hīc vincendum aut moriendum, mīlitēs, est, L. 21, 43, 5, here you must conquer, my men, or die. hōrae mōmentō cita mors venit aut victōria laeta, H. S. 1, 1, 7, within an hour’s brief turn comes speedy death or victory glad. aut vīvam aut moriar, T. Ph. 483, I shall either live or die. sīderibus dubiīs aut illō tempore quō sē frīgida circumagunt pigrī serrāca Boōtae, J. 5, 22, when stars blink faint, or even at the time when round rolls slow Boötes’ frigid wain. quā rē vī aut clam agendum est, Att. 10, 12, 5 [10, 12b, 2], so we must use force, or at any rate secrecy. Sometimes aut connects kindred ideas: as, equī ictī aut vulnerātī cōnsternābantur, L. 21, 33, 6, the horses kept getting frantic from being hit or wounded.
1669. aut, in the sense of otherwise, or else, sometimes introduces a statement of what necessarily follows, if something else is not done: as,
audendum est aliquid ūniversīs, aut omnia singulīs patienda, L. 6, 18, 7, you must make some bold dash collectively, or else you must suffer every thing individually. vel is also occasionally used in this sense.
1670. (2.) vel, or, introduces an alternative as a matter of choice or preference, and often relates merely to the selection of an expression: as,
eius modī coniūnctiōnem tēctōrum oppidum vel urbem appellāvērunt, RP. 1, 41, such a collection of dwelling-houses they called, well, a town or a city, whichever you please. vel imperātōre vel mīlite mē ūtiminī, S. C. 20, 16, use me as your generalissimo or as a private, whichever you will. Catilīnam ex urbe vel ēiēcimus vel ēmīsimus vel ipsum ēgredientem verbīs prōsecūtī sumus, C. 2, 1, we have—what shall I say?—driven Catiline out of town, or allowed him to go out, or, when he was going out of his own accord, wished him a pleasant journey. vel is often followed by etiam, potius, or dīcam. From Tacitus on, vel is sometimes used in the sense of aut: as, vincendum vel cadendum esse, Ta. 14, 35, they must do or die (1668).
1671. vel is sometimes used in the sense of if you will, even, or perhaps, especially before superlatives, or in the sense of for instance: as,
huius domus est vel optima Messānae, nōtissima quidem certē, V. 4, 3, this gentleman’s house is perhaps the finest in all Messana, at any rate the best known. amant tēd omnēs mulierēs, neque iniūriā: vel illae, quae here palliō mē reprehendērunt, Pl. MG. 58, the girls all idolize you, well they may; for instance those that buttonholed me yesterday.
1672. (3.) sīve or seu, or, used as a disjunctive conjunction, denotes a distinction which is not essential, or the speaker’s uncertainty as to some matter of detail; when used once only, it is chiefly in corrections, often with potius, rather, added; as,
is Ascanius urbem mātrī seu novercae relīquit, L. 1, 3, 3, said Ascanius left the city to his mother, or his stepmother, if you prefer. dīxit Pompēius, sīve voluit, QFr. 2, 3, 2, Pompey made a speech, or rather attempted to make one.
1673. sīve is often repeated in the sense of either, or no matter whether . . . or: as,
ita sīve cāsū sīve cōnsiliō deōrum, quae pars calamitātem populō Rōmānō intulerat, ea prīnceps poenās persolvit, 1, 12, 6, thus, no matter whether from chance or through special providence, the part which had done damage to Rome was the first to pay penalty in full.
1674. (4.) -ve rarely connects main sentences, usually only the less important parts of the sentence, or, oftener still, subordinate sentences: as,
cūr timeam dubitemve locum dēfendere? J. 1, 103, why should I fear or hesitate to stand my ground? Appius ad mē bis terve litterās mīserat, Att. 6, 1, 2, Appius had written me two or three times. With nē it forms nēve or neu, which is used as a continuation of nē or ut: see 1581; 1586; 1947.
1675. (5.) The interrogative particle an sometimes becomes a disjunctive conjunction, or, or possibly, or perhaps: as, Simōnidēs an quis alius, Fin. 2, 104, Simonides or possibly somebody else. Common in Cicero, though not so in his speeches, and in Livy, commonest in Tacitus.
1676. Adversative conjunctions connect the sentences, but contrast the meaning. They are autem, on the other hand, sed, vērum, cēterum, but, vērō, but, indeed, at, but, tamen, nihilō minus, nevertheless.
Of these conjunctions, autem and vērō are put after one word, or sometimes after two closely connected words; tamen is put either at the beginning, or after an emphatic word.
1677. (1.) autem, again, on the other hand, however, simply continues the discourse by a statement appended to the preceding, without setting it aside: as,
hōrum prīncipibus pecūniās, cīvitātī autem imperium tōtīus prōvinciae pollicētur, 7, 64, 8, to the chieftains of this nation on the one hand he promises moneys, and to the community on the other hand the hegemony of the whole province. The opposition in a sentence introduced by autem, again, is often so weak that a copulative, and, might be used: as, ille quī Dī̆ogenem adulēscēns, post autem Panaetium audierat, Fin. 2, 24, the man who in his early youth had sat at the feet of Diogenes, and afterwards of Panaetius. autem is oftenest used in philosophical or didactic discourse, less frequently in history, oratory, or poetry.
1678. autem is often used in questions: as, metuō crēdere :: crēdere autem? Pl. Ps. 304, I am afraid to trust :: trust, do you say?
1679. (2.) sed or set, and vērum, but, are used either in restriction, or, after a negative, in direct opposition: as,
vēra dīcō, sed nēquīquam, quoniam nōn vīs crēdere, Pl. Am. 835, I tell the truth, but all in vain, since you are bent not to believe. nōn ego erus tibī, sed servos sum, Pl. Cap. 241, I am not your master, but your slave.
1680. nōn modo, or nōn sōlum, not only, not alone, is followed by sed etiam or vērum etiam, but also, by sed . . . quoque, but ... as well, or sometimes by sed or vērum alone: as,
quī nōn sōlum interfuit hīs rēbus, sed etiam praefuit, Fam. 1, 8, 1, who has not had a hand only in these matters, but complete charge. quī omnibus negōtiīs nōn interfuit sōlum, sed praefuit, Fam. 1, 6, 1. nōn tantum is sometimes used by Livy, and once or twice by Cicero, but not by Caesar or Sallust, for nōn modo. Livy and Tacitus sometimes omit sed or vērum.
1681. nōn modo has sometimes the meaning of nōn dīcam: as, nōn modo ad certam mortem, sed in magnum vītae discrīmen, Sest. 45, I won’t say to certain death, but to great risk of life.
1682. nōn modo or nōn sōlum, when attended by another negative, may also be followed by sed nē . . . quidem, but not even, or sed vix, but hardly: as,
nōn modo tibī̆ nōn īrāscor, sed nē reprehendō quidem factum tuum, Sull. 50, so far from being angry with you I do not even criticise your action. When both members have the same predicate, usually placed last, the negation in nē . . . quidem or vix usually applies to the first member also: as, tālis vir nōn modo facere, sed nē cōgitāre quidem quicquam audēbit, quod nōn audeat praedicāre, Off. 3, 77, a man of this kind will not only not venture to do, but not even to conceive anything which he would not venture to trumpet to the world, or will not venture to conceive, much less do.
1683. (3.) cēterum is sometimes used in the sense of sed, in Terence, Sallust, and Livy. Sometimes also in the sense of sed rē vērā, in Sallust and Tacitus, to contrast reality with pretence.
1684. (4.) vērō, but, indeed, introduces an emphatic contrast or a climax: as,
sed sunt haec leviōra, illa vērō gravia atque magna, Pl. 86, however, all this is less important, but the following is weighty and great. scīmus mūsicēn nostrīs mōribus abesse ā prīncipis persōnā, saltāre vērō etiam in vitiīs pōnī, N. 15, 1, 2, we know that, according to our Roman code of ethics, music is not in keeping with the character of an eminent man, and as to dancing, why that is classed among vices. In Plautus, vērō is only used as an adverb; its use as an adversative conjunction begins with Terence. In the historians, vērō is often equivalent to autem.
1685. (5.) at, but, denotes emphatic lively opposition, an objection, or a contrast: as,
brevis ā nātūrā nōbīs vīta data est; at memoria bene redditae vītae sempiterna, Ph. 14, 32, a short life hath been given by nature unto man; but the memory of a life laid down in a good cause endureth for ever. at is often used before a word indicating a person or a place, to shift the scene, especially in history. In law language, ast sometimes occurs, and ast is also sometimes used, generally for the metre, in Vergil, Horace, and late poetry.
1686. (6.) tamen, nihilō minus, nevertheless.
accūsātus capitis absolvitur, multātur tamen pecūniā, N. 4, 2, 6, he is accused on a capital charge and acquitted, but is nevertheless fined in a sum of money. minus dolendum fuit rē nōn perfectā, sed poeniendum certē nihilō minus, Mil. 19, there was less occasion for sorrow because the thing was not done, but certainly none the less for punishment.
1687. Instead of a conjunction, other words are often used as connectives: as, pars . . . pars, aliī . . . aliī; adverbs of order or time: as, prīmum, first, or prīmō, at first ... deinde . . . tum, &c.; and particularly adverbs in pairs: as, modo . . . modo, tum . . . tum, less frequently quā . . . quā, simul . . . simul: as,
multitūdō pars prōcurrit in viās, pars in vestibulīs stat, pars ex tēctīs prōspectant, L. 24, 21, 8, part of the throng runs out into the streets, others stand in the fore-courts, others gaze from the house-tops. prōferēbant aliī purpuram, tūs aliī, gemmās aliī, V. 5, 146, they produced some of them purple, others frankincense, others precious stones. prīmō pecūniae, deinde imperī cupīdō crēvit, S. C. 10, 3, at first a love of money waxed strong, then of power. tum hoc mihī̆ probābilius, tum illud vidētur, Ac. 2, 134, one minute this seems to me more likely, and another minute that.
1688. Simple sentences may also be coordinated by words denoting inference or cause, such as ergō, igitur, itaque, therefore; nam, namque, enim, for, etenim, for you see: as,
adfectus animī in bonō virō laudābilis, et vīta igitur laudābilis bonī virī, et honesta ergō, quoniam laudābilis, TD. 5, 47, the disposition in a good man is praiseworthy, and the life therefore of a good man is praiseworthy, and virtuous accordingly, seeing it is praiseworthy. Of these words, nam, namque, and itaque are usually put first in the sentence; enim and igitur, usually after one word, rarely after two. But in Plautus regularly, and generally in Terence, enim has the meaning of indeed, verily, truly, depend upon it, and may stand at the beginning.
1689. In Plautus, the combination ergō igitur occurs, and in Terence and Livy, itaque ergō: as, itaque ergō cōnsulibus diēs dicta est, L. 3, 31, 5, accordingly then a day was set for the trial of the consuls.
1690. The interrogative quippe, why? losing its interrogative meaning, is also used as a coordinating word, why, or for: as, hōc genus omne maestum ac sollicitum est cantōris morte Tigellī: quippe benignus erat, H. S. 1, 2, 2, such worthies all are sad, are woebegone over Tigellius the minstrel’s death; why he was generosity itself.
1691. Simple sentences may also be coordinated by pronominal words, such as hinc, inde, hence, eō, ideō, idcircō, proptereā, so, on that account, &c.: as,
nocte perveniēbant; eō custōdiās hostium fallēbant, L. 23, 19, 10, they got there in the night; in that way they eluded the enemy’s pickets. But eō and ideō are not used thus by Cicero, Caesar, or Sallust, or idcircō and proptereā by Cicero or Caesar.
1692. In animated rhetorical discourse any word repeated with emphasis may serve as a copulative; this is called Anaphora: as,
mīles in forum, mīles in cūriam comitābātur, Ta. 1, 7, soldiers went with him to the forum, soldiers to the senate chamber. ēreptī estis ex interitū, ēreptī sine sanguine, sine exercitū, sine dīmicātiōne, C. 3, 23, you are rescued from death, rescued without bloodshed, without an army, without a struggle.
1693. A sentence coordinate in form with another sentence is often equivalent in meaning to a subordinate sentence. Such sentences are called Intermediate Coordinate Sentences.
The most varied relations of a subordinate sentence may be thus expressed by a coordinate sentence, and the combination of the two coordinate sentences is in sense equivalent to a complex sentence.
1694. Such coordinated sentences are a survival of a more primitive state of the language. They occur oftenest in Plautus and Terence, in Cicero’s philosophical works and letters, in Horace’s satires and epistles, and in Juvenal. In general they have been superseded by complex sentences, even in the oldest specimens of the language.
1695. I. The relation of the two members may not be indicated by the mood, but left to be determined from the context.
Thus, in the combination amat, sapit, Pl. Am. 995, he is in love, he shows his sense, the two members amat and sapit are alike in form. But in sense, sapit is the main member and amat is the subordinate member. Just what the relation of the amat is, whether it is sī amat, if he is in love, cum amat, when he is in love, quod amat, because he is in love, or etsī amat, though he is in love, &c., &c., is left to the reader to make out. The following are some of the commonest combinations of this class:
1696. (1.) The coordinated member may stand instead of the commoner accusative and infinitive with a verb of perceiving, thinking, knowing, or saying (2175). Such are crēdō, fateor, opīnor, putō, certum est, &c.: as,
lūdōs mē facitis, intellegō, Pl. Per. 802, you are making game of me, I am aware. nārrō tibī̆: plānē relēgātus mihī̆ videor, Att. 2, 11, 1, I tell you what, I seem to myself regularly banished. spērō, servābit fidem, Pl. E. 124, I hope he’ll keep his word (2235).
1697. (2.) The coordinated member may be a direct question or an exclamation.
Thus (a.) in enquiries calling for an answer: as, sīgnī dīc quid est, Pl. Am. 421, tell me, what is there in the shape of seal? (1251). Or (b.) in ejaculation: as, viden ut astat furcifer? Pl. Most. 1172, seest how the knave is posing there? vidēte quaesō, quid potest pecūnia, Pl. St. 410, see pray how all-commanding money is. This construction occurs oftenest in comedy, and with an imperative meaning say, tell, or look. The subordinate construction is the rule: see 1773.
1698. (3.) The coordinated member rarely represents a relative sentence (1816): as,
urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī, V. 1, 12, there was an ancient town, which Tyrian settlers held. est locus, Hesperiam Graī cōgnōmine dīcunt, V. 1, 530, there is a place, the Greeks by name Hesperia call, imitated from est locus Hesperiam quam mortālēs perhibēbant, E. in Macrob. Sat. 6, 1, there is a place which sons of men Hesperia called.
1699. (4.) The coordinated member may represent a subordinate temporal member: as,
vēnit hiemps, teritur Sicuōnia bāca trapētis, V. G. 2, 519, has winter come, in mills is Sicyon’s olive ground (1860). vix prōram attigerat, rumpit Sāturnia fūnem, V. 12, 650, scarce had he touched the prow, Saturnia snaps the rope, i.e. cum rumpit (1869). lūcēbat iam ferē, prōcēdit in medium, V. 5, 94, it was just about light, when he presents himself before them. fuit ōrnandus in Mānīliā lēge Pompēius; temperātā ōrātiōne ōrnandī cōpiam persecūtī sumus, O. 102, when I had to glorify Pompey in the matter of the Manilius law, I went through the ample material for glorification in moderate language.
1700. (5.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a member with ut, expressing result (1965): as,
iam faxō sciēs, T. Eu. 663, I’ll let you know at once, i.e. sciās (1712) or ut sciās (1965). iam faxō hīc erunt, Pl. B. 715, I’ll warrant they shall soon be here. adeō rēs rediīt, adulēscentulus victus est, T. Hau. 113, things came to such a pass the youngster was put down. cētera dē genere hōc, adeō sunt multa, loquācem dēlassāre valent Fabium, H. S. 1, 1, 11, the other cases of the kind, so plentiful are they, might tire the gabbling Fabius out. ita haec ūmōre tigna pūtent, nōn videor mihi sarcīre posse aedīs meās, Pl. Most. 146, so sopping rotten are these joists, I don’t think I can patch my house. ita avidō ingeniō fuit, numquam indicāre id fīliō voluit suō, Pl. Aul. prol. 9, so niggardly was he, he’d never point it out to his own son. tanta incepta rēs est, haud somnīculōsē hoc agundumst, Pl. Cap. 227, so big a job have we begun, not drowsily must this be done.
1701. (6.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a conditional protasis: as,
(a.) fīliam quis habet, pecūniā opus est, Par. 44, a man has a daughter, he needs money. trīstis es, indignor, O. Tr. 4, 3, 33, if you are sad, I feel provoked. (b.) sī iste ībit, ītō; stābit, astātō simul, Pl. Ps. 863, if he shall move, move thou; but shall he stand, stand by his side. in caelum, iusseris, ībit, J. 3, 78, say but the word, he’ll mount the sky. (c.) subdūc cibum ūnum diem āthlētae, Iovem Olympium inplōrābit, TD. 2, 40, cut off an athlete from his food just a day, he will pray to Jupiter aloft in Olympus (1574). (d.) Zēnōnem rogēs, respondeat totidem verbīs, Fin. 4, 69, you may ask Zeno, he would answer in just as many words (1556). (e.) tū quoque magnam partem opere in tantō, sineret dolor, Īcare, habērēs, V. 6, 31, thou too a goodly space in work so vast, had grief allowed, O Icarus, hadst filled (1559). at darēs hanc vim M. Crassō, in forō saltāret, Off. 3, 75, but had you given this chance to Crassus, he would have capered in the market place (1559). nam absque tē esset, hodiē numquam ad sōlem occāsum vīverem, Pl. Men. 1022, for were it not for you, I ne’er should live this blessed day till set of sun (1560, 2110). (f.) ūnā fuissēmus, cōnsilium certē nōn dēfuisset, Att. 9, 6, 6, had we been together, we certainly should not have lacked a programme (1561).
1702. (7.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a concession: as,
id fortasse nōn perfēcimus, cōnātī quidem sumus, O. 210; though we have perhaps not attained unto this, yet we have attempted it. ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō? Fin. 2, 13, do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means, and I not?
1703. (8.) The coordinated member may denote efficient cause or reason: as,
peregrīnus ego sum, Sauream nōn nōvī, Pl. As. 464, I am a stranger, and I don’t know Saurea. mulier es, audācter iūrās, Pl. Am. 836, because you are a woman, you are bold to swear. tacent, satis laudant, T. Eu. 476, their silence is sufficient praise.
1704. (9.) The coordinated member may represent the protasis of a comparative sentence with ut (1937): as,
ita mē dī ament, honestust, T. Eu. 474, so help me heaven, he is a proper man. sollicitat, ita vīvam, mē tua, mī Tirō, valētūdō, Fam. 16, 20, your health, dear Tiro, keeps me fidgety, as I hope to live.
1705. II. The subordinate idea is often indicated by the subjunctive of desire coordinated with another verb, usually with one which has a different subject.
Thus, the combination amēs: oportet, you should love; it is right (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, amēs oportet, Fin. 2, 35, it is right you should love. The verb with which the subjunctive is coordinated specifies more exactly the general idea of desire contained in the subjunctive itself. The tense of the coordinate subjunctive is regulated by that of the other verb.
1706. The negative employed with coordinated subjunctives is the adverb nē, not.
Thus, the combination vidē: nē mē lūdās, see to it; don’t you fool me (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one whole, vidē nē mē lūdās, Pl. Cur. 325, see to it you don’t fool me. Similarly, metuō: nē peccet, I am afraid; let her not slip up (1548), becomes metuō nē peccet, Pl. Per. 624, I am afraid she may slip up. From its frequent use in sentences of subordinate meaning, nē came at an early period to be regarded as a subordinating conjunction also, lest, that . . . not, as well as an adverb, and took the place of the less usual ut nē. Hence members with nē are more conveniently treated under the head of subordination (1947).
1707. (1.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of wishing. Such are volō, nōlō, rarely mālō, optō, placet, &c.: as,
animum advortās volō, Pl. Cap. 388, I wish you would pay heed (1548). quid vīs faciam? T. Hau. 846, what wilt thou I should do? (1563). vin conmūtēmus? tuam ego dūcam et tū meam? Pl. Tri. 59, would you like to swap? I take your wife, and you take mine? (1563). mālō tē sapiēns hostis metuat, quam stultī cīvēs laudent, L. 22, 39, 20, I would rather a wise enemy should fear you, than stupid fellow-citizens admire you (1548). Coordination is the rule with velim, vellem, &c., used in the sense of utinam (1540): as, dē Menedēmō vellem vērum fuisset, dē rēgīnā velim vērum sit, Att. 15, 4, 4, about Menedemus I could wish it had been true, about the queen I hope it may be true. tellūs optem prius īma dehīscat, V. 4, 24, I would the earth to deepest depths might sooner yawn. L. Domitius dīxit placēre sībī̆ sententiās dē singulīs ferrent, Caes. C. 3, 83, 3, Domitius said his view was they should vote on the men separately.
1708. (2.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of request, entreaty, encouragement, exhortation, charge, direction, command. Such are precor, rogō, ōrō, petō, hortor, postulō, moneō, cēnseō; mandō, imperō, praecipiō, dēcernō; and chiefly in old Latin, iubeō: as,
(a.) reddās incolumem precor, H. 1, 3, 7, deliver him up safe I pray. rogat fīnem ōrandī faciat, 1, 20, 5, he requests him to make an end of entreaty. ā tē id quod suēstī petō, mē absentem dēfendās, Fam. 15, 8, I ask you to do as you always do, stand up for me when I am away. nōn hortor sōlum sed etiam rogō atque ōrō, tē colligās virumque praebeās, Fam. 5, 18, 1, I not only exhort you, but more than that I beg and entreat you, pull yourself together and quit you like a man. postulō etiam atque etiam cōnsīderēs quō prōgrediāre, L. 3, 45, 10, I charge you think again and again what you are coming to. tē moneō videās, quid agās. magnō opere cēnseō, dēsistās, V. 5, 174, I advise you to consider what you are doing. I earnestly recommend you to stop. hunc admonet iter cautē faciat, 5, 49, 3, he warns him he must pursue his march with care. (b.) huic mandat Rēmōs adeat, 3, 11, 2, he directs him to go to the Remans. praecipit ūnum omnēs peterent Indutiomarum, 5, 58, 5, he says they must all concentrate their attack on Indutiomarus. huic imperat quās possit adeat cīvitātēs, 4, 21, 8, he orders him to visit such communities as he can. senātus dēcrēvit darent operam cōnsulēs nē quid rēs pūblica dētrīmentī caperet, S. C. 29, 2, the senate decreed the consuls must see to it that the commonwealth received no harm. iube maneat, T. Hau. 737, tell her she must stay. mīlitēs certiōrēs facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium, 3, 5, 3, he tells the soldiers they must stop fighting a little while. abī, nūntiā patribus urbem Rōmānam mūniant, L. 22, 49, 10, go tell the fathers they must fortify Rome town. dīxī equidem in carcerem īrēs, Pl. St. 624, I’m sure I told you you must go to jail. scrībit Labiēnō cum legiōne veniat, 5, 46, 3, he writes to Labienus he must come with a legion. lēgātiōnem mittunt sī velit suōs recipere, obsidēs sibī̆ remittat, 3, 8, 5, they send an embassy, if he wishes to get his own men back, he must send back the hostages to them.
1709. (3.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with expressions of propriety or necessity. Such are oportet, optumum est, opus est, decet, necesse est.
mē ipsum amēs oportet, nōn mea, Fin. 2, 85, it is myself you should love, not my possessions. quoniam habēs istum equom, aut ēmerīs oportet, aut hērēditāte possideās, aut surripuerīs necesse est, Inv. 1, 84, since you are in possession of that horse, you must either have bought him or inherited him, or else you must necessarily have stolen him. sed taceam optumumst, Pl. E. 60, but I’d best hold my tongue. nihil opust rescīscat, Pl. Mer. 1004, she needn’t find it out at all. condemnētur necesse est, RA. 111, be condemned he needs must.
1710. (4.) The subjunctive is sometimes coordinated with verbs of permission or concession. Such are permittō in Sallust and Livy, concēdō, also sinō, mostly in the imperative, chiefly in old Latin and poetry, and the impersonal licet (used thus often in Cicero, rarely before or after): as,
supplēmentum scrīberent cōnsulēs, permissum, L. 27, 22, 11, leave was given that the consuls might fill up the army. sine sciam, L. 2, 40, 5, let me know. sine modo adveniat senex, Pl. Most. 11, let but the old man come. fremant omnēs licet, dīcam quod sentiō, DO. 1, 195, though everybody may growl, I will say what I think. See 1904.
1711. (5.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with the imperative cavē̆, cavētō, cavēte, beware, used in the sense of nē (1585): as,
cavē faciās, Att. 13, 33, 4, don’t do it. cave dīrumpātis, Pl. Poen. prol. 117, don’t break it off (1075).
1712. (6.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of giving, persuading, accomplishing, taking care. In this case the subjunctive has the meaning of purpose or result. Such are the imperative cedo, and dō, persuādeō, impetrō, cūrō, also faciō, particularly fac and facitō: as,
cedo bibam, Pl. Most. 373, give me to drink. date bibat tībīcinī, Pl. St. 757, give the piper to drink. huic Sp. Albīnus persuādet rēgnum Numidiae ā senātū petat, S. I. 35, 2, Albinus induces him to ask of the senate the throne of Numidia. tandem inpetrāvī abīret, Pl. Tri. 591, at last I’ve coaxed him to clear out. fac sciam, Fam. 7, 16, 3, let me know. faxō sciās, Pl. Men. 644, I’ll let you know, much oftener sciēs or scībis (1700). fac bellus revertāre, Fam. 16, 18, 1, mind you come back a beauty (1579).
1713. A subjunctive is now and then loosely coordinated with verbs in general, to indicate the purpose of the action: as,
ēvocāte hūc Sōsiam, Blepharōnem arcēssat, Pl. Am. 949, call Sosia here, let him fetch Blepharo. clārē advorsum fābulābor, hic auscultet quae loquar, Pl. Am. 300, I’ll speak distinctly face to face, that he may hear what I shall say. operam hanc subrupuī tibī̆, ex mē scīrēs, Pl. Am. 523, I did this secretly for you, that you might learn from me. manibus date līlia plēnīs, purpureōs spargam flōrēs, V. 6, 883, lilies in handfuls give, I fain would scatter purple flowers, that is, that I may scatter.
1714. In a complex sentence, that is one consisting of a main and a subordinate sentence, the subordinate member is introduced by some subordinating word: such are,
I. Interrogative words, in indirect questions; II. Relative pronouns; III. Relative conjunctive particles, or conjunctive particles not of relative origin.
1715. Subordinate sentences may have the value of a substantive, usually as subject or as object; of an attributive; or of an adverb or adverbial adjunct: as,
(a.) eādem nocte accidit ut esset lūna plēna, 4, 29, 1, it came to pass the same night that there was a full moon. videō quid agās, Fam. 16, 17, I see what you are driving at. (b.) fundus quī est in agrō, quī Sabīnus vocātur, eum meum esse aiō, Mur. 26, the estate which is in the territory which is called Sabine, that I maintain is mine, lawyers’ wordiness for fundus Sabīnus. (c.) cum advesperāsceret, ad pontem Mulvium pervēnērunt, C. 3, 5, when it was getting dark, they reached the Mulvius bridge, i.e. vesperī, or prīmō vespere.
1716. Subordinate sentences which express time or place, are called Temporal or Local sentences; comparison or manner, Comparative or Modal sentences; condition, cause, or concession, Conditional, Causal, or Concessive sentences; purpose, Final sentences; result, Consecutive sentences.
1717. In a main sentence, the indicative present, future, and future perfect, and the imperative, are called Primary Tenses; the indicative imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect, and the infinitive of intimation, are called Secondary Tenses. The perfect definite and the present of vivid narration are sometimes regarded as primary tenses, oftener as secondary tenses.
1718. Verbs which have an implication of futurity, such as those meaning can, ought, must, &c., with an infinitive, also subjunctives of wish (1540) or of exhortation (1547), may be called Virtual Futures.
1719. Sometimes the subjunctive serves as a main sentence: see 1762; sometimes a noun of the verb: see 1766.
1720. The indicative and the subjunctive are both used in subordinate sentences, as will be shown in the treatment of the several words of subordination. Some general uses may be mentioned collectively here.
1721. The indicative is ordinarily used in sentences introduced by a relative pronoun, or by a causal conjunctive word other than cum.
pontem, quī erat ad Genāvam, iubet rescindī, 1, 7, 2, he orders the bridge which was near Geneva torn up. concēdō, quia necesse est, RA. 145, I give up, because I have to. In sentences of this class, however, the subjunctive is often required, particularly in indirect discourse (1722), or in cases of attraction (1728).
The Subjunctive of Indirect Discourse and of Attraction.
1722. The subjunctive is used in relative, causal, temporal, and conditional sentences in indirect discourse, and in cases of attraction.