233. The Pelagic Fauna.—The surface of the open ocean seems everywhere, at a certain distance from the coast at least, to be peopled by crowds of living Radiolaria. In the tropical zone these pelagic crowds consist of many different species, whilst in the frigid zones, on the other hand, they are made up of many individuals belonging to but few species. Most of these inhabitants of the surface may be regarded as truly pelagic species, which either remain always at the surface or descend only very slightly below it. Probably most Porulosa (both Spumellaria and Acantharia) belong to this group; whilst but few Osculosa occur in it, and fewer Phæodaria than Nassellaria. In general the pelagic Radiolaria are distinguished from the abyssal by the more delicate and slender structure of their skeletons; the pores of the lattice-shells are larger, the intervening trabeculæ thinner; the armature of spines, spathillæ, anchors, &c., is more various and more highly developed. Numerous forms are to be found among the pelagic Radiolaria which have either an incomplete skeleton or none at all. When the pelagic forms leave the surface on account of unfavourable weather, they appear only to sink to slight depths (probably not below 20 or 30 fathoms). Within the limits of the same family the size of the pelagic species seems to be on an average greater than that of the related abyssal forms.

234. The Zonarial Fauna.—Between the pelagic fauna living at the surface of the open sea and the abyssal, which floats immediately over the bottom, there appears to be usually a middle fauna, which inhabits the different bathymetrical zones of the intermediate water, and hence may be shortly called the "zonarial" fauna. The different species of Radiolaria which inhabit these different strata in the same vertical column of water present differences corresponding to those of the plants composing the several zones of vegetation, which succeed each other at different heights on a mountain; they correspond to the different conditions of existence which are presented by the different strata of water, and to which they have become adapted in the struggle for existence. The existence of such bathymetrical zones has been shown by those important, if not numerous, observations of the Challenger, in which the tow-net was used at different depths at one and the same Station. In several cases the character of the Radiolarian fauna at different depths presented characteristic differences.

For the present, and until we are better acquainted with the characters of the Radiolarian fauna at different depths, we may distinguish provisionally the following five bathymetrical zones:—(1) The pelagic zone, extending from the surface to a depth of about 25 fathoms; (2) the pellucid zone, extending from 25 to 150 fathoms, or as far as the influence of the sunlight makes itself felt; (3) the obscure zone, extending from 150 to 2000 fathoms, or from the depth at which sunlight disappears to that at which the influence of the water containing carbonic acid begins and the calcareous organisms vanish; (4) the siliceous zone, extending from 2000 or 2500 to about 3000 fathoms, in which only siliceous not calcareous Rhizopoda are found, and in which the peculiar conditions of the lowest regions have not yet appeared; (5) the abyssal zone, in which the accumulation of the oceanic deposits, and the influence of the bottom currents, create new conditions of existence. So far as our isolated and incomplete observations of the zonarial Radiolarian fauna extend, it appears that the subclass Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia) predominates in the two upper zones, and as the depth increases is gradually replaced by the subclass Osculosa (Nassellaria and Phæodaria), so that the latter predominates in the two lowest zones. The obscure zone which lies in the middle is probably the poorest in species. In general, the morphological characters of the zonarial fauna appear to change gradually upwards into the delicate form of the pelagic and downwards into the robust constitution of the abyssal; so also the average size of the individuals (within the limits of the same family) appears to increase upwards and decrease downwards.

