope, invention of the, ii. 198, 199
• Middle Ages, the childish admiration of the, dispelled by Voltaire, ii. 305
• Middleton, Dr., ferment caused by his ‘Free Inquiry,’ i. 428
• Mill, James, his method of investigating speculative jurisprudence, i. 426426
• Mill, John, his inquiry into the method of investigation which political economists ought to follow, i. 250 note
• Millet, use of, as food in India, i. 71 note
• Millington, Sir Thomas, his botanical discoveries, ii. 200. Causes of his opposition to ecclesiastical authority, i. 363
• Milton, John, parts of his works translated into French by Mirabeau, ii. 225
• Minana, Spanish historian, ii. 480
• Mineralogy, French researches in, at the end of the eighteenth century, ii. 399. Doubts as to the true method of investigating, 399. The discovery of isomorphism, 400
• Mines, military employment of gunpowder in, i. 206 note
• Mirabeau, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225. His professed atheism, 352
• Miracles, the celebrated dispute respecting, i. 428
• Missionaries, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by the efforts of the, i. 255
• Mississippi, area drained by the, i. 97 note
• Mohammed, cause of his death, according to Mathew Paris, i. 315. And cause of his becoming a heretic, 316. How regarded by Bossuet, ii. 286
• Mohammedanism, area of the countries in which it is professed, ii. 286. Lofty ideas of the Mohammedan writers on the oneness of God, 287 note. The Mohammedans in Spain, 439
• Molina, Tirso de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 480
• Monboddo, Lord, his lamentation over the extinction of pedantry in English literature, i. 437 note
• ‘Monconys, Voyages de,’ i. 371 note
• Money, notions of the use of, in trade, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, i. 210–212. Right of coining allowed to the aristocracy of France, but never in England, ii. 115
• Monks, results of Latin being colloquially employed by the, of the Middle Ages, i. 271 note
• Monotheism, forms of religion preceding, according to Hume and Comte, i. 250250 note
• Monsoons, causes of the, i. 102 note
• Monstrosities, animal, discoveries respecting, ii. 396 note
• Montaigne, Michel de, first appearance of his essays, ii. 16. Difference between him and Rabelais, 16. Regarded as the first French sceptic, 16. Opinions of Dugald Stewart and Rousseau of his writings, 18 note. Immense influence of his works, 18 note. Compared with Charron, 19. His scepticism compared with that of Descartes, 86. His the first sceptical work published in France, 266
• Montalvan, Spanish dramatist, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 479
• Montbarey, Prince de, character of his censures of Louis XV., ii. 406 note
• Montesquieu, his erroneous notions as to political economy, i. 212 note. His knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218. His admiration for England, 228. His the first information concerning the real history of Rome, 314. Character of his ‘Spirit of Laws,’ 314. His method, and its value, 315
• Montgomery, Robert, appointed Archbishop of Glasgow, iii. 100. Excommunicated by the General Assembly, 100. Submits, 100.
• Montgon, suppression of the ‘Letters’ of, ii. 237
• Montlosier, his geological labours, ii. 368
• Moral truths, little changes which they have undergone, i. 180. Moral truths in the New Testament quoted from pagan authors, 180 note. Influence of moral feelings on individuals, but not on society in the aggregate, 228. Separation of theology from morals, 424. Consequences of this separation, 425–427
• Morals, Charron's, the first attempt to create a system of morals independent of theology, ii. 19
• Morellet, l'Abbé, his translation of the ‘Wealth of Nations’ into French, ii. 219, 239. His punishment in the Bastille, 240
• Moriscoes, their expulsion from Spain, ii. 485 et seq. Number expelled, 494
• Morris-dances forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70
• Mortmain, Machault's edict against, in France, ii. 332
• Morton, the Regent, his persecution of the reformed clergy of Scotland, iii. 91
• Mosaic cosmogony first impugned, i. 429
• Mounier, his familiarity with the English language and English institutions, ii. 225. His proposal for the establishment of two Chambers in France, 225
• Muhlberg, results of the battle of, ii. 446
• Municipal privileges in England, ii. 119. Futility of, in France, 121
• Murder, uniform reproduction of the crime of, i. 24, 25
• Muscular system, waste or decomposition of the, i. 56 note
• Music forbidden by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258
• Muskets, the, of the fifteenth century, i. 206 note
•  
• Names, origin of the habit of generalizing, i. 297 note
• Nantes, edict of, confirmed by Catherine de' Medici, ii. 25. By her son Louis XIII., 25. And by Mazarin, 96
• Napier, Sir William, his military genius and works, i. 200
• Napier, John, his discovery of logarithms, iii. 183
• Naples, foundation of the city of, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, i. 313
• Napoleon I., compared with Richelieu, ii. 27
• Nasmyth, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 385
• ‘Nations, Morals, Manners, and Character of,’ Voltaire's, ii. 297
• Nature, laws of, origin of the perception of the, i. 9. Causes of the disturbances in the laws of, 30. Influence and results of the general aspects of, on the human race in its infancy, 39, 118. Modes in which the energies of Nature hamper the energies of Man in South America, 106. Laws of the process by which the aspects of Nature influence the human mind, its natural movements, and natural progress, 119. Feelings inspired by the force and majesty of natural phenomena in tropical regions, 120, 121. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes, 122, 123. Comparison of the material phenomena of Greece and India, 139, 140. Instance in the proportion of births of the sexes of the regularity of natural laws, 168
• ‘Nature, the System of,’ publication of, ii. 351
• Necessity, doctrine of, its displacement of the doctrine of Chance, i. 9. Origin of the doctrine, ii. 343
• Necker, M., his Report on the Finances of France, ii. 329. Eagerness of the French to read it, 329. Character of the work, 330. His anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. His Calvinist opinions, 345.
• Newspapers, first publication of, on Sundays, i. 431. Establishment of political ones, 434. And of the right to publish parliamentary debates, 435. Vast increase in the circulation of newspapers in the latter half of the last century, 439 note
• Newton, Sir Isaac, his imagination i. 124 note. His death, ii. 374
• Niebuhr, his arguments as to the early history of Rome anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 311. The three principles fundamental to his history which it is impossible to refute, 311
• Nile, effects of the overflow of the, on the civilization of Egypt, i. 48, 49. Herodotus's expression δῶρον τοῦ ποταμοῦ, 49 note
• Nîmes, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60
• Nobles. See Aristocracy
• Nonconformists. See Dissenters
• Nonjurors, the, amongst the bishops and inferior clergy, i. 408–412. The last of the nonjuring bishops, 412 note
• Norfolk, Duke of, concludes the treaty of Berwick, iii. 81
• North, Lord, overpersuaded by George III. to engage in war with America, i. 480 note
• Norwegians, their invasion of Scotland, iii. 10
• Nosology, the, of Cullen, iii. 426
• Nutrition, M. Chevreul's generalizations of the laws of, ii. 198 note
•  
• Oaths, causes which have given rise to, in England, of every kind and in every direction, i. 282. Amount of perjury in England caused by legislation, 282 note
• Œpinus, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362
• Oils, amount of carbon in, i. 61
• Okey, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155
• Opinion, public, origin of the supremacy of, i. 209. The real cause of the abolition of the corn-laws, 273
• Optics, discoveries of Descartes in, ii. 78
• Orders of chivalry, origin of the, ii. 132, 133
• Ordinance, the Self-denying, passed, ii. 153
• Oregon or Columbia river, the only river of importance on the western coast of North America, i. 97
• Orkney Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10
• Orleans, Duke of, his residence in England, ii. 226
• Osteology, comparative, Ambrose Paré's contributions to, ii. 195
• Owen, Professor, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 384, 385. His services to comparative anatomy, 386
• Oxford, effort of the clergy to instil their principles at, i. 442 note. Pitt's denunciation, 442 note. Execution of the first heretic at, ii. 109
• Oxygen in food, i. 55 et seq.
•  
• Paganism, large amount of, existing in every Christian sect, i. 260 note
• Paisley, population of, in 1700, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 176
• Palæontology, Cuvier the founder of, ii. 369. Its importance to geology, 369 note. Daubenton's labours, 371. Owen's, 386
• Palatine, endeavours of Richelieu to save the, ii. 38 note
• Paley, Dr., effect of his utilitarian moral system, i. 426 note
• Palm-tree, the date, its importance in Africa, i. 83, 84
• Palm-wine, of Africa, i. 84 note
• Paravicino, Spanish poet, his sermons, ii. 480
• Paré, Ambroise, his eminence in surgery, ii. 195. One of the founders of comparative osteology, 195
• Paris, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 310. State of the pulpit oratory of, in 1771, ii. 348
• Paris, Mathew, his statement as to the reason why Mohammedans refuse to eat pork, i. 315. Sismondi's eulogy of him as an historian, 315 note
• Parliament, gradual diminution of the number of ecclesiastics in, i. 416, 417. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons, 418. Establishment of the right to publish the debates in Parliament, 435. And of the doctrine of personal representation, 435
• Parr, Dr., classical style of his English, ii. 307
• Pascal, Blaise, period in which he flourished, ii. 189. His great works, 189. His ‘Provincial Letters,’ 209
• Pathology, characteristics of, iii. 410. Compared with Physiology, 411. Account of the generalizations of Cullen and of Hunter, 413. Difference between the science of pathology and the art of therapeutics, 416. Cullen's theory of the solids and fluids, 418. His theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426. His services to pathology, 429, 447
• Patin, his opinion of the English of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note
• Patronage of literature. See Protective spirit
• Pecquet, his discovery of the chyle, ii. 194
• Pedantry of ancient English authors, i. 436. Discarded for a lighter style, 437
• Pelagius, his doctrines as to free will, ii. 338. Absence of the speculative spirit in, 342. His learning, 342
• Penal code, increasing severity of the, in the reign of George III., i. 463
• Pensions, literary, injurious effect of, ii. 183–187
• Perjury, cause of the increase of, i. 281. Amount of, in England, 282 note
• Persecution of the Christians under the Roman Emperors, causes of, i. 185. And of those of Spain, 187. Causes of the diminution of religious persecution, 188. Number of persons put to death in Holland and Spain, 189. Old theological theory of the justification of persecution, 344
• Persia, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Causes of the absence of authentic information respecting the early history of, 303. The ‘Shah Nameh’ of Ferdousi, 303. Antagonism between Mohammedanism and the old Persian history, 303. Results anticipated from a decipherment of the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, 304 note
• Perth burnt by the English, iii. 14, 16. Population of, in the sixteenth century, 30
• Peru, physical condition of, i. 107. Exuberance of maize of, 109. And of the banana of, 111. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the people of, when discovered by the Europeans, 113. Rigid enforcement of caste in Peru, 114 note. Frivolous waste of labour of the Peruvians, 117. Their immense buildings, 117. The effect of earthquakes in Peru in encouraging superstition, 122, 123
• Pestilence, superstitions respecting, i. 127. Pestilences ‘the harvests of the ministers of God,’ 130 note
• Petit, Antoine, popularity of his lectures on anatomy, ii. 406 note
• Pharamond, authorities for the existence of, ii. 265 note
• Philip Augustus, his policy in regard to the French aristocracy, ii. 115
• Philip II. of Spain, his fondness for bacon, i. 314 note. His hatred of the Calvinists, ii. 341. His character, 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Object of all his wars and negotiations, 452. His celebrated Armada, 453. Supported in everything by his loyal subjects, 453. Ascendancy retained by him over the ecclesiastical hierarchy, 473 note. His cruelty to the Moriscoes, 485, 486. His character as a ruler, 468, 473. His part in the extension of the influence of the Church, 475
• Philip III. of Spain, his cruelty to the Moriscoes, ii. 489
• Philip IV. of Spain, his character, ii. 468
• Philip V. of Spain, his accession, ii. 513. His policy, 513. Attacks the inquisition, but is unable to abolish it, 521. Opposed by his people in everything, 522 note
• Philip the Fair, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private war, ii. 116
• Philippine Islands, pure form of the Polytheism of the, i. 305. Spanish conquest of the, ii. 464
• Philology, study of, i. 2. Buffier the only Jesuit whose name has a place in the history of abstract philosophy, ii. 342 note. Examination of the Scotch philosophy of the eighteenth century, iii. 281. Causes of the success of the deductive and not of the inductive method in Scotland, 282. The Scotch method compared and contrasted with those of Germany and England, 289, 290. Summary of the most important distinctions between deduction and induction, 290. Hutcheson's philosophy, 292. Adam Smith's, 304. Hume's, 331. Reid's, 348. See also Metaphysics
• Phlebitis first recognized by Hunter, iii. 454
• Phosphorus, amount of, in the brain, i. 57 note. First announced by Hensing, 57 note
• Phrenologists, the principal obstacle in the way of the, i. 176 note
• Phyllotaxis, ii. 397 note
• Physical science, present state of, compared with history, i. 7. Physical, the natural precursor of metaphysical inquiries, 10 note. Remarks on the influence exercised by physical laws over the organization of society and over the character of individuals, 39. Effects of food, climate, and soil, 40 et seq. Democratic character of the physical sciences, ii. 409. Popular works of Desaguliers and Hill on physical truth, 432 note. Examination of the Scotch method employed in physical philosophy, iii. 361. The laws of heat, 362. Black's philosophy of latent heat, 367. Reasons why it is incumbent on physical philosophers to cultivate the imagination, 381, 382. Leslie's philosophy of heat, 383. Geological speculations in Scotland, England, and Germany, 388–393388–393. Watt's invention of the steam-engine, 402. Methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of the composition of water, 403. Nature of the supposed difference between the organic and inorganic world, 407. Life probably a property of all matter, 408. Division of organic science into physiology and pathology, 411. Theory in science, 414. Hunter's idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. The deductive method supreme in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 462. The two methods compared, 462–464. Science the ally of religion, 477. Attempts of the clergy of the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical science, i. 372. The term natural science, in contradistinction to supernatural, as used at this period, 372 note
• Physiologists, view taken by, of the origin of the sexes, i. 170. Probable causes of the small contributions of physiologists towards the power of predicting events, 171 note
• Physiology, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 194. Glisson's services to, 196. Characteristics of the science of, iii. 410. Compared with pathology, 411. John Hunter's generalizations, 428 et seq.
• Piracy of the Rochellois, in the seventeenth century, ii. 63
• Pistols, invention of, i. 206 note
• Pitt, William, the elder, his reputation as a statesman, i. 449. Reason why he was hated by George III., 450
• Pitt, William, his subserviency to George III., i. 447, 448. His abandonment of liberal principles, 447. Prosecutes and persecutes his brother reformers, 447 note
• Plague, the Great, i. 387
• Plants, effects of heat and moisture on, the geographical distribution of, i. 96
• Plato, his conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of spectral phenomena or dreams, i. 16 note
• Platonism, its natural precursor the atomic doctrine, i. 10 note. Influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the Logos, ii. 286
• Poetry cultivated solely by the ancient Sanscrit authors, i. 132, 133. Indian metres, 133. Cause of the reverence felt for great poets, 294 note
• Poisons, general theory of, i. 56 note
• Poissy, conference of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 10
• Political economy, study of, i. 2. Influence of the discoveries made in, in lessening the warlike spirit, 209. Misconception of the true nature of barter in early times, 210–212. Movement of the eighteenth century, 213. Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 214. His method of treating the laws of wealth, 249. Mr. John Mill's and Mr. Rae's inquiry into the proper method of investigation, 250 note. French translations of the ‘Wealth of Nations’ in the eighteenth century, ii. 219. Voltaire's opinions respecting, 304. Rise of the French political economists in the middle of the eighteenth century, 327. The revolutionary tendency of this economical movement, 327. Schism effected between the nation and government by the economists, 328. Influence exercised shortly before the revolution by the economists, 329. Examination of Adam Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations,’ iii. 314. Salutary effects of man's constant endeavours to better his condition, 319. Malthus's work on population, 326. Constant struggle between capital and labour, according to Adam Smith, 326, 327. Views of David Hume, 333
• Politics, separation of theology from, i. 424. Consequences of this separation, 425–427. Effect of the protective spirit carried into politics, ii. 107
• Polytheism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Hume, i. 251 note. Natural creed of the Romans, 252. The religion of the Malayo-Polynesians, 304, 305
• Pope, origin of kissing his toe, according to Mathew of Westminster, i. 317. Voltaire's Reasons for the unity and consolidation of the power of the popes as compared with that of the Greek patriarchs, ii. 303
• Population, connexion between food and the laws of, i. 57. Case of the potato and Irish population, 66. A poor diet said to be more favourable to fecundity than a rich one, 68 note. Voltaire's ideas respecting the ratios by which population and food increase, ii. 304. Malthus's work on, iii. 326
• Pork, in general use in Europe as food, for centuries, i. 314. Cause of the refusal of the Mohammedans to eat pork, according to Mathew Paris, 315. Eaten in Asia and Africa, 315 note
• Porson, Richard, his letter on the texts of the Heavenly Witnesses, i. 429. His appreciation of the beauties of the English language, ii. 307
• Portugal, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123. Absence of science and triumph of the imagination in, 124
• Potato, the principal food of the labouring classes in Ireland, i. 65. Time of its introduction into that country, 65 note. The potato crop compared with that of wheat, 65. Used as food by the ancient Peruvians, 110. Introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards, 110, 111. The starch of the potato frozen into saccharine in Southern Peru, 111 note
• Pouissin, his works of art, ii. 209 note
• Prathama-Raja, the Hindu poets' account of, i. 136
• Precision contrasted with certainty in writing history, ii. 325
• Predestination, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the theory, 13. Calvin, Augustin, and the Manichæans, 13. Ambrose, 13 note. Writers on the absurdity of ‘an omnipotent arbitrary deity,’ 13 note. Barrenness of the hypothesis of predestination in a scientific investigation, 14. The doctrine of providential interference bound up with that of predestination, 19 note
• Preëmption, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385
• Prerogative, royal limits set to the, after the expulsion of the Stuarts, i. 402. None of our sovereigns since Queen Anne allowed to be present at state deliberations, 442 note. Reaction in favour of divine right, 445
• Prescription, old customary French law of, ii. 115
• ‘Presidial Jurisdiction,’ by Jousse, suppressed, ii. 238
• Press, efforts made by governments to destroy the liberty of the, i. 284, 285. Foundation of the public press in England, and its effect on English civilization, 386. Final abolition of the censorship over the, in England, 402. Practice of the English clergy of censuring all books that encouraged free inquiry, 414. First publication of Sunday newspapers, 431. Speech of Danvers as to the power of the press in his time, 484 note. War carried on in the reign of George III. against free discussion of the acts of the government, 488, 491. Vindictive prosecutions and persecutions of eminent men, 488. Importance of the press in England and France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 99
• Preston-pans, battle of, iii. 154
• Prévost de la Jannes, his ‘Life of Domat’ suppressed, ii. 237
• Prévost, his views as to the laws of the radiation of heat, ii. 362
• Priapus, Voltaire's remarks on the worship of, quoted, ii. 303 note
• Pride compared with vanity, ii. 163
• Pride, Colonel, his origin, ii. 155
• Primi, the Abbé, his ‘History of Louis XIV.,’ ii. 276. Thrown into the Bastille, 277
• Printing, early knowledge of, in China, i. 302 note. Legislative restrictions in former times on, 386 note. When first generally practised in country towns, 431, 432 note
• Probability, Romish doctrine of, i. 22 note
• Profits, in what they consist, i. 52. Always reduced by high wages, 74
• Progress, moral and intellectual, i. 174. Comparison of the moral with the intellectual element, 175. See Knowledge; Intellect; Man
• Progress, social, inferences to be drawn as to the causes of, i. 224
• Proselytism, why opposed by Charron, ii. 20 note
• Protective spirit, effect of the prevalence of the, in France, in trade and in politics, ii. 106, 107. History of the protective spirit, and comparison of it in France and England, 108. This spirit not destroyed by the feudal system, but only assumed a new shape, 111. New form of the protective spirit which continues in France to the present time, 122. The results compared in France and England, 126. Activity of the protective spirit in France, as shown by the history of chivalry, 131–134. Effect of this spirit carried into religion at the period of the Reformation, 137. Attempts of Charles I. to revive the old protective spirit, 147. Results of the energy of the protective spirit on the issue of the Fronde, 160–174. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into literature, and its result, 176 et seq. Lamentable results of the system of patronage in the reign of Louis XIV., 202. Reasons why government patronage should take a wrong course, 203. Illustrations of, 206. Reaction against the protective spirit in France, and preparations for the French Revolution, 213, 226
• Protestantism, compared with Roman Catholicism, i. 261. Intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of Sweden, 264. Intolerance of Protestants compared with that of the Catholics, ii. 51. Policy of Mazarin as to the French Protestants, 96 et seq. The war of Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Refusal of Henry IV. of France to punish them at the request of the pope, 22, 23. The King's measures for their protection, 23, 24. The Edict of Nantes confirmed by Catherine de Medici and by Louis XIII., 25. Richelieu's liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37–39, 42. The Protestant Confederation of 1633, 39. Desertion of the Protestant leaders, and consequent fall of the Protestant party into the hands of the clergy, 47–50. De Rohan and his brother the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. Causes of the intolerance of the French Protestants, 50, 51. Causes which produced their former superstition, 52–54. Evidence of their intolerance, 55. Decisions of the assembly at Saumur, 56. And of other assemblies, 57. Their interference in the functions of government and in other matters, 60. Bitterness of feeling exhibited in the works put forth by them, 61. Join the rebellion under Condé, and are defeated, 61. Their rebellion in Béarn, 61, 62. Civil war raised by them, and its character, 63. Their wealth, accumulated by industry and piracy, 63. The General Assembly of La Rochelle and its decisions, 64, 65. The consequent civil war, 66. Treaties of Montpelier and La Rochelle, 66. Interference of the Protestants in the commonest occurrences of life, 68. Results which would have happened to France if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 71, 72. The rebellion of the Protestants put down by Richelieu, who, however, refuses to persecute them, 73. Siege of La Rochelle, 74. Civil rights conceded to Protestant by a royal edict, 335
• Providential interference, doctrine of, i. 19 note
• Prussia, Extent of popular superstitions in, i. 238 note. Origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311
• Punishments future, Charron's views as to the doctrine of, ii. 22 note
• Punjab, Arab conquest of the, i. 46.
• Puppet-shows forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70
• Puritans, their government of England, i. 360. Their fanaticism, and little superstition, 361. Instances of their ignorance of the real principles of government, 361
• Purveyance, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385
• Pyramids of Egypt, a testimony of the degraded condition of the people, i. 90, 92. Weight of the great pyramid, 90 note. Hypotheses as to the purposes for which they were built, 90 note. Estimate of the expense of building one of the pyramids, 91 note
• Pyrenees, treaty of the, signed by Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98
•  
• Quæns, historical error to which their name gave rise, i. 298
• Quid emptores, statute of, ii. 119
• Quiché Indians, corrupt Christianity of the, i. 265 note
• Quinault, the poet of French music, ii. 207
•  
• Rabelais, not the first French sceptic, ii. 15, 16. His ridicule of the clergy, 15. Difference between him and Montaigne, 16
• Racine, his works, ii. 208. Pensioned to write a history of France for Louis XIV., ii. 277
• Rae, Mr., his inquiry into the method of investigation which political economists ought to follow, i. 250 note
• Ragi, use of the grain called, in the south of India, i. 71
• Ragnar Lodbrok, confusion in Saxo-Grammaticus's life of, i. 298
• Raikes, Robert, his organization of Sunday schools, i. 430 note
• Railways, effect of, in correcting national prejudices, and in diffusing desires for peace, i. 221–223
• Rainbow, the causes of the, detected by Descartes, ii. 79. Notions of the Hebrews and of other nations respecting the, 79 note
• Raleigh, Sir Walter, his military genius and works, i. 200
• Ravaillac, murders Henry IV. of France, ii. 24. Accounts of him, 24 note
• Raynal, l'Abbé, suppression of his work on the Indies, ii. 236
• Reading clubs, formation of, i. 433
• Reaumur, appearance of his work on the natural history of animals, ii. 197 note
• Rebellion, the Great English, causes which gave rise to, ii. 147. Characteristics of the, 148. Difference between it and the Fronde, 149. Conduct of the nobles, 151, 152. The true character of the Rebellion, 154. Plebeian origin of the leaders, 155–159. Causes of its success, 174, 175
• Reboulet, suppression of his ‘History of Clement XI.,’ ii. 238
• Red Sea Canal, number of lives sacrificed in the construction of the, i. 93
• Reform, the principle of, abandoned by William Pitt, i, 447. Mr. Grey's remarks on Pitt's conduct, 447 note
• Reformation, connexion between the, and the views advocated by Richard Hooker, i. 351 note. Immediate fall of the Church in England at the first assault of the Reformation, ii. 4. Influence of the Reformation generally in increasing the power of the Catholic clergy, 5 note. The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Analogy between the Reformation and the Revolutions of the seventeenth century, 138–140. Short existence of the Reformation in Spain, 450. Causes which brought about the Reformation in Scotland, iii. 62. John Knox, 75. The Reformation established, 78
• Reform Bill, important effects of the, i. 502
• Reid, Thomas, examination of his philosophy, iii. 348. Estimate of the value of what he effected, 353. Opposition between his method and that of Bacon, 356
• Religion; views of Hume and Comte respecting monotheism, i. 251 note. Influence of religion on the progress of society, 254. Illustration from the efforts of the missionaries, 255. From the history of the Jews, 257, 258. From the early history of Christianity, 259. And from Sweden and Scotland, 263–266. Baneful results of legislative attempts to encourage religious truth and discourage religious error, 281–285. Origin of religious toleration in England, 337. The last executions in England for heresy, 345. The right of private judgment held sacred by Chillingworth, 349. Whose work formed a decisive vindication of religious dissent, 352. Passing of the Toleration Act, 402. Easy and rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, ii. 7. Charron's the first instance in modern language of the doctrine of religious development, 21. An end put to religious wars by Richelieu, 40. Authorities respecting religious wars, 40 note. Effect of the peace of Westphalia, 42. Origin of the difference between religious theory and religious practice, 51. Eagerness of the clergy rather directed against error than against virtue, 52 note. Causes of the energy and vitality of a religion not protected by the government, 53, 54. Descartes' remarks on the slaves to form in religion, 85. Causes which lessen the disposition to form new creeds, 263 note. Religious wars, massacres, and persecutions, the result of ignorance of the duties of governments, i. 262
• Rent, theory of, i. 51 note. Considered as a division of wealth, 53 note. Rent in England, Scotland, France, and the United States, 75. In India, 76. Mode of ascertaining the true theory of rent, 250 note. Remarks on the theory of, iii. 336
• Representation, personal establishment of the political doctrine of, i. 435
• Reptiles, noxious, worship of, i. 126 note
• Respiration, theory of, ii. 367
• Retz, Cardinal de, character of, ii. 102. Secular view taken by him of political affairs, 102
• Reviews, literary periodical, origin of, i. 433
• Revolution of 1688, proximate cause of the, i. 399, 400. Importance of the, to England, 402. Sudden repentance of the clergy in having promoted it, 403
• Revolution, the French, preparations for the, ii. 213. Precursors of the, 230, 247. Causes of the hideous peculiarities of the, 248. Its proximate causes, after the middle of the eighteenth century, 323. The first epoch through which the French intellect passed in the eighteenth century, viz., the attack on the Church, 323. The second epoch, viz., the attack on the State, 327. Rise of the political economists, 327. Sudden increase of works relating to finance and other questions of government, 328. Influence of Rousseau, 330, 331. Attack of the government on the Church, 332. Machault's edict against mortmain, 332. Excitement caused by the edict, 333 note. The anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Religious toleration of the government, 434. Revival of Jansenism in France, and consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. After the fall of the Jesuits, the fall of the clergy inevitable, 347. Reasons for this, 349. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions in France, 351. Study of physical phenomena in France in connexion with the Revolution, 375–404. Effect of the American Rebellion in hastening the Revolution in France, 416, 417. Jefferson's part in the final blow dealt to the French government, 418. Summary of the causes of the French Revolution, 418
• Revolution, the Scottish, of 1559, iii. 81
• Rey, the first European philosophic chemist, ii. 197
• Rhyme, antiquity of, i. 293 note
• Rice, the general food of the people of India, i. 70. Nutritive qualities of, 70, 71. Immense yield of a rice-crop, 71
• Richard I. of England, historical error as to his appellation of the Lion, i. 299
• Richardson, admiration of Diderot for the works of, ii. 218
• Richelieu, Cardinal, his character, ii. 27, 29. Compared with Napoleon, 27. Fails to diminish the power of the French nobility, 28. Effectually humbles the clergy, 29–31. His treatment of the clergy how regarded by them, 33. Charges brought against him, 34. Review of his career, 34, 35. Supports the new secular scheme of government against the old ecclesiastical schemes, 36. His liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37–42. His endeavours to save the Palatine, 38. The peculiar glory of his administration, 39. Correspondence of his policy in regard to the French Protestant and Catholic Churches, 42 et seq. Puts down the rebellion of the Protestants, but abstains from persecuting them, 73. Confirms the Edict of Nantes, 74. Determines on the siege of Rochelle, 74. Reasons why he put down the Protestant party, 75, 76. His liberal policy part only of a much larger movement, 76. Analogy of the philosophy of Descartes with Richelieu's anti-theological policy, 83, 92
• Rio de Janeiro, vigour and profusion of the vegetation near, i. 103 note
• Rioja, Spanish poet, ii. 480
• Riolan, period in which he flourished, ii. 194
• Ripperda, his services to Spain, ii. 519, 542
• Roads in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, iii. 5, 6 note. Aversion of the Highlanders to roads, 159, 160 note
• Robertson, Dr., value of his ‘History of Scotland,’ iii. 19 note
• Robinson, John, Bishop of Bristol, the last ecclesiastic who held any of the high offices of state, i. 417 note
• Rochelle, La, intolerance of the Protestants in the town of, ii. 57. Determinations of the general assembly of 1620, ii. 63, 64. The civil war and its character, 63–66. Peace of La Rochelle, 66. The great siege of, 74
• Rochester, first printing office in, i. 432 note
• Rohan, Duc de, employed by Richelieu, ii. 44. De Rohan and his brother Soubise the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. An amnesty granted to him by Richelieu, 75
• Rohan, Chevalier de, his ill-treatment of Voltaire, ii. 231
• Roland, Madame, her knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 226
• Rolle, his remark on the peers created by George III., i. 454
• Romans, the, in Scotland, iii. 7. Character of their civilization in their best days, 8. Cause of their decline, 8, 9
• Rome, causes of the persecutions of the Christians by the Emperors of, i. 185. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient, 267. Voltaire's services in purging the early history of Rome of its absurdities, 309, 310. Niebuhr's arguments anticipated by Voltaire, 310, 311. Montesquieu's the first account of the real history of Rome, 314. Machiavelli's views, 314 note. Vico's opinions, 314 note
• Roses, wars of the, effect of the, upon the English nobles, ii. 138
• Ross, Western, seized by the Norwegians, ii. 11. Annexed to the Crown of Scotland, 46
• Ross, John, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107.
• Rouelle, his geological labours, ii. 368
• Roundheads, title first bestowed, ii. 149
• Rousseau, J. J., his opinion of the works of Montaigne, ii. 18 note. Persecuted by the Government, 236. Influence of his works, 330. Enthusiasm of the nation in his favour, 331 note. Immense demand for his works, 331 note. Belongs to the Calvinistic sect, 345
• Royal Society, avowed object of the establishment of the, i. 371
• Rubis, De, his work on the European monarchies, ii. 270
• Russia, cause of the war between Turkey and, i. 195. And of Russian predilection for war, 196
• Ruthven, Raid of, iii. 103, 104
•  
• Sabbath, the Scotch, iii. 265
• Sahara desert, its extent, i. 47. Condition of its inhabitants, 48
• Sailors, causes of the superstitions of, i. 375, 379
• Saint-Fargeau, Pelletier de, his Jansenism, ii. 345
• Saint Lambert, his professed atheism, ii. 352
• Salamanca, reply of the University of, when urged to teach the physical sciences, i. 125 note
• Sales, Delisle de, persecuted for his writings, ii. 237
• Sancroft, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392. Dr. Birch's opinion of him, 392 note. His attempts to convert James II. to Protestantism, 395 note. His open disloyalty, 401, 407, 408
• Sandoval, Spanish historiographer, ii. 480
• Sanscrit, character of the works written in, i. 132, 133. And of the Sanscrit language, 134 note
• Saracens, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 312
• Saragossa besieged by Childebert and Clotaire, ii. 435 note
• Saumaise, his opinion of the English people of the seventeenth century, ii. 214 note
• Saumur, decisions of the Protestant assembly at, ii. 56
• Saveur, considered as the inventor of acoustics, ii. 190 note
• Saxe, Maurice de, his treatment of the actress Chantilly, ii. 243
• Saxo Grammaticus, confusion in his life of Ragnar Lodbrok, i. 298
• Scandinavia, causes of error in the early history of, i. 300. The elder and younger Eddas, 301. Pork the chief food of the Scandinavians in early times, 314 note. Scandinavian pirates in Scotland, iii. 5
• Scepticism; the spirit of doubt the necessary precursor of improvement, i. 334. Hence the immense importance of scepticism, 335. First open appearance of scepticism in England and France, 336. Authorities as to the increase of scepticism in England since the latter part of the eighteenth century, 356 note. What the author means by the term scepticism, 357 note. Degree of suffering produced on some minds, 357. Legislative improvements of the reign of Charles II. caused by the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. Encouragement given to scepticism by the conduct of the clergy, 414. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies early in the eighteenth century, 427. First appearance of scepticism in France, ii. 14. Rabelais, 15. Intimate connexion between scepticism and toleration in France, 16. Montaigne, the first systematic sceptic in that country, 16. The first open declaration of scepticism in France, 18. Reason why scepticism was favoured by Henry IV. of France, 23. Scepticism of Hooker and Chillingworth, and of Montaigne and Descartes, 86, 87. Spread of scepticism in France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95 note. Analogy between the progress of scepticism in England and France, 103, 104. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 109. Commencement of the struggle between the advocates of inquiry and the advocates of belief, 109, 110. Rise and extent of historical scepticism, 261. The first sceptical book in the French language, by Montaigne, 266
• Schism Act, passing of the, i. 452
• Scholastic prejudices overthrown by Descartes, ii. 92
• Science unknown to the Egyptians, i. 49. Relation between inventions, discoveries, and method, ii. 386, 387
• Scotland, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross produce, i. 75. Character of the method of investigation of the great thinkers of, 245. Cause and effect of the divergence and hostility between the practical and speculative classes of, 246. Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Superstition, intolerance and bigotry of the clergy and people, 264, 265. The bards of Scotland, 292 note. Origin of the Scotch people, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, 312. Abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, by William III., 406. Condition of Scotland to the end of the fourteenth century, iii. 1 et seq. Scotland and Spain compared as to loyalty, 2. Similarity of the two countries as to superstition, 4. Investigation of the causes of Scotch liberality in politics united with illiberality in religion, 4 et seq. Influence of the physical geography of the country on the course of events, 5. Scotch roads in the seventeenth century, 5 note. The Roman invasion, 7. The Irish invasion, 9. The Norwegian invasion, 10. Attacks of the English, 12. Immediate consequences of their struggle with the English in the Scottish character, 13. Agriculture stopped, 16. Cannibalism, 17. Wars on the borders, 18. The growth of towns stopped by the wars, and the power of the nobles thereby increased, 18. Circumstances favourable to the authority of the nobles, 19. Weakness of the Crown, 20, 21. Ravages of the Highlanders, 21, 22. Prevalence of barter, 23. Industry impossible, and the commonest arts unknown, 23, 24. Dirty habits of the people, 25 note. Scanty population of the Scotch towns, 26 et seq. Their utter feebleness, 32. Causes of the alliance of the Crown with the Church, 34. Superstition of Scotland, and its causes, 35, 36. Witchcraft, 37. Ignorance of the upper and lower classes, 41, 42. Triumph of the aristocracy over the Church and Crown, 43. Their subsequent decline, 43. Condition of Scotland in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 45. Vigorous measures of Albany against the nobles, 45. And of James I., 46. And of James II., 49. Clanship, 50. The Crown encouraged by the clergy against the nobles, 54. Struggle in consequence, 55 et seq. The Reformation in Scotland the result of this struggle, 62. Battle of Solway and death of James V., 68, 69. Murder of Cardinal Beaton, 74. Career of John Knox, 75. Influence of the Guises, 77, 78. Mary of Guise deposed from the Regency, 80. Treaty of Berwick, 81. Supremacy of the nobles established, and destruction of the Church, 81. Quarrel between the nobles and the preachers about the wealth of the Church, 84. Presentation of the First Book of Discipline, 87. The shares of the new and old clergy, 87. The nobles said to have been instigated by the devil, 88. Persecution of the new clergy by Morton, at the head of the nobles, 91. The consequent rupture between Church and State, 93. The struggle under the leader, ship of Andrew Melville, 94. Attack on the bishops, ending with the abolition of episcopacy, 94 et seq. The Second Book of Discipline, 98. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100. Violent language used by the clergy, Melville's personal insult to the King, 110. The Gowrie conspiracy, 110. Boons conferred upon their country by the clergy, 112. Condition of Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 115 et seq. Attempts of James VI. (now James I. of England) to subjugate the clergy, 115. He forces episcopacy upon them, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125. Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The reaction, and its causes, 129. Framing of the National Covenant, 132. Overthrow of the Bishops, 133. Oppressions of Charles II., 137–139. His attempts to establish a permanent despotism baffled, 140. Episcopacy re-established, 141. Dragonnades in the west, 143, 144. Cruelties of James II., 147. Consequences of the alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 147. The reaction of 1688, 151. Causes of the rebellion of the Highlanders in 1715 and 1745 in favour of the Stuarts, 153. Insignificance into which the Highlanders sank after 1745, 157. Beginning of the trading spirit, 160. Connexion between the rise of the trading spirit and the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, 161, 162. Armour ceased to be worn, 161. Causes of the decline of the power of the nobles, 162, 167. Treatment which they received in London, 163, 164. Rage in Scotland for speaking with an English accent, 163 note. Causes of the abolition of clanship, 167, 168. Sudden rise of trading and manufacturing interests, 171. Their growth assisted by the union with England, 172. Facts illustrative of the history of Scotch industry down to the middle of the eighteenth century, 178 et seq. The first banks in Scotland, 181. Rise of a new and splendid literature, 183. Which, however, fails to diminish the national superstition, 184. Recapitulation of the history of the struggle with episcopacy, 191 et seq. Cromwell's chain of fortresses in Scotland, 194. Causes of the war of the people against Charles I., 197. Events which produced the solemn League and Covenant, 198. Effect and cause of Scotch superstition, 203. Zeal of the people to hear sermons of inordinate frequency and of terrible length, 203. Effect of the pretensions and arrogance of the clergy on the Scotch mind, 203, 269 et seq. Examination of Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281. And of Scotch physical philosophy, 361. Superstition and illiberality in religion still existing in Scotland, 469. Notions countenanced there respecting the origin of epidemics, 471. Correspondence between the Presbytery of Edinburgh and Lord Palmerston on the origin of the cholera in 1853, 473
• Sculpture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209
• Segovia, appearance of, in 1659, ii. 503 note. Decline of the silk and wool manufactures of, 503 note
• Seiks, cause of their superstition respecting the wounds inflicted by the tiger, i. 125 note
• Serpent, worship of the, i. 126 note
• Serra, his views as to the exportation of the precious metals, i. 212 note
• Serres, historiographer of France, importance attached by him to correct dates in history, ii. 267
• Severus, his expedition against Scotland, iii. 8
• Sévigné, Madame, her name for Queen Mary, consort of William III., ii. 214 note
• Seville, decline of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501
• Sewell, Mr., his remarks on the doctrines of passive obedience and divine right, i. 394 note
• Sexes, proportion kept up by the law of Nature in the births of the, i. 168. Opinions respecting the origin of the, 170 note, 173 note. Method by which the discovery of the proportion has been made, 172
• Shaftesbury, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, his notions of political economy, i. 211 note
• Shakspeare, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 note. His pure English, ii. 307 note
• Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, iii. 141. His cruelty and rapacity, 141
• Sheldon, Gilbert, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391, 392
• Shetland Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10
• ‘Siam, History of,’ by Turpin, ii. 238
• Silk trade of Toledo, lost, ii. 502
• Sinclair, Sir John, his services to statistical science, i. 33 note
• Sion College, the only public library in London at the end of the seventeenth century, i. 431 note
• Sigfussen Sæmund, his compilation of the Elder Edda, i. 301
• Silesia, origin of the name of, i. 312
• Simson, Professor Robert, his efforts to revive the pure Greek geometry, i. 247. Notice of him, 247 note. His reasons for recommending the old analysis, 248 note
• Sines, law of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 278
• Sins, specimens of the, invented by the Scotch clergy, iii. 261
• Siva, antiquity of the worship of, in India, i. 141. How represented by the Hindus, 141. His wife Doorga or Kali, 141
• Skye, Isle of, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11
• Slavery, favour with which it was regarded by George III., i. 447, 463. Burke's attack on, 463. Extinction of slavery in England, ii. 128. Its recent extinction in France, 129
• Small-pox, extra European origin of, i. 130 note
• Smith, Adam, publication of his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ i. 214. Its influence in a few years, 214, 215. His views as to the usury laws, 214 note. His services to mankind, 216. His method of metaphysical investigation, 249. French translations of his ‘Theory of the Moral Sentiments,’ ii. 219. And of his ‘Wealth of Nations,’ 219. Examination of his philosophy, as shown together in the ‘Moral Sentiments’ and in the ‘Wealth of Nations,’ iii. 305. His obliviousness and disregard of facts, 340, 341. His method of studying pathology compared with that of Cullen, 417
• Smith, William, character of his geological speculations, iii. 391
• Smuggling, the only means of keeping up trade during the evil interference of legislation, i. 277. Moral evils of smuggling, 278, 279
• Social laws, triumph of, over every obstacle, i. 31. Best method of arriving at social truth, ii. 1
• Socrates, effect produced by his method of dialectics upon some Greek minds, i. 357
• Soil, influence of, on the human race, i. 40. The Great Sahara, 47. The valley of the Nile, 48, 49. Heat and moisture the causes which regulate the fertility of every country, 96
• Soldiers, why less superstitious than sailors, i. 376, 379
• Solids, Cullen's theory of the, iii. 418
• Solis, the Spanish historian, ii. 480
• Solway, battle of, iii. 68
• Somers, Lord, prosecution instituted against him by the House of Commons, i. 452. Protected by the House of Lords, 452
• Sorbonne, Duvernet's history of the, ii. 237
• Sowrdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, ignominiously beaten, ii. 32. Flies to Carpentras, 33
• Space, the idea of, of the metaphysicians, i. 160. Authorities on the different theories of space, 161 note
• Spain, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Physical causes of the superstition existing in, 123. Triumph of the imagination, and absence of science in, 124. Causes of the persecutions in, 187. Numbers of persons put to death by the inquisition in, 189. Pork, a common food in, in former ages, 314 note. Archbishop Turpin's account of Charlemagne's conquest of, 319, 320. Scepticism punished, and its promulgation prevented in, 336. Influence of French literature in, in diffusing scepticism late in the last century, 336 note. Outline of the history of the intellect of, from the fifth to the middle of the nineteenth century, 425. Heat and dryness of the climate, 427. And therefore droughts and famines frequent and serious, 427. Earthquakes, 428. Causes of the prevalence of a pastoral life in Spain, 432. Settlement of the Visigoths and establishment of their opinions, 434. Attacks of the Franks upon their Arian neighbours, 435. Rise of the influence of the Spanish priesthood, 436. Character of Durham's ‘History of Spain and Portugal,’ 438 note. Proofs of the power of the Spanish clergy, 437, 438. Harsh character of the Spanish laws against heresy and the Jews, 438. The eight centuries of struggle between the Arabs and Spaniards, 439, 440. Effect of the dangers of the Spaniards in exciting their superstitious feelings, 441. Their chest of relics in the Asturias, 441. Their miracles and dreams, 442. The three ways in which the Mohammedan invasion strengthened the devotional feelings of the Spanish people, 444. Capacity and honesty of Isabella in the war with the Arabs, 444. Ferdinand and Isabella's decree against the Jews, 445. The number of Jews actually expelled from Spain, 446 note. Domestic and foreign policy of Charles V., 446. His obedience to the tendencies of his age, 447–449. Character of Philip II., 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of persons put to Death by Alva, 451. Object of all the wars and negotiations of Philip II., 452. The Armada prepared to humble England, 453. Unshaken loyalty of Philip's subjects, 454, 455. Causes of the spirit of loyalty which has distinguished the Spanish above every other European nation, 455. The Arab invasion one of the causes, 456. The old ballads, 456. The poem of ‘The Cid,’ 457. Loyalty of the Spanish codes, 458. Consequences of Spanish loyalty and superstition, 461 et seq. Rapid progress of Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 463. Her territories in America and in other parts of the world, 464. Her military superiority over her contemporaries, 464. Her eminent literary men who were also soldiers, 464. Causes of her decline, 465, 467. Essential difference between English and Spanish civilization, 465, 466. The decay of Spain in the seventeenth century due to the weakness of her people, 470. The declining energy of the government the cause of the increasing influence of the clergy, 472. Davila's statement of the Spanish theory of government, 472 note. Flourishing state of the Church, 475. Her hold over the highest as well as the lowest intellects, 478, 479. Great numbers of works on Spanish ecclesiastical history, 483. Expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 483–485. Cruelty with which they were treated, 485–494. Effect of the expulsion of the Moors in impoverishing the country, 497. Steps which mark the decline of Spain, 500. Loss of population and of manufactures, 501–504. Increase of poverty, 504–506. Destruction of the military reputation of Spain, 506, 515. The whole kingdom unprotected, 509. Gangs of robbers and murderers in the capital, 510 note. The Austrian dynasty succeeded by the Bourbons, 513. Policy of the first Bourbon, Philip V., 513. The Dukes of Berwick and Vendôme, 515–517. The finances of Spain administered by Orry, 518. Alberoni Ripperda, and Konigseg, 519. Endeavours of foreigners to improve the country by weakening the Church, 521. The clergy forced to contribute to the taxes, 523. Alliances formed between Spain and the Mohammedans, 525, 549. Inertness and ignorance of the people, high and low, at this period, 529. State of medical science in the seventeenth century, 532. Foreign aid called in to remedy native ignorance, 536. Expulsion of the Jesuits, 546. Attacks made on the Inquisition, 547. Foreign policy of Spain under the influence of foreigners, 549. A prospect of the return of wealth opened up, 550, 551. Effects of the vigour displayed by Charles III., 552 et seq. Causes of his failure to produce permanent good, 553. Decline of Spain under Charles IV., 571. Endeavours in the nineteenth century to improve the country, 574. Causes of their failure, 575. Immense natural advantages of Spain, 583. Her great men, 585. Her progress prevented by national ignorance, 589. The essential vice of the Spanish people, 592, 593. Causes which keep Spain in her miserable condition, 593 et seq. Scotland contrasted with Spain as to loyalty and superstition, iii. 1
• Stafford, William, his work on the theory of politics, ‘A Brief Conceipt of English Policy,’ i. 212 note
• Stanyan's ‘History of Greece,’ ii. 218
• Starch, amount of oxygen in, i. 62
• Starvation, proximate causes of, i. 58 note
• States-General of France, feebleness of the, ii. 121
• Statesmen, why as a body they are always in the rear of their age, i. 213
• Statistics, study of, i. 2. Importance of, 23 note. Of murder and other crimes, 24–29. Value of statistics in the light thrown upon the study of human nature, 33. Early writers on statistics, 33 note. Dislike of Adam Smith and David Hume for statistics, iii. 339. Objections to them, 339 note
• Steam, effect of the application of, to purposes of travelling, in weakening the love of war, i. 219–221
• Steam-engine, Watt's invention of the, iii. 402
• Stearn, Richard, his character as Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392
• Stepney, Mr., his notions of political economy, i. 211 note
• Stewart, Professor Matthew, his crusade against the algebraic or symbolical analysis, i. 247
• Stœffler, John, his predictions as to the deluge of 1524, i. 330
• Stoics, the, on the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in insanity, i. 17 note
• Stuart, Charles, the young Pretender, his stupidity and drunkenness, i. 444 note
• Subinfeudation, effects of, in France, ii. 119
• Suicide, the crime of, dependent upon the individual, i. 26. Futility of endeavours to diminish, by legislation, 26 note. Bentham on the perjury of English juries in cases of, 26 note. Regularity of the recurrence of, 28. Causes of, 28. Supposed effect of gloomy weather on the love of, 220220 note. Statistics of, 28, 29
• Sully, Marshal, ii. 43. His historical work, 266
• Sumatra, superstitions of the people of, respecting tigers, i. 126 note
• Sumbawa, the great earthquake and volcanic eruption of 1815 at, i. 126 note
• Sunday schools begun, i. 430. Opposition of the clergy to their establishment, 431 note
• Superstition, physical causes which give birth to, i. 122, 123. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, 123, 126. The worship of ferocious animals, 125, 126. The fear of death, 127. Pestilences, 127. Extent of popular superstition in Prussia, 238 note. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth century in shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Instance in Scotland of the popular belief in supernatural causation, 373. Causes of the superstitions of sailors and agriculturists, 375. Terror inspired by comets and eclipses, 376. The study of final causes abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. Connexion between loyalty and superstition, 455. Similarity between Scotland and Spain as to superstition, iii. 4. Scotland favourable to superstition, 35. Sources of superstition, 35. Cause and effect of Scotch superstition, 203. Superstition of the Scotch still existing, 471. Superstitions every day becoming effaced as physical science advances, 477
• Surgery, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 195
• Surnames, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112
• Sweden, intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of, i. 264. Swedish heroes of antiquity, 298
• Switzerland, Calvinism the popular creed of, ii. 339
• Sydenham, Thomas, his reformation in therapeutics, ii. 196
• Sympathy, examination of, iii. 310. Hunter's pathological speculations respecting the principles of, 450
•  
• Taille, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the, 129 note. The diminution of the, proposed by the Fronde, 150 note
• Talleyrand, M. de, his admiration for Charron's ‘De la Sagesse,’ ii. 19 note
• ‘Tamerlane, History of,’ by Margat, suppressed, ii. 237
• Tarrega, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479
• Tartars, origin of the, according to the writers of the Middle Ages, i. 313. And according to Whiston, 313 note. Effects of the barrenness of the steppes of, in keeping the people uncivilized, 45
• ‘Taste, Essay on,’ by Cartaud, suppressed, ii. 237
• Taxation; settlement of the right of the people of England to be taxed entirely by their own representatives, i. 384. Disputes between the two Houses of Parliament respecting taxation, 384 note
• Taylor, Jeremy, his abilities and virtues, i. 393. Marked neglect with which he was treated by Charles II., 393. His assertion of the doctrine of passive obedience, 401 note
• Teeth of animals, researches of Nasmyth and Owen on the structure of, ii. 384, 385
• Temperaments, the theory of, the principal stumbling-block of the phrenologists, i. 176 note
• Teratology, formation of the science of, ii. 396, 397 note
• Terray, M., his attack on Church property in France, ii. 333. His open protection of the Jansenists, 345
• Test Act, the, i. 396. Suspended by James II., 397. Repealed, 426 note
• Theology, state of the, of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, i. 270. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326–328. Theological justification of persecution, 344. Increasing indifference to theological matters in England in the seventeenth century, 350. Chillingworth's views, 350, 351. Connexion between the Reformation and the dogma of an infallible church, 350, 351. The authority of private judgment recognized, 352. Ecclesiastical power almost extinct in Europe, 354 note. Decline in British theology at the present time, 355 note. Efforts of the clergy to check the progress of scepticism, 356. Political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., 359. Antagonism in the reign of Charles II. between the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Reasons of the hostility of the clergy, 373. Separation of theology from morals and politics, 424. Effect of this separation, 425. Attempts to put down the Theological Society, 436 note. Theological influence greater in France in the sixteenth century than in England, ii. 6. Charron's the first attempt made in a modern language to construct a system of morals without the aid of theology, 19. Preparation of the way for the separation of theology from politics, 40, 41. Analogy of the anti-theological policy of Richelieu with the philosophy of Descartes, 83. Mischief done to the old theology by Descartes' principles, 90. Effect of the protective spirit carried into theology, 107. Former subservience of philosophy to theology, and universal interest which theological discussions once inspired, 262. Exactness of the knowledge of theologians on subjects on which nothing is known, 284 note. Reasons why theology is inferior to history, 289. Voltaire's attack on mere theologians, 308, 309. The question of free will taken up by theologians, 338. De Maistre's method of investigation, 389 note. Reasons why the theological or deductive method of philosophy was followed in Scotland, iii. 284. The deductive method of philosophy only applicable to theology, 464
• Theory, necessity of, in science, but dangerous in practice, iii. 414
• Thermotics, attention given to, in France, in the eighteenth century, ii. 361, 362
• Therapeutics, Sydenham's reformations in, ii. 196. Difference between the art of, and the science of, pathology, iii. 416
• Thibet, bards of, i. 292 note
• Thomas, suppression of his ‘Eloge on Marcus Aurelius,’ ii. 238
• Thomson, Hugh, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 204 note
• Thread manufacture of Paisley, rise of the, iii. 176
• Thumb-screw, torture of the, iii. 149
• Tigers worshipped by the Hajin tribe, i. 125 note. Superstitions of the Garrows and Seiks respecting them, 125 note. How regarded by the Malasir, 125 note. And by the inhabitants of Sumatra, 126 note
• Tissues, food necessary for repairing the waste of the, i. 55, 58. Bichat's views respecting the, ii. 379–382. The degenerations of, 382 note. The study of, neglected by Cuvier, 383 note
• Toledo, power of the clergy at, in the seventeenth century, ii. 437. Captured from the Arabs, 440. Decline of, in the seventeenth century, 502
• Toleration, religious, origin of, in England, i. 337. Unusual amount of toleration in Holland two centuries back, 337 note. State of the two hostile creeds in England in the reign of Elizabeth, 338. Hooker's ‘Ecclesiastical Polity’ compared with Jewel's ‘Apology for the Church of England,’ 340. Causes which always hasten the march of toleration, 53, 5454. Summary of the progress of toleration in England and France, 102. The religious toleration of the French government in the middle of the eighteenth, century, 334
• Toleration Act, passing of the, i. 402
• Toolholos, or bards of Thibet, i. 292 note
• Tooth, golden, work of Dr. Horst on the, i. 332
• Tories, the, re-established in power under George III., i. 443, 446
• Tournaments, origin of, ii. 134. Extinction of, 134
• Tournefort, his inferiority as a botanist, ii. 201
• Townsend, his views respecting political economy, ii. 304
• Tracheæ of plants, discovery of the, ii. 199
• Trade-wind, tract north and south of the equator covered by the, i. 101. Causes of the, 192. Way in which the trade-wind is connected with the civilization of South America, 103
• Trade, absurd notions respecting, in the 17th and 18th centuries, i. 213. Number of laws passed by the English legislature respecting, 213 note. Struggles of Parliament against the principles of free trade, 215. Objects of early commercial treaties, 216 note. Why the commercial spirit, formerly warlike, is now pacific, 218. Injuries inflicted upon trade by the interference of legislators, 276. Uncertainty of legislation the bane of commerce, 277, 278. Burke's advocacy of free trade, 462. Effect of the protective spirit carried into trade, ii. 107. Voltaire the first historian to recommend free trade, iii. 304. The free trade of the American colonies in the eighteenth century, 186
• Tragedies of Corneille, period in which they appeared, ii. 209
• Transubstantiation, relation of the Cartesian philosophy to the doctrine of, ii. 90. Development of the doctrine of, by the metaphysicians, 262
• Travelling, advantages of, in producing contact and respect, and in weakening the love of war, i. 219–221
• Travis, George, his letters on the text of the Heavenly Witnesses, i. 429
• Trojan origin of different nations, believed in, in the Middle Ages, i. 309
• Tuffnel, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155
• Turenne, created a marshal, ii. 98
• Turgot, M., his lectures and their influence, ii. 320. Sir James Mackintosh's opinion of his writings, 321. Influence he exercised shortly before the Revolution, 329. His anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. Said to have been a Jansenist, 345
• Turkey, causes of the war between Russia and, i. 95
• Turks, their defeat before Vienna, ii. 447
• Turku, the ancient name of Abo, i. 299
• Turner, Sir James, his cruelties in Scotland, iii. 143, 144 note
• Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, his absurd history of Charlemagne, i. 318
• Turpin, M., suppression of his ‘History of Siam,’ ii. 238
•  
• Understanding, Kant's views as to the scientific conception of the, i. 18 note. Why controlled by the imagination in India, and paramount in Greece, 138–146
• United States of North America, rent paid by the cultivator in, in proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. Causes of low rent, 76 note. Comparison of the history of England with that of the United States, 240. Characteristics of American literature, 241. Love of the people for the study of the law, 241 note. Policy of George III. respecting, 477, 479. His hatred of the Americans, 480 note. Effect of the Declaration of Independence in hastening the French Revolution, ii. 416
• Usury-laws, Adam Smith's views as to the, i. 214 note. Jeremy Bentham's demolition of the, 214 note. Increase of usury due to the attempts of legislators to keep it down, 283. Efforts of the Church to suppress it, 283 note. Jeremy Bentham's treatment of the usury-laws referred to, 284 note
•  
• Vanity compared with pride, ii. 163
• Vassy, massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in the, ii. 11
• Vattel, his views as to political economy, i. 212 note. His principles of foreign policy compared with those of Grotius, ii. 40 note
• Vega, Lope de, his offices in the Church and in the Inquisition, ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 note
• Velly, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 300
• Vendôme, Duc de, his command of the Spanish army, ii. 517
• Veneration, origin of, ii. 171
• Venner, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155
• Vergil, Polydore, his attack of the popular belief in the Trojan descent of the English kings, i. 309 note
• Verse, historical and scientific works written in, i. 293, 294 note. See Poetry
• Vico, his opinions as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314
• Villaret, character of his ‘History of France,’ ii. 300
• Villaviciosa, Spanish poet, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 481
• Vienna, defeat of the Turks before, ii. 447
• Villenage, extinction of, in England, ii. 128
• Visigoths, their settlement in Spain, and establishment of their Arian opinions there, ii. 434. Attacked by the orthodox Franks, under Clovis and his successors, 435
• Voisins, Gilbert des, his Jansenism, ii. 345
• Volcanic eruption of 1815 at Sumbawa, i. 126 note
• Voltaire, his visit to England and study of its language and literature, ii. 216–218. His admiration for England, 228. Persecutions to which he was exposed, 231. His method of writing history compared with that of Bossuet, 291. As instanced in his ‘History of Charles X.,’ 292. Turns his attention to physical and speculative science, 295. Returns to history, 295. His ‘Age of Louis XIV.,’ 296. His ‘Morals, Manners, and Character of Nations,’ 297. His intellect, 301. His habit of looking at epochs, and not at the character of the men by whom a country is governed, 301. His tragedies, 302. His endeavours to explain the origin of feudality, 302. His remark on licentious religious ceremonies, 303. The first historian to recommend free trade, 304. His anticipation of Malthus's principle, 304. His attack on the admiration entertained for the Middle Ages, 305. And for the pedantic admirers of antiquity and classical models, 306–308. Ignorant prejudice against him in England, 313. His vast labours aided by Montesquieu, 314
•  
• Wace, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey of Monmouth's history, i. 325
• Wages, in what they consist, i. 52. And on what they depend, 53. Enquiry into the physical conditions which over supply the labour market and keep the average rate of wages at a low point, 54 et seq. Effects of climate on wages, 62–64. Social and political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Highest, lowest, and average rates of wages in England during the last few years, 66 note. Rates of wages in Ireland, 67. And in India, 73, 74. Adam Smith's views as to the conflict between capital and, iii. 327
• Wales, injuries done by clerical historians to the traditions of the bards of, i. 306
• Wall, his part in Spanish affairs, ii. 544
• Walpole, Sir Robert, endeavours of the House of Commons to hunt him to the death, i. 452. His refusal to tax the colonies, 478
• War, decline of the practice of, i. 190. Causes of this, 190, 191, 198. Military spirit of Russia and Turkey, and its causes, 195, 196. Love of war extinct in England, 198. Contrast between the military genius of ancient and modern Europe, 199–202. Causes of the decay of this genius in modern times, 202–223. The right of private war allowed to the French nobles, ii. 115. Early extinction of private war in England, 138
• Warburton, Dr., Bishop of Gloucester, his separation of theology from politics, i. 425. Effect of his opinions, 426
• Watches, superiority of the English in the seventeenth century, ii. 193 note
• Water, methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of, iii. 403
• Watson's ‘History of Philip II.,’ translated by Mirabeau, ii. 225
• Watt, James, his invention of the steam-engine, iii. 402. His discovery of the composition of water, and the method employed, 403
• Wealth, effects of climate, food, and soil on the accumulation of, i. 41. Effects of wealth on the existence of an intellectual class, 42. Physical causes by which the creation of wealth is governed, 42 et seq. Laws of the distribution of wealth, 51. Interest, profits, and wages, 52. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in India in all ages, 72–77
• Weather, alleged effect of gloomy, on the love of suicide, i. 220 note
• Wellington, Duke of, his character as a warrior and statesman, i. 201, 202
• Welsh, John, story of, and the Popish mocker, iii. 212
• Werner, A. G., character of his method of geological speculation, iii. 393
• Wesley, John, his abilities as a theological statesman, i. 421, 422. Calumnies and insults to which he and his followers were subjected by the clergy, 423. His ambitious views as to his sect, 424 note
• Westphalia, Congress of, purely secular policy of the, ii. 41. The revenues of the Church seized by the contracting parties, 41. Indignation of the pope at the treaty, 41 note
• Whewell, Dr., his errors, ii. 401 note
• Whigs, their long monopoly of power, i. 443. Displaced by the Tories in the reign of George III., 443, 446
• Whitby, first printing office in, i. 432 note
• White, Blanco, on free will, quoted, i. 15 note
• Whitefield, George, his career, i. 421 note. Character of his sermons, 421 note. Excitement produced by him, 421 note. Opposition of the clergy to him, 423, 424 note
• Wightman, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions, i. 345 note
• Will, free, controversies of the Calvinists and Arminians as to, ii. 338
• William the Conqueror, his modification of the feudal system in England, ii. 114
• William III., main characteristics of the reign of, i. 402, 403. Eulogy of Sir A. Alison, 403 note. Hostility between the King and the clergy, 405. His abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, 406. His deprivation of the Archbishop of Canterbury and six of his brethren, 410
• Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastical lord keeper, i. 417 note
• Witchcraft, period of the destruction of the old notions respecting, i. 363 note. Charge of Chief Baron Hale in 1665, 363 note. The last witches executed in England and in Spain, 364 note. John Wesley's belief in the existence of witches, 364 note. Repeal of the statutes against witchcraft, 364 note. Witchcraft in Scotland, iii. 37
• Woodrow, value of his ‘Analecta,’ iii. 230 note
• Wool manufactures of Spain in the eighteenth century, ii. 542
• Writing, invention of, a cause of error in history, i. 296. Modes in which it effects this, 296, 297
•  
• Yeomanry, rights of English, ii. 119. Unknown in France, 120. Decay of the Yeomanry in England, 120 note
• Yeomen of the Guard, establishment of the, ii. 7 note
•  
• Zamora, Spanish poet, ii. 480
• Zoology, state of the science of, in France under Louis XIV., ii. 197
• Zoology, generalizations in, of Frenchmen in the eighteenth century, ii. 375. The statical and dynamical parts of, 375. Impetus given to the science by Cuvier and Bichat, 376–381
• Zurich, antiquity of, according to Swiss authorities, i. 312