235. The Abyssal Fauna.—The great majority of Radiolaria which have hitherto been observed, and which are described in the systematic portion of this Report, have been obtained from the bottom of the deep-sea, and more than half of all the species have been derived from the pure Radiolarian ooze, which forms the bed of the Central Pacific at depths of from 2000 to 4000 fathoms (§ 237). Many of these abyssal forms were brought up with the malacoma uninjured, and they show, both when mounted immediately in balsam, and when preserved in alcohol, all the soft parts almost as clearly as fresh preparations of pelagic Radiolaria. These species are to be regarded as truly abyssal, i.e., as forms which live floating only a little distance above the bottom of the deep-sea, having become adapted to the peculiar conditions of life which obtain in the lowest regions of the ocean. Probably the majority of the Phæodaria belong to these abyssal Radiolaria, as well as a large number of Nassellaria, but on the other hand, only a small number of Acantharia and Spumellaria are found there. A character common to these abyssal forms, and rarely found in those from the surface or from slight depths, is found in their small size and their heavy massive skeletons, in which they strikingly resemble the fossil Radiolaria of Barbados and the Nicobar Islands. The lattice-work of the shell is coarser, its trabeculæ thicker and its pores smaller than in pelagic species of the same group; also the apophyses (spines, spathillæ, coronets, &c.), are much less developed than in the latter. From these true abyssal Radiolaria must be carefully distinguished those species whose empty skeletons, devoid of all soft parts, occur also in the Radiolarian ooze of the deep-sea, but are clearly only the sunken remains of dead forms, which have lived at the surface or in some of the upper zones.

236. Deposits containing Radiolaria.—The richest collection of Radiolaria is found in the deposits of ooze which form the bed of the ocean. Although the pelagic material skimmed from the surface of the sea, and the zonarial material taken by sinking the tow-net to various depths, are always more or less rich in Radiolaria, still the number of species thus obtained is, on the whole, much less than has hitherto been got merely from deep-sea deposits. Of course the skeletons found in the mud of the ocean-bed, may belong either to the abyssal species which live there (§ 235), or to the zonarial (§ 234), or to the pelagic species (§ 233), for the siliceous skeletons of these latter sink to the bottom after their death. Almost all these remains found in the deposits belong to the siliceous "Polycystina" (Spumellaria and Nassellaria); Phæodaria occur but sparingly, and Acantharia are entirely wanting, for their acanthin skeleton readily dissolves. The abundance of Radiolaria varies greatly according to the composition and origin of the deposits. In general marine deposits may be divided into two main divisions, terrigenous and abyssal, or, more shortly, muds and oozes. The terrigenous deposits (or muds) include all those sediments which are made up for the most part of materials worn away from the coasts of continents and islands, or brought down into the sea by rivers. Their greatest extent from the coast is about 200 nautical miles. They contain varying quantities of Radiolaria, but much fewer than those of the next group. The abyssal deposits (or oozes) usually commence at a distance of from 100 to 200 nautical miles from the coast. In general they are characterised by great uniformity, corresponding to the constancy of the conditions under which they are laid down; they may be divided into three categories, the true Radiolarian ooze (§ 237), Globigerina ooze (§ 238), and red clay (§ 239). Of these three most important deep-sea formations the first is by far the richest in Radiolaria, although the other two contain often very many siliceous shells.

The marvellous discoveries of the Challenger have thrown upon the nature of marine deposits an entirely new light, which justifies most important conclusions regarding the geographical distribution and geological significance of the Radiolaria. Since Dr. John Murray and the Abbé Renard will treat fully of these interesting relations in a forthcoming volume of the Challenger series (Report on the Deep-Sea Deposits), it will be sufficient here to refer to their preliminary publication already published (Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger, 1885, vol. ii. part ii. pp. 915-926); see also the earlier communications by John Murray (1876, L. N. 27, pp. 518-537), and by Sir Wyville Thomson (The Atlantic, L. N. 31, vol. i. pp. 206-246). In the Narrative (loc. cit., p. 916) the following table of marine deposits is given:—

Terrigenous deposits. brace Shore formations, brace Found in inland seas and along the shores of continents.
Blue mud,
Green mud and sand,
Red mud,
 
Volcanic mud and sand, brace Found around oceanic islands and along the shores of continents.
Coral mud and sand,
Coralline mud and sand,
 
Abysmal deposits. brace Globigerina ooze, brace Found in the abysmal regions of the ocean basins.
Pteropod ooze,
Diatom ooze,
Radiolarian ooze,
Red clay,

237. Radiolarian Ooze.—By Radiolarian ooze, in the strict sense of the term, are understood those oceanic deposits, the greater part of which (often more than three-quarters) is composed of the siliceous skeletons of this class. Such pure Radiolarian ooze has only been found in limited areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is most conspicuous in the Central Pacific, between lat. 12° N. and 8° S., long. 148° W. to 152° W., the depth being everywhere between 2000 and 3000 fathoms (Stations 266 to 268 and 272 to 274). In the deepest of the Challenger soundings (Station 225, 4475 fathoms) the bottom is composed of pure Radiolarian ooze, as well as at the next Station in the Western Tropical Pacific (Station 226, 2300 fathoms), the latitude varying from 12° N. to 15° N., and the longitude from 142° E. to 144° E. In the Indian Ocean also, pure Radiolarian ooze was found in the year 1859 between Zanzibar and the Seychelles, this being the first known example of it (§ 230). On the other hand, it has not yet been found in the bed of the Atlantic; but the Tertiary formations of Barbados (Antilles, § 231) like those of the Nicobar Islands (Further India), are to be regarded as pure Radiolarian ooze in the fossil condition. Mixed Radiolarian ooze is the name given to those deposits in which the Radiolaria exceed any of the other organic constituents, although they do not make up half the total mass. To this category belong a large number of the Challenger soundings which are entered in the Station list either as red clay or Globigerina ooze. Such mixed Radiolarian ooze has been discovered (A) in the North Pacific in an elongated area of red clay extending from Station 241 to Station 245 (perhaps even from Station 238 to Station 253), that is, at least, from long. 157° E. to 175° E., between lat. 35° N. and 37° N.; (B) in the tropical Central Pacific in the Globigerina ooze of Stations 270 and 271. The ooze from the latter station, situated almost on the equator (lat. 0° 33′ S., long. 151° 34′ W.), is specially remarkable, for it has yielded more new species of Spumellaria and Nassellaria than any other Station, not excluding even the neighbouring Stations 268, 269, and 272. Probably such mixed Radiolarian ooze is very widely distributed in the depths of the ocean, as, for example, in the South Pacific (Stations 288, 289, 300, and 302), and in the Southern Ocean (Stations 156 to 159); also in the South Atlantic (Stations 324, 325, 331, 332) and in the tropical Atlantic (Stations 348 to 352). When carefully purified and decalcified by acids, Radiolarian ooze appears as a fine shining white powder; in the raw state it is yellowish or reddish, sometimes reddish-brown or dark brown in colour, according to the quantity of oxides of iron, manganese, &c., which it contains. Calcareous skeletons (especially the tests of pelagic Foraminifera) do not occur at all or only in very minute quantities in pure Radiolarian ooze from more than 2000 fathoms, whilst specimens of mixed ooze often contain considerable quantities of them.

Pure Radiolarian ooze was first described by Dr. John Murray as regards its peculiar nature and composition under the name "Radiolarian ooze" (1876, L. N. 27, pp. 525, 526); compare also Sir Wyville Thomson (The Atlantic, L. N. 31, vol. i. pp. 231-238), and John Murray (Narr. Chall. Exp., L. N. 53, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 920-926, pl. N. fig. 2). The different specimens of pure Radiolarian ooze obtained by the Challenger from the Pacific, and handed to me for investigation, are from depths of from 2250 fathoms to 4475 fathoms, and may be divided according to their composition into three different groups:—I. The Radiolarian ooze of the Western Tropical Pacific, Stations 225 and 226, from depths of 4475 and 2300 fathoms (lat. 11° N. to 15° N., and long. 142° E. to 144° E.). II. The Radiolarian ooze of the northern half of the Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 269, from depths of 2550 to 2900 fathoms. III. The Radiolarian ooze of the southern half of the Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, from depths of 2350 to 2925 fathoms. A fourth group would be constituted by the Radiolarian ooze from the Philippines, which was brought up by Brooke in 1860 near the Marianne Islands from 3300 fathoms, and described by Ehrenberg (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1860, p. 765). The Diatom ooze, too, found by the Challenger in the Antarctic regions (Stations 152 to 157) is in some parts so rich in Radiolaria that it passes over into true Radiolarian ooze. Regarding the Radiolarian ooze from Zanzibar, obtained by Captain Pullen in 1859 from 2200 fathoms (§ 230), we have only the incomplete communications of Ehrenberg (L. N. 24, p. 147). A more accurate knowledge of these deposits from the Indian Ocean, and of those which we may with probability expect from the tropical eastern Atlantic, will be sure to increase very widely our knowledge of the class.

238. Globigerina Ooze.—Next to the Radiolarian ooze proper the Globigerina ooze is the deposit which is richest in the remains of Radiolaria. Often these are so abundant that it is doubtful to which category the specimen should be referred (e.g., Stations 270 and 271, see § 237). In fact, the two pass without any sharp boundary into each other, and both present transitions to the Diatom ooze. Next to red clay (§ 239), Globigerina ooze is the most widely distributed of all sediments, and forms a large part of the bed of the ocean at depths of 250 to 2900 fathoms (especially between 1000 and 2000 fathoms). It covers extensive areas at depths below 1800 fathoms, and in still deeper water is replaced by red clay. It is a fine-grained white, grey, or yellowish powder, which sometimes becomes coloured rose, red, or brown owing to the admixture of oxides of iron and manganese. True Globigerina ooze consists for the most part of the accumulated calcareous shells of pelagic Foraminifera, principally Globigerina and Orbulina, but also Hastigerina, Pulvinulina, &c. It contains usually from 50 to 80 per cent. of calcium carbonate, the extreme values being 40 and 95 per cent. After this has been removed by acids, there remains a residue, which consists partly of the siliceous shells of Radiolaria and Diatoms, and partly of mineral particles identical with the volcanic elements of the red clay.

Regarding the composition and significance of the Globigerina ooze, see John Murray (L. N. 27, pp. 523-525, and L. N. 53, vol. i. p. 919). Recently this author has separated from the Globigerina ooze (sensu stricto), the Pteropod ooze, distinguished from the former by the greater abundance of Pteropod shells and calcareous shells of larger pelagic organisms which it contains. It is found in moderate depths (at most 1500 fathoms), and contains fewer Radiolaria.

239. Red Clay.—This is quantitatively the most important of all deep-sea deposits, covering by far the greatest extent of the three great ocean basins at depths greater than 2200 fathoms. It thus far surpasses in area the other deposits, both Radiolaria and Globigerina oozes, and commonly forms a still deeper layer beneath them. Probably these three deep-sea deposits together cover about three-eighths of the whole surface of the earth, that is, about as much as all the continents together, whilst only two-eighths are covered by the terrigenous deposits. Red clay is principally composed of silicate of alumina, mixed in various proportions with other finely granular substances; its usual red colour, which sometimes passes over into grey or brown, is more especially due to admixture of oxides of iron and manganese. Calcareous matter is usually entirely wanting, or present only in traces, whilst free silica is found in very variable, often considerable quantities. The chief mass of the red clay consists of volcanic ashes, pumice, fragments of lava, &c., whilst a large part of it is generally composed of shells of Radiolaria or fragments of them; in many places the number of well-preserved skeletons contained in the red clay is very considerable, so that it passes over gradually into the Radiolarian ooze (e.g., in the North Pacific, Stations 238 to 253, see § 237). Hence it may be supposed that a large part of the red clay consists of decomposed Radiolarian ooze.

The characteristic composition and fundamental significance of the red clay in the formation of the deep-sea bed were first made known by the discoveries of the Challenger (compare John Murray, 1876, L. N. 27, p. 527, and Narr. Chall. Exp., L. N. 53, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 920-926, pl. N; also Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, L. N. 31, vol. i. pp. 226-229). The mineral components of the red clay are for the most part of volcanic origin, due to the decomposition of pumice, lava, &c. Among the organic remains found in it, the siliceous skeletons of Radiolaria are by far the most important, and their number is often considerable. A large portion of the red clay appears to me to consist of broken down Radiolarian shells, in which a peculiar metamorphism probably has taken place. Sir Wyville Thomson was of opinion that a considerable proportion of it consisted of the remains of Globigerina ooze, the calcareous constituents of which had been removed by the carbon dioxide in the deep-sea water (L. N. 31, loc. cit.). Among these remains, however, the siliceous skeletons of the Radiolaria play a significant and often the most important part. Furthermore, John Murray has called attention to the fact that in many deep-sea deposits yellow and red insoluble particles remain, which unmistakably present the form of Radiolarian shells (L. N. 27, p. 513). At Station 303 he found "amorphous clayey matter, rounded yellow minerals, many Radiolaria-shaped;" at Station 302 there was sediment "consisting almost entirely of small rounded red mineral particles; many of these had the form of both Foraminifera and Radiolaria; and it seemed as if some substance had been deposited in and on these organisms." Similar transitions from well-preserved Radiolarian shells into amorphous mineral particles I have found in several other specimens of Challenger soundings, and consider them a further argument for the supposition that the Radiolaria often take an important share in the formation of the red clay.

240. List of Stations at which Radiolaria were observed on the Challenger Expedition.—The 168 Stations recorded below, in soundings or surface preparations from which I found Radiolaria, belong to the most various parts of the sea which the Challenger traversed during her voyage round the world; they constitute about half of the (364) observing Stations contained in the official list published in the Narrative of the Cruise (Narr. Chall. Exp., vol. i. part ii. Appendix ii.).

In addition to the particulars given in the list regarding the geographical position of the Station, depth, temperature, and composition of the bottom deposit, I have added the result of my investigations as regards the relative abundance of the Radiolaria in each. The five letters (A to E) denote the following degrees of frequency:—A, abundant Radiolaria (AI, pure Radiolarian ooze; AII, mixed Radiolarian ooze); B, very numerous Radiolaria (but not a predominating quantity); C, many Radiolaria (medium quantity); D, few Radiolaria; E, very few Radiolaria (as they occur almost always). In using these symbols regard has been had to abundance of the abyssal as well as of the zonarial and pelagic forms (§ 232); sometimes also the estimated number of Radiolaria has been inserted, based upon information given by John Murray in his Preliminary Report (L. N. 27), and in the Narrative of the Cruise (L. N. 53), as well as by Henry B. Brady in his Report on the Foraminifera (Zool. Chall. Exp., part xxii., 1884). From Stations 348 to 352 in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic no specimens of the bottom were obtained, but a rich pelagic Radiolarian fauna was demonstrated by numerous preparations from the surface. The depths are given in fathoms and the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. In the column describing the nature of the bottom the following abbreviations are used:—

rad. oz. = Radiolarian ooze (§ 237).
gl. oz. = Globigerina ooze (§ 238).
r. cl. = red clay (§ 239).
pt. oz. = Pteropod ooze (see p. clviii).
di. oz. = Diatom ooze (see p. clvii).		 bl. m. = blue mud,
gr. m. = green mud,
volc. m. = volcanic mud,		 brace terrigenous deposits
(see p. clvi).
r. m. = red mud.
 
rad. oz. = Radiolarian ooze (§ 237).
gl. oz. = Globigerina ooze (§ 238).
r. cl. = red clay (§ 239).
pt. oz. = Pteropod ooze (see p. clviii).
di. oz. = Diatom ooze (see p. clvii).
bl. m. = blue mud, brace terrigenous deposits
(see p. clvi).
gr. m. = green mud,
volc. m. = volcanic mud,
r. m. = red mud.
Challenger Station Locality 1. Depth in Fathoms Bottom Temperature °F Nature of Bottom Relative
Abundance of
Radiolaria.		 Date. Latitude and Longitude. Nearest Land.
1873.
001. N. Atl. 1890 36.8 gl. oz. D few Feb. 15 27° 24′ N., 16° 55′ W. S. of Tenerife.
002. N. " 1945 36.8 gl. oz. E very few F" 17 25° 52′ N., 19° 22′ W. S.W. of the Canary Islands.
005. N. " 2740 37.0 r. cl. D few F" 21 24° 20′ N., 24° 28′ W. S.W. of the Canary Islands.
009. N. " 3150 36.8 r. cl. E very few F" 26 23° 23′ N., 35° 11′ W.  (Ocean).
024. Tr. Atl. 390 ... pt. oz. D few Mar. 25 18° 38′ N., 65° 5′ W. Culebra (Antilles).
 
032. N. Atl. 2250 36.7 gl. oz. E very few April 3 31° 49′ N., 64° 55′ W. Bermuda.
045. N. " 1240 37.2 bl. m. E very" May 3 38° 34′ N., 72° 10′ W. S. of New York.
050. N. " 1250 38.0 bl. m. E very" F" 21 42° 8′ N., 63° 39′ W. S. of Halifax.
064. N. " 2700 ... r. cl. D few June 20 35° 35′ N., 50° 27′ W.  (Ocean).
076. N. " 900 40.0 pt. oz. D f" July 3 38° 11′ N., 27° 9′ W. Azores.
 
098. Tr. Atl. 1750 36.7 gl. oz. C many Aug. 14 9° 21′ N., 18° 28′ W. W. of Sierra Leone.
106. Tr. " 1850 36.6 gl. oz. C m" F" 25 1° 47′ N., 24° 26′ W.  (Ocean).
108. Tr. " 1900 36.8 gl. oz. C m" F" 27 1° 10′ N., 28° 23′ W.  (Ocean).
111. Tr. " 2475 33.7 gl. oz. C m" F" 31 1° 45′ S., 30° 58′ W.  (Ocean).
120. Tr. " 675 ... r. m. D few Sept. 9 8° 37′ S., 34° 28′ W. Pernambuco.
 
132. S. Atl. 2050 35.0 gl. oz. C many Oct. 10 35° 25′ S., 23° 40′ W. Tristan da Cunha.
134. S. " 2025 36.0 gl. oz. C m" F" 14 36° 12′ S., 12° 16′ W. Tristan da Cunha.
137. S. " 2550 34.5 r. cl. D few F" 23 35° 59′ S., 1° 34′ E.  (Ocean).
138. S. " 2650 35.1 r. cl. D f" F" 25 36° 22′ S., 8° 12′ E.  (Ocean).
143. S. Ind. 1900 35.6 gl. oz. E very few Dec. 19 36° 48′ S., 19° 24′ E. Cape of Good Hope.
 
144. S. " 1570 35.8 gl. oz. E very" F" 24 45° 57′ S., 34° 39′ E.  (Ocean).
145. S. " 140 ... volc. s. D few F" 27 46° 43′ S., 38° 4′ E. Prince Edward Island.
146. S. " 1375 35.6 gl. oz. C many F" 29 46° 46′ S., 45° 31′ E.  (Ocean).
147. S. " 1600 34.2 di. oz. C m" F" 30 46° 16′ S., 48° 27′ E. W. of the Crozet Islands.
1874.
148. S. " 210 ... gravel,
 shells		 D few Jan. 3 46° 47′ S., 51° 37′ E. E. of the Crozet Islands.
 
149H. S. " 127 ... volc. m. D f" F" 29 48° 45′ S., 69° 14′ E. Kerguelen Island.
150. S. " 150 35.2 gravel D f" Feb. 2 52° 4′ S., 71° 22′ E. N. of Heard Island.
151. S. " 75 ... volc. m. D f" F" 7 52° 59′ S., 73° 33′ E. Heard Island.
152. S. " 1260 ... di. oz. C many F" 11 60° 52′ S., 80° 20′ E.  (Ocean).
153. S. " 1675 ... bl. m. C m" F" 14 65° 42′ S., 79° 49′ E. Antarctic Ice.
 
154. S. " 1800 ... bl. m. C m" F" 19 64° 37′ S., 85° 49′ E. Antarctic Ice.
155. S. " 1300 ... bl. m. C m" F" 23 64° 18′ S., 94° 47′ E. Antarctic Ice.
156. S. " 1975 ... di. oz. B numerous F" 26 62° 26′ S., 95° 44′ E.  (Ocean).
157. S. " 1950 32.1 di. oz. B num" Mar. 3 53° 55′ S., 108° 35′ E.  (Ocean).
158. S. " 1800 33.5 gl. oz. B num" F" 7 50° 1′ S., 123° 4′ E.  (Ocean).
 
159. S. " 2150 34.5 gl. oz. B num" F" 10 47° 25′ S., 130° 22′ E.  (Ocean).
160. S. " 2600 33.9 r. cl. C many F" 13 42° 42′ S., 134° 10′ E.  (Ocean).
162. S. " 38 ... sand E very few April 2 39° 10′ S., 146° 37′ E. Bass Strait.
163. S. Pac. 2200 34.5 gr. m. E very" F" 4 36° 57′ S., 150° 34′ E. Port Jackson.
164A. S. " 1200 ... gr. m. E very" June 13 34° 9′ S., 151° 55′ E. W. of Sydney.
Challenger Station Locality 2. Depth in Fathoms Bottom Temperature °F Nature of Bottom Relative
Abundance of
Radiolaria.
001. N. Atl. 1890 36.8 gl. oz. D few
002. N. " 1945 36.8 gl. oz. E very few
005. N. " 2740 37.0 r. cl. D few
009. N. " 3150 36.8 r. cl. E very few
024. Tr. Atl. 390 ... pt. oz. D few
 
032. N. Atl. 2250 36.7 gl. oz. E very few
045. N. " 1240 37.2 bl. m. E very"
050. N. " 1250 38.0 bl. m. E very"
064. N. " 2700 ... r. cl. D few
076. N. " 900 40.0 pt. oz. D f"
 
098. Tr. Atl. 1750 36.7 gl. oz. C many
106. Tr. " 1850 36.6 gl. oz. C m"
108. Tr. " 1900 36.8 gl. oz. C m"
111. Tr. " 2475 33.7 gl. oz. C m"
120. Tr. " 675 ... r. m. D few
 
132. S. Atl. 2050 35.0 gl. oz. C many
134. S. " 2025 36.0 gl. oz. C m"
137. S. " 2550 34.5 r. cl. D few
138. S. " 2650 35.1 r. cl. D f"
143. S. Ind. 1900 35.6 gl. oz. E very few
 
144. S. " 1570 35.8 gl. oz. E very"
145. S. " 140 ... volc. s. D few
146. S. " 1375 35.6 gl. oz. C many
147. S. " 1600 34.2 di. oz. C m"
148. S. " 210 ... gravel,
 shells		 D few
 
149H. S. " 127 ... volc. m. D f"
150. S. " 150 35.2 gravel D f"
151. S. " 75 ... volc. m. D f"
152. S. " 1260 ... di. oz. C many
153. S. " 1675 ... bl. m. C m"
 
154. S. " 1800 ... bl. m. C m"
155. S. " 1300 ... bl. m. C m"
156. S. " 1975 ... di. oz. B numerous
157. S. " 1950 32.1 di. oz. B num"
158. S. " 1800 33.5 gl. oz. B num"
 
159. S. " 2150 34.5 gl. oz. B num"
160. S. " 2600 33.9 r. cl. C many
162. S. " 38 ... sand E very few
163. S. Pac. 2200 34.5 gr. m. E very"
164A. S. " 1200 ... gr. m. E very"
Challenger Station Date. Latitude and Longitude. Nearest Land.
1873.
001. Feb. 15 27° 24′ N., 16° 55′ W. S. of Tenerife.
002. F" 17 25° 52′ N., 19° 22′ W. S.W. of the Canary Islands.
005. F" 21 24° 20′ N., 24° 28′ W. S.W. of the Canary Islands.
009. F" 26 23° 23′ N., 35° 11′ W.  (Ocean).
024. Mar. 25 18° 38′ N., 65° 5′ W. Culebra (Antilles).
 
032. April 3 31° 49′ N., 64° 55′ W. Bermuda.
045. May 3 38° 34′ N., 72° 10′ W. S. of New York.
050. F" 21 42° 8′ N., 63° 39′ W. S. of Halifax.
064. June 20 35° 35′ N., 50° 27′ W.  (Ocean).
076. July 3 38° 11′ N., 27° 9′ W. Azores.
 
098. Aug. 14 9° 21′ N., 18° 28′ W. W. of Sierra Leone.
106. F" 25 1° 47′ N., 24° 26′ W.  (Ocean).
108. F" 27 1° 10′ N., 28° 23′ W.  (Ocean).
111. F" 31 1° 45′ S., 30° 58′ W.  (Ocean).
120. Sept. 9 8° 37′ S., 34° 28′ W. Pernambuco.
 
132. Oct. 10 35° 25′ S., 23° 40′ W. Tristan da Cunha.
134. F" 14 36° 12′ S., 12° 16′ W. Tristan da Cunha.
137. F" 23 35° 59′ S., 1° 34′ E.  (Ocean).
138. F" 25 36° 22′ S., 8° 12′ E.  (Ocean).
143. Dec. 19 36° 48′ S., 19° 24′ E. Cape of Good Hope.
 
144. F" 24 45° 57′ S., 34° 39′ E.  (Ocean).
145. F" 27 46° 43′ S., 38° 4′ E. Prince Edward Island.
146. F" 29 46° 46′ S., 45° 31′ E.  (Ocean).
147. F" 30 46° 16′ S., 48° 27′ E. W. of the Crozet Islands.
1874.
148. Jan. 3 46° 47′ S., 51° 37′ E. E. of the Crozet Islands.
 
149H. F" 29 48° 45′ S., 69° 14′ E. Kerguelen Island.
150. Feb. 2 52° 4′ S., 71° 22′ E. N. of Heard Island.
151. F" 7 52° 59′ S., 73° 33′ E. Heard Island.
152. F" 11 60° 52′ S., 80° 20′ E.  (Ocean).
153. F" 14 65° 42′ S., 79° 49′ E. Antarctic Ice.
 
154. F" 19 64° 37′ S., 85° 49′ E. Antarctic Ice.
155. F" 23 64° 18′ S., 94° 47′ E. Antarctic Ice.
156. F" 26 62° 26′ S., 95° 44′ E.  (Ocean).
157. Mar. 3 53° 55′ S., 108° 35′ E.  (Ocean).
158. F" 7 50° 1′ S., 123° 4′ E.  (Ocean).
 
159. F" 10 47° 25′ S., 130° 22′ E.  (Ocean).
160. F" 13 42° 42′ S., 134° 10′ E.  (Ocean).
162. April 2 39° 10′ S., 146° 37′ E. Bass Strait.
163. F" 4 36° 57′ S., 150° 34′ E. Port Jackson.
164A. June 13 34° 9′ S., 151° 55′ E. W. of Sydney